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Due to the fact that the western region of Paraná is considered subtropical, with high temperatures in the summer, the hybrids of Encyclia are commercialized by the beauty of its flowers and durability. However, there are no studies involving potted plants, substrate types and fertilizers, as well as hybrids, for the genus Encyclia. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative development and flowering of Encyclia based on fertilization and substrate. The experiment was conducted in a commercial orchard, from January to September/2017. The seedlings remained in a protected environment, with 50% shading. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme (substrates x fertilization intervals), with 4 replicates per treatment, and 4 pots per replicate. The lot chosen was sowed in vitro, with the hybrid Encyclia “Kropp” x E. atropurpurea. After five months of the last fertilization, the evaluations related to vegetative development and flowering were carried out. Substrates based on sphagnum presented better results in flowering. Organic fertilizations with Bokashi at 45 days after transplant (DAT) favor flowering and vegetative development of the Encyclia hybrid, which occurs in pots containing sphagnum-based substrates and with organic fertilizers above 60 DAT. Resumo Como a região oeste do Paraná é considerada subtropical, com altas temperaturas no verão, os híbridos de Encyclia são comercializados pela beleza de suas flores e durabilidade. No entanto, não existem estudos envolvendo plantas em vasos, tipos de substratos e fertilizantes, além dos híbridos para o gênero Encyclia. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo e o florescimento de Encyclia com base na adubação e no substrato.O experimento foi conduzido em um produtor comercial, de janeiro a setembro de 2017. As mudas permaneceram em ambiente protegido com 50% de sombreamento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5 (substratos x intervalos de fertilização), com 4 repetições por tratamento e 4 vasos por repetição. O lote escolhido era oriundo de semeadura in vitro, com o híbrido Encyclia “Kropp” x E. atropurpurea. Após cinco meses da última fertilização, foram realizadas avaliações relacionadas ao desenvolvimento vegetativo e floração. Os substratos à base de esfagno apresentaram melhores resultados no florescimento. As adubações orgânicas com Bokashi aos 45 dias após o transplante (DAT) favorecem a floração e o desenvolvimento vegetativo do híbrido de Encyclia, ocorrendo em vasos contendo substratos à base de esfagno e com adubações orgânicas acima de 60 DAT.

The electrical conductivity test stands out among the existing physiological quality tests due to its simplicity of execution, repeatability, speed, easy interpretation of results, and low cost. This study aimed to establish a methodology for the test of electric conductivity in lentil seeds (Lens culinaris Medik), involving the seeds’ number of seeds and soaking time. The experiment was conducted at the Multidisciplinary Laboratory of the State University of Goiás, Campus Ipameri, in 2018. Lentil Silvina seeds were used, stored in the seed laboratory of the same institution. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 4x5 factorial scheme, with four seed lots (25, 50, 75, and 100 seeds) and five soaking times (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 hours) at 25 ºC, with four replications. The initial seed quality was characterized (water content, first counting of germination, percentage of germination, accelerated aging and 1000-seed weight). For the electrical conductivity test, four repetitions of 25, 50, 75, and 100 seeds each were used, weighed on a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.001 g and placed in plastic cups, with a capacity of 200 mL, containing 75 mL of distilled water. Then, the plastic cups remained in a BOD chamber, adjusted at 25 °C and the measuring was performed after 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 hours of soaking in a conductivity meter (DIGIMED DM 31), the results being expressed in μS cm-1 g-1. There was a significant interaction when evaluating the number of seeds per repetition and the soaking time. The use of replicates with 50 seeds subjected to 12 h of soaking shows the best results for the lentil seeds' electrical conductivity test.

Silvipastoral systems are identified as options for land use due to the high potential they offer to increase the level of income from agronomic, social, economic, and ecological aspects. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate the environmental benefits of implementing a silvopastoral system in Cerrado Maranhense, in comparison to other conventional production systems. The same was done in 2013 from February to May on a private property located in São Francisco do Brejão (MA) during the rainy season. The experiment evaluated three types of system: a) silvopastoral, composed of leucaena, grasses, and beef cattle, b) rotational system, and c) extensive system. A randomized block design in a 3x3 factorial scheme with three replications was used. Three pasture management systems (silvopastoral system, rotational system with native regeneration and extensive system) and three evaluation times (08:00 h, 12:00 h, and 16:00 h) were evaluated. After sample collection, dry biomass was determined. In the evaluation of ecophysiological parameters, the photochemical efficiency and estimate of the relative chlorophyll content in brachiaria plants of the three systems were determined. The photochemical efficiency was determined in the grasses of each system, being randomly evaluated three leaves per plant. The silvopastoral system was the one that showed the greatest increase in dry biomass of forage and the best results for the photochemical parameters, standing out as the best system for livestock.

