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The first law of thermodynamics restates the law of conservation of energy. It partitions the change in energy of a system into two pieces, heat and work. While there is no ambiguity to define heat and work in classical thermodynamics, their classification in the quantum regime is not that obvious. Thus, the first law of thermodynamics becomes problematic in the quantum regime. However, recent studies have shown if contribution of quantum coherence is considered to the change of internal energy of the system, the first law of thermodynamics can be extended to the quantum domain. Here we investigate the new version of first law of thermodynamics for some quantum transformations by using two-level atomic system under non-dissipative channel. In our work we achieve a novel result that quantum coherence can be transformed into heat, and the heat can dissipate into the environments.

Additional file 1. Fig. S1. Overview of the modified BCR sequential extraction method for REE in this study. Fig. S2. The relationships of the values of LaN/GdN of carbonate-bound and reducible with mean annual precipitation (R2carbonate-bound = 0.2, P < 0.05; R2reducible = 0.9, P < 0.01).

Additional file 2. Table S1. The parameters and bulk REE concentrations (��g g-1 soil) in topsoils (0���10 cm) along the transect. Locations of the sites (S01���S21) are plotted in Fig. 1. Table S2. The mineral composition (%) in topsoils (0���10 cm) along the transect. Locations of the sites (S01���S21) are plotted in Fig. 1. Table S3. The fractional and bulk REE concentrations (��g g-1) in topsoils (0���10 cm) along the transect. Locations of the sites (S01���S21) are plotted in Fig. 1. Table S4. The REE geochemistry in different soil components (carbonate-bound, reducible, oxidizable, residue) in topsoils (0���10 cm) along the transect. Locations of the sites (S01���S21) are plotted in Fig. 1. Table S5. The parameters and REE concentrations (��g g-1 soil) along the soil profile (0���10, 10���20, 20���40, 40���60, 60���100 cm) at selected sites (S03, aridity index (AI)=0.03; S09, AI=0.10; S13, AI=0.22; S19, AI=0.51). Table S6. The fractional and bulk REE concentrations (��g g-1 soil) along the soil profile (0���10, 10���20, 20���40, 40���60, 60���100 cm) at selected sites (S03, aridity index (AI)=0.03; S09, AI=0.10; S13, AI=0.22; S19, AI=0.51). Table S7. The parameters of geochemical REE (carbonate-bound, reducible, oxidizable, residue) along the soil profile (0���10, 10���20, 20���40, 40���60, 60-100 cm) at selected sites (S03, aridity index (AI)=0.03; S09, AI=0.10; S13, AI=0.22; S19, AI=0.51).

Additional file 3: Table S1. Primer sequences for RT-qPCR.

Petrographic results of authigenic barite and pyrite in the EN3 / DOUNCE interval (=Shuram excursion), upper Doushantuo Formation, Jiulongwan section, Hunan Province, South China

Supplementary figures S1–S4 and tables S1–S3

Additional file 1: S1. Standard curves of CSL/EtOU solution. S2. Time stability of CHC, tested with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra 3 months after the nanocomplex was synthesized. S3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA, black curve) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, blue curve). S4. Cytotoxicity assay of different concentration (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg/mL) after 3 h. There was no significance among each groups. (n = 3, p > 0.05). S5. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) of rats treated with saline, 50 mg HMSNs, 100 mg HMSNs, total volume 50 μL. S6. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images of hepatic tissue 8 weeks after administration of saline, 50 mg HMSNs, 100 mg HMSNs. S7. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images of nephridial tissue 8 weeks after administration of saline, 50 mg HMSNs, 100 mg HMSNs. S8. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images of knee joint 8 weeks after administration of saline, 50 mg HMSNs, 100 mg HMSNs.

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Nrf2 pathway is one of the critical signaling cascades involved in cell defense and survival against oxidative stress. The significance of Nrf2 in cancer metabolism begins to be recognized. In this minireview, we focus on the Nrf2-mediated cancer metabolic reprogramming and intend to highlight the role of Nrf2 in the regulation of malignant transformation, cancer proliferation, and the development of treatment resistance via metabolic adaptations. We hope for the development of noninvasive biomarkers and novel therapeutic approaches for cancer based on Nrf2-directed cancer metabolic reprogramming in the near future.

② (61302 PLA Troops, Beijing 100016, China) Abstract: In this paper, we present the methods of parametrically reconstructing the position of a 3D scattering center model of the targets from SAR images for a target recognition application. First, a framework for reconstructing the 3D position of the targets from the SAR images is proposed. Then, a method that uses the parameters obtained from the scattering center of the targets from the SAR images is used for reconstructing the 3D scattering center model. Finally, the proposed methods are confirmed using the simulated data.

Background Leukemia cutis (LC) represents a skin infiltration by leukemic cells. Clinically, it can mimic a wide variety of dermatoses. Methods We report a case of LC presenting with a Sweet’s syndrome-like eruption and a histiocytoid Sweet’s syndrome histologic manifestation. Results This case may represent distinct and important cutaneous and histopathologic manifestations of LC. Conclusions We believe that peripheral blood or bone marrow cytologic analysis is necessary in cases of LC to rule out the possibility of histiocytoid Sweet’s syndrome. Additional study is needed to further elucidate the relationship between LC and histiocytoid Sweet’s syndrome.

To arrive at the goal of intensifying the trustworthiness and controllability of d istributed systems, the core function of secure algorithms and chips should be fully exerted. Through building the trustworthy model between distributed system and user behaviors, constructing the architecture of trustworthiness distributed systems, intensifying the survivability of services, and strengthening the manageability of distributed systems, the secure problem of distributed systems is to be rad ically solved. By setting up the trustworthy computing circu mstance and supplying the trustworthy validation and the active protection based on identity and behavior for trustworthy distributed system, we will reach the goal of defending the unaware v iruses and inbreak. This research insists that the security, controllability, manageability, and survivability should be basic properties of a trustworthy distributed system. The key ideas and techniques involved in these properties are studied, and recent developments and progresses are surveyed. At the same time, the technical trends and challenges are briefly discussed.

This paper reports a systematic experimental investigation on the dynamics in the low-frequency region in an erbium-doped flbre-ring laser with loss modulation. A rich variety of bifurcation is analyzed through the bifurcation diagram and structured with the concept of the winding numbers. The coexistence of multiple attractors and the crisis that appear in the saddle-node bifurcations, and an interesting structure of bifurcation which is similar to the bifurcations in high-frequency range, have been observed.

By the aid of the international mining software SURPAC, a geologic database for a multi-metal mine was established, 3D models of the surface, geologic fault, ore body, cavity and the underground openings were built, and the volume of the cavity of the mine based on the cavity 3D model was calculated. In order to compute the reserves, a grade block model was built and each metal element grade was estimated using Ordinary Kriging. Then, the reserve of each metal element and every sublevel of the mine was worked out. Finally, the calculated result of each metal reserve to its actual prospecting reserve was compared, and the results show that they are all almost equal to each other. The absolute errors of Sn, Pb, and Zn reserves are only 1.45%, 1.59% and 1.62%, respectively. Obviously, the built models are reliable and the calculated results of reserves are correct. They can be used to assist the geologic and mining engineers of the mine to do research work of reserves estimation, mining design, plan making and so on.

The mafic granulites from Huilanshan are outcropped on the center of the Luotian dome in the northern Dabie Mountains. The Sm-Nd isochron defined by granulite-facies metamorphic minerals (garnet + clinopyroxene + hypersthene) yields an age of 136 ± 18 Ma indicating the early Cretaceous granulite-facies metamorphism. The cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircons from the granulite show clearly core-mantle-rim structures. The zircon cores are charac-terized by typical oscillatory zoning and highly HREE enriched patterns, which suggests their magma origin. Some zircon cores among them with little Pb loss give SHRIMP U-Pb ages rang-ing from 753 to 780 Ma, which suggests that the protolith of Huilanshan granulite is Neopro-terozoic mafic rocks. The zircon mantles usually cut across the oscillatory zone of the zircon cores have 3―10 times lower REE, Th, U, Y, Nb and Ta contents than the igneous zircon cores but have high common Pb contents. These characteristics suggest that they were formed by hydrothermal alteration of the igneous zircons. The part of zircon mantles with little Pb loss give a similar SHRIMP U-Pb age (716―780 Ma) to the igneous zircon cores, which implies that the hydrothermal events occurred closely to the magmatic emplacement. In view of the strong early Cretaceous magmatism in the Luotian dome, consequently, the Huilanshan mafic granulite was formed by heating of the Neoproterozoic mafic rocks in mid-low crust, which caused the granu-lite-facies metamorphism underneath the Dabie Mountains. The similarity between the granulite metamorphic age (136 ± 18 Ma) defined by Sm-Nd isochron and K-Ar age of 123―127 Ma given by amphible from the gneiss in Luotian dome suggests a rapid uplifting of the Luotian dome, which may result in further exhumation of the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks in the Dabie Mountains.