EO presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijãomungo em função do espaçamento entre fileiras e número de plantas por metro linear. O experimento foiconduzido na Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Câmpus Ipameri, utilizando-se sementes produzidas nomesmo local. Para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram realizados testes para determinação do teor de água, germinação e vigor. As análises foram realizadas no laboratório Multidisciplinar II. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 6, tendo como fatores os espaçamentos entre fileiras (25 e 50 cm) e números de plantas por metro linear (4, 8, 12, 16, 20 e 24 plantas), com quatro repetições. Os testes foram realizados com sementes armazenadas durante seis meses. De acordo com os resultados da análise de variância, na primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento de parte aérea, comprimento de raiz e condutividade elétrica houve interação significativa entre os fatores estudados. A massa seca de plântulas apresentou efeito significativo para os espaçamentos entre fileiras e números de plantas por metro linear de forma isolada. Para a massa de mil sementes, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plântulas em areia e índice de velocidade de emergência, verificou-se efeito significativo isolado apenas para os espaçamentos entre fileiras. A germinação não foi influenciada pelos espaçamentos entre fileiras e números de plantas por metro linear. O espaçamento entre fileiras de 50 cm, com 24 plantas m-1 linear entre fileiras, apresentaram melhor potencial fisiológico, evidenciado pela massa de mil sementes e condutividade elétrica. As sementes de feijão mungo produzidas em 24 plantas m-1 linear e espaçamento de 50 cm entre fileiras, apresentam melhor potencial fisiológico.

The physical characteristics of the fruits are of great importance for the identification and selection of superior genetic materials, appropriate for commercialization or industrial use. Given the above, the objective was to physically characterize the araticum fruit and to verify the influence of accessions and fruit region under seed germination. The work was developed at Unioeste, Marechal Cândido Rondon Campus (PR), and conducted at the University Laboratory of Post-Harvest Technology. Ripe fruits of araticum (Annona sylvatica) were collected from four native plants (accessions A1, A 2, A3, and A4) at the Experimental Farm of the University in February 2019. As for the physical evaluation of the fruits, four repetitions of 10 randomly chosen ripe fruits per access were evaluated. The longitudinal diameter, transversal diameter, fruit biomass, epicarp biomass, fruit pulp, number of seeds, and mass of 100 seeds were the characteristics evaluated. The experimental design used for the germination test was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 [4 accessions (A1, A2, A3, and A4) x 2 regions of the fruit (proximal and distal) in 500 mg L-1 of acid gibberellic (GA3)], containing 4 repetitions and 25 seeds per repetition. The evaluations were carried out from the 15th day of the experiment setup until 105 days. The characteristics evaluated were: first germination count (%), germination percentage (%), germination speed index, and average germination time (days). The fruits had an average biomass of 63.41 g, an average of 38 seeds per fruit, and fruit pulp with an average of 39.63 g. The germination of araticum seeds was not influenced by the accessions and fruit region.

The electrical conductivity test is routinely used to differentiate the physiological quality of seed lots, and has stood out for its ease of execution, low cost, speed, repeatability, and straightforward interpretation of results. This study aimed to establish a methodology for the electrical conductivity test in pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) involving seed quantity and seed imbibition periods. The experiment was carried out at the Multidisciplinary Laboratory of the State University of Goiás, the campus of Ipameri Campus, in 2018. Pea seeds (Pisum sativum) stored in the seed laboratory of the same institution were used for this experiment. The completely randomized experimental design with four replications in a 4x6 factorial scheme was used. Four quantity of seeds (25, 50, 75, and 100 seeds) and six imbibition periods (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h) at 25ºC were evaluated. The electrical conductivity test was performed with four replicates of 25, 50, 75, and 100 seeds each, weighed on a precision scale (0.001g) and placed in disposable plastic cups, with a capacity of 200 mL, containing 75 mL of distilled water. The cups were then kept in a BOD chamber, set at 25°C, and the measuring was performed after 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h of imbibition with a conductivity meter and results were expressed in μS cm-1 g-1. There were no significant results for the interaction between the number of seeds and the imbibition time. Significant results were observed only for the individual effects of each factor. It is recommended to use 100 seeds of Maria pea, and 24 h for the electrical conductivity test.