Flexible dispersion of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has been demonstrated with the help of Hermite–Gaussian functions. Parametric fluorescence (PF) based on four wave mixing (FWM) in PCF with zero-dispersion wavelength at 0.85, 1.33 and 1.55 μm have been simulated, respectively. Simulations show that PCF can be used to generate efficient photon-pairs on desired wavelength.

The counter gradient transport phenomena on momentum, energy and passive scalar in turbulent flows were studied by use of the single response function for TSDIA. As a result, models that can describe qualitatively the phenomena are obtained. Then the results are simplified by use of the inertial range theory, and the results for lower degrees agree with results of predecessor. Finally the counter gradient-transport phenomena in channel flow and circular wake flow are analyzed.

In urban traffic network, the traffic flow within several adjacent intersections is strongly relevant and traffic congestion happened on one road section will probably result in cascade of regional congestion. In this paper, we try to optimize each traffic section state to a desired consensus state in traditional subarea. Because of the difficulty to execute real experiment, we apply ACP computational experiments method to realize the process. Firstly, we establish a regional road network traffic model and set up traffic state equation with traffic density as traffic state and leaving proportions of traffic flow on sections during effective green per cycle as control input. Secondly, we design a state feedback control strategy to regulate the leaving proportions of each section which indirectly reflects the effective green time, according to the difference between real-time traffic states and desired traffic consistency state. Thirdly, we apply computational experiments method to find the right value of leaving proportions indexes which will make section traffic state converge towards the desired consensus states and balance the distribution of traffic in overall regional traffic network. The MATLAB simulation results show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method.

Krylov subspace projection methods are known to be highly efficient for solving large linear systems. Many different versions arise from different choices to the left and right subspaces. These methods were classified into two groups in terms of the different forms of matrixH m, the main properties in applications and the new versions of these two types of methods were briefly reviewed, then one of the most efficient versions, GMRES method was applied to oil reservoir simulation. The block Pseudo-Elimination method was used to generate the preconditioned matrix. Numerical results show much better performance of this preconditioned techniques and the GMRES method than that of preconditioned ORTHMIN method, which is now in use in oil reservoir simulation. Finally, some limitations of Krylov subspace methods and some potential improvements to this type of methods are further presented.

This paper, applying the stratification theory, proves the instability of certain initial (boundary) value problem of forced dissipative nonlinear system in atmospheric dynamics. An example is given.

With the fast developing of Internet and intelligent device, information security issue is becoming much more important every day. More and more researchers are attracted to software security testing study. Most of them put their works on software access control model based testing, which takes into account information mainly on multi-dimensions, like roles, permissions and contexts. But the key disadvantage of access control model based testing is its model are hard to be built in many circumstance, for example, to describe requirement "picture A is only allowed to be copied twice outside terminal B", researcher has to extend the original model with hierarchy status and priority sub models. To overcome this disadvantage, this paper present a framework of data oriented access control testing method, which focus mainly on data and its actions instead of role, permission and contexts. Though experiments, this paper also proves that the method is much more instructive than access control model in test cases automatic generating.

Introducing the trust evaluation into the access control for the service requester in a distributed network environment could be helpful for enhancing the precision and security of authorization decisions, special to the strange requesters. The existing researches of the trust evaluation could be divided into the objective means and the subjective means. The subjective evaluations could be used to dynamically measure the user's trust degree according to the reputation based on its past actions. But it cannot work when the interaction experience with the user is absence. Compared with other subjective evaluation models using the probability theory, the fuzzy based model could exactly depict the unsure and fuzzy phenomena in process. But the existing fuzzy method based on the fuzzy synthetic evaluation needs to do complex calculations between trust vectors. And the chosen operators are not enough accurate. In this paper we promote a comprehensive trust evaluation framework was a fusion of objective and subjective means. An initial trust view for user is provided based on the certified trust and a reputation is derived by the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method based on user's past actions. The proposed fuzzy method can avoid complex calculations between trust vectors, and adopts a more accurate operator to avert the information wastage.

Shannon sampling theorem is the basic theorem in signal reconstruction based on discrete sampling values in communication theory. The convergence rate of this formula, however, is very slow. Professor Pen Rui-reng, after some slight compromise on sampling rate, has come to the 3rd order, the 4th order and the 5th order sampling formulae. The calculation of the third order formula on the computer proves that it converges much faster than the Shannon formula. This paper gives a general method to comstruct a higher order sampling formula.

This paper briefly introduces the network boundaries can be effectively protected using network defense in depth system and the shortcomings of its technical means. Then introduced the data mining technology applications in the firewall policy optimization, traffic identification, intrusion detection technology areas at different levels of defense in depth, and lists a variety of specific application modes, which can effectively enhance the dynamic adaptation and automated optimization capabilities of defense in depth system to a wide range of network attacks and traffic flow changes.

In order to ensure the security of Web Geographic Information System in network transmission, the vector map data can be encrypted in the way of byte by byte using the chaos system to design encryption arithmetic. In this way of encryption, it should firstly make sure the parameter of Logistic mapping, secondly the logistic mapping should be the key stream generator, which would be design to convert block cipher Data Encryption Standard into sequential cipher, finally the result of encryption should be real-time and key stream longness of plaintext and cipher text would be the same. In this way the impression of encryption would be more secure and efficient. The experiment showed that this arithmetic had less error code diffusibility and efficiency was well.

Division approach of traffic control Sub-area is an important aspect for city traffic control. Aim at this problem, based on analyzing relative factors for traffic sub-area division, a new method with grey relation degree is put forward, this new method is not only easy to realize, but also able to describe the relation between intersection Quantitatively. How to realize this method is given in this paper, and the example proves the effectiveness of the method.

The typical intersection traffic flow control ways play poor role in saturated status, in order to resolve this problem, at first, the intersection control features under saturated status is analyzed, then by the queue length detection by video detection way, a new control way with threshold and rule is put forward, in which three control stages are included. Simulation result shows that this method has more effectiveness than the Webster's method when traffic flow is saturated.

On the basis of relation between driver's decision when vehicle-cross action is done in the unsignalized intersection, the driver's decision on minor time and space scale is analyzed, and the expression for safety factors and speed factors for traffic conflict vehicles in the unsignalized intersection is put up, then the utility function for vehicle-cross action is put up too. With these work, the model of driver vehicle-cross action in the unsignalized intersection is built up with dynamic game theory, and the Nash equilibrium for dynamic game process is analyzed. At last, the game model is verified by simulation, result shows that the game model is able to reflect the development result of traffic conflict under different condition, and it is logical to study driver action using dynamic game theory.

Aiming at the intelligent control for reheating furnace combustion, a kind of genetic algorithm-based intelligent control method is presented. The performance index of the controller is a function that consists of error, output, rising tune and overshooting of the system. A group of optimum intelligent control parameters are acquired with the aid of global search ability on line based on real time error. Application results show that the combustion control system has good dynamic and static performances, adaptive capability and robustness.

In this paper, the perturbation solution of large deflection problem of clamped elliptical plate subjected to uniform pressure is given on the basis of the perturbation solution of large deflection problem of similar clamped circular plate (1948)[1], (1954)[2]. The analytical solution of this problem was obtained in 1957. However, due to social difficulties, these results have never been published. Nash and Cooley (1959)[3] published a brief note of similar nature, in which only the case λ=a/b=2 is given. In this paper, the analytical solution is given in detail up to the 2nd approximation. The numerical solutions are given for various Poisson ratios ν=0.25, 0.30, 0.35 and for various eccentricities λ=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, which can be used in the calculation of engineering designs.

Driver fatigue is one of the main causes of traffic accidents. Many researchers believe that electroencephalography is very accurate and promising to detect driving fatigue, but so far, the research results have been variable. Through simulation experiments, this paper found when driving at night, delta band varies significantly with the degree of fatigue. The results have implications for real-time automatic detecting driver fatigue at night and are helpful for future development of driver fatigue countermeasures.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) indicators are widely used in driver mental workload studies. Because ECG is always recorded continuously in experiments, ECG indicator data often have trend. To make follow-up data analysis faster and more reliable, ECG indicator data should be preprocessed to remove or extract the trend according to the aim of the experiment. However, most researchers tend to ignore this point. Based on time series theories, this paper proposed a set of methods to preprocess ECG indicator data series. In this paper, the data preprocessing method was described in detail. And an example was given to illustrate and prove the validity of the method.

Considering the traffic organization project and traffic signal control project of the small and medium-sized cities in China, based on the dynamic optimization theory of operations research, this paper puts forwards the method of optimization design between the traffic organization and the traffic signal control of urban traffic, sets up the frame of the dynamic optimization. The whole design of the dynamic optimization is divided into three stages, the first stage, based on the original traffic organization project, the traffic signal control project is optimized, the second stage, based on the optimized traffic signal control project after the first stage, the traffic organization project is optimized, the third stage, based on the optimized traffic organization project after the second stage, the traffic signal control project is optimized again, finally the best project is got. This paper takes the conference intersection of HuaiRou district for example, gets the dynamic optimization project between the traffic organization and the traffic signal control, and it is found that this method is better than the past methods after the analysis by computer simulation.

Vehicle navigation system (VNS) is an important system in intelligent transportation system (ITS). Floating vehicle data detection system is an important part of VNS. The paper introduces the VNS project in Beijing and discusses selection of floating car used in data detection system of Beijing. Also the paper gives basic structure of floating vehicle data detection system and the functions of the system. At last, a test system is built to testify the practicality of the floating vehicle data detection system. The results show that the system works well and has good potential market in Beijing

In this paper we present an approach based on multi-agent technology to realize optimal intersection control. First description and function of intersection agent and phase agent are given, then with an example, the whole structure of the intersection control approach and its intensive learning process are showed. Simulation test fully indicates its effectiveness and reliability.

On the basis of agent technology, this paper focuses on a study of area traffic flow coordination control. The composition and structure of agents for area traffic flow control is discussed and the coordination strategy of the intersection agent is described. On the basis of this study, some simulations on a sample road net are preformed by analyzing the simulation results. The feasibility of using agent technology to study area traffic coordination control is asserted.

By carefully controlling the shape of single-mode fiber taper, an acousto-optic switch with 24 dB extinction ratio, 0.1 dB insertion loss and 20 /spl mu/s switching time is achieved for the first time.

Null coupler with very high splitting ratio of 100,000:1 and low excess loss of 0.1 dB is reported. The control of the splitting ratio and loss is studied. The switching function is demonstrated by an acoustooptic modulation experiment.

By introducing internal degree, the deformation of hexagonal noncentrosymmetric crystal sheet can be described by the revised Cauchy–Born rule based on atomic potential. The instability criterion is deduced to investigate the inhomogeneous dislocation nucleation behavior of the crystal sheet under simple loading. The anisotropic characters of dislocation nucleation under uniaxial tension are studied by using the continuum method associated with the instability criterion. The results show a strong relationship between yield stress and crystal sheet chirality. The results also indicate that the instability criterion has sufficient ability to capture the dislocation nucleation site and expansion. To observe the internal dislocation phenomenon, the prediction of the dislocation nucleation site and expansion domain is illustrated by MD simulations. The developed method is another way to explain the dislocation nucleation phenomenon.

A dynamically tunable fiber filter realizing complex spectra of phase-shifted long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The principle of the filter is based on two acousto-optic coupling processes occurring simultaneously. The first coupling process acts as a normal LPFG, while the second makes the coupling direction of the first process change continuously, leading to a similar transmission spectrum with the phase-shifted LPFGs, in which the changing of coupling direction is realized by the discrete phase shifts of the index modulation. By adjusting the acoustic drive signals, its transmission spectrum can be dynamically tuned to realize the phase-shifted LPFGs' spectra under different phase shift numbers and locations.

The constitutive relation of single crystal copper based on atomistic potential is implemented to capture the nonlinear inter-atomic interactions. Uniaxial loading tests of single crystal copper with inter-atomic potential finite-element model are carried out to determine the corresponding ideal strength using the modified Born stability criteria. Dependence of the ideal strength on the crystallographic orientation is studied, and tension-compression asymmetry in ideal strength is also investigated. The results suggest that asymmetry for yielding strength of nano-materials may result from anisotropic character of crystal instability. Moreover, the results also reveal that the critical resolved shear stress in the direction of slip is not an accurate criterion for the ideal strength since it could not capture the dependence on the loading conditions and hydrostatic stress components for the ideal strength.

Misfit dislocation structures at twist-grain boundary and its effect on grain boundary strength are investigated by using molecular dynamics simulation with EAM potential. The results reveal that the density of misfit dislocations which are formed on small angle twist-grain boundary is increased as the twist angle increased. Dislocations nucleate at each unit of the dislocation networks and the yield stress is increased as the density of misfit dislocations increases since grain boundary is strengthened by the interaction between dislocation networks. Face defect is formed at large angle twist-grain boundary, and the dislocations nucleate at the atomically sharp corner of the grain boundary. The yield stress is kept almost at the same value since there is little effect on the nucleation force of dislocation on face-defect grain boundary.

Chaotic behaviors in loss-modulated erbium-doped fiber-ring lasers are reported. In a single-frequency loss-modulated erbium-doped fiber-ring laser, the coexistence of period-doubling bifurcation and intermittency routes to chaos is observed by changing the modulation frequency or the modulation voltage. The results are in agreement with those in an erbium-doped fiber-ring laser subjected to pump modulation. Dual-frequency loss-modulated erbium-doped fiber-ring lasers are proposed. When the value of the frequency ratio is approximately equal to the gold mean and the silver mean, respectively, the transition to chaos via quasiperiodicity is found when the modulation voltage is increased. The modulation voltages for the transition are different for the varied values of the frequency ratio.