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Do Nascimento, Janaína Gelma A., Rocha, Lamarck, Dutra, Valquíria F., De Queiroz, Luciano P., Berg, Cássio Van Den (2023): Four new species of Mimosa sect. Batocaulon ser. Cordistipulae (Leguminosae) from Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 599 (5): 265-279, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.1

4. Mimosa melosa J. Gelma, L.P. Queiroz & Van den Berg, sp. nov. Figs. 4A–G, 5. Type:— BRASIL, Bahia: Mun. Pil„o Arcado, Brejo do Zacarias, ca. 30 km de Pil„o Arcado, 10°05’55’’S, 42°54’41’’W, 8 December 2005 (fl.), J.G.A. Nascimento 557 (holotype: HUEFS [barcode 000234325]!; isotype: HUEFS [barcode 000248806]!). Affinis M. xiquexiquensi Barneby (1991: 279) sed habitu erecto usque 1.5 m alto (nec decumbenti), floribus in capitulis ellipsoideis (nec spicis elongatis), inflorescentia fasciculata (nec axillar sejuncta) differt. Subshrubs 1–1.5 m tall, erect; branches cylindrical, viscid, vilose, with filiform trichomes, 0.1–0.3 mm long, and capitate-filiform glandular trichomes, 0.5–2 mm long. Internodes 14–16 mm long. Stipules 4–5 × 1–1.3 mm, lanceolate, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, base truncate, apex acuminate, pilose, margin ciliate, 1–3-veined. Petiole 2–5 mm long, rachis 35–40 mm long, with small prickles, first interpinnal segment 3–5 mm long, remaining segments 2–3 mm long; pinnae 10–16 pairs, median pinna 5–6 mm long, decreasing in size toward to the leaf base; leaflets 10–12 pairs per pinna (median pinnae), membranaceous, 1.5–2 × 1–1.2 mm, oblong, apex obtuse, base rounded, both surfaces sericeous, margin ciliate, 3-veined. Capitula ellipsoid, 6–12 mm long, 25–30-flowered, 2–3-fascicled in efoliate terminal pseudoracemes; peduncle 12–15(–25) mm long, vilosulous, mixed with capitate-filiform glandular trichomes; bracts 0.4–0.5 × 0.2–0.25 mm, membranaceous, obovate, slightly clawed. Flowers sessile; calyx white, 0.6–0.7 mm long, campanulate, lobes with apex truncate; corolla white with pink a rim, glabrous, subtubular, membranaceous, tube 1–1.2 mm long, lobes 1–1.2 mm long, acuminate; stamens 6, filaments dark-pink, connate ca. 2 mm long at the base, three longer 4–5 mm, three shorter 3–4 mm long, anthers 0.4–0.6 mm long, globose, yellow; ovary 0.6–0.8 mm long, dense capitate-setiform trichomes, stipitate, stipe ca. 0.3 mm long, 3–6-ovulate; style 1–1.2 mm long. Fruit and seeds unknown. Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Mimosa melosa is known from only two collections from a single population in Pil„o Arcado municipality, Bahia, Brazil (Figure 5). The specimens were collected on inland sand dunes on the banks of the S„o Francisco River, growing in open areas between clumps of vegetation, at 420 m of elevation, with flowers in September and December. Conservation:— As there is a lack of information on the distribution of M. melosa in this area, we propose that this species be categorized as Data Deficient (DD). The S„o Francisco dunes are formed by extensive aeolian deposits, which can exceed 100 m in height, covered by caatinga vegetation (Rocha et al. 2004). The soils are sandy and deep, with very low fertility (Velloso et al. 2002). The dune area is apparently well preserved, with little human disturbance, such as the extraction of wood for fire making, which threatens the stability of the dunes. Etymology:—The epithet melosa refers to the vernacular name of this species, giving the sensation of viscosity when touched. Notes:— Mimosa melosa is morphologically related to M. xiquexiquensis, both have leaves with (8–)14–18(–22) pairs of pinnae and 11–12 pairs of leaflets per pinna. Mimosa melosa can be differentiated by erect habit, 1–1.5 m tall (vs. prostrate habit, ca. 0.5 m tall in M. xiquexiquensis), smaller petioles, 2–5 mm long (vs. petioles usually larger, 5–7 mm long) and inflorescence units as ellipsoid capitula grouped in fascicles along a terminal efoliate pseudoraceme (vs. solitary and axillary elongate spikes) (Table 4). The region of the S„o Francisco river dunes includes a very differentiated biota with a high number of endemic species of plants and animals (Rocha et al. 2004; Queiroz et al. 2017). The endemic plant species are usually distributed throughout this area. However, the Mimosa melosa - Mimosa xiquexiquensis pair seems to be an example of geographical speciation within the dunes, with M. melosa occurring in the northern part of the dunes and M. xiquexiquensis in the southern part, but in similar habitats. Many of the endemic plant species have been recently described from this area, such as Aeschynomene sabulicola Queiroz & Cardoso (2008: 750), Rhynchosia franciscana Queiroz & Cardoso (2018: 975) and Pterocarpus monophyllus Klitgaard et al. (2000: 989). Paratype:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Pil„o Arcado, Brejo do Zacarias, 28 September 2005 (fl.), L.P. Queiroz et al. 10968 (HUEFS)., Published as part of Do Nascimento, Janaína Gelma A., Rocha, Lamarck, Dutra, Valquíria F., De Queiroz, Luciano P. & Berg, Cássio Van Den, 2023, Four new species of Mimosa sect. Batocaulon ser. Cordistipulae (Leguminosae) from Bahia, Brazil, pp. 265-279 in Phytotaxa 599 (5) on pages 273-276, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8043061, {"references":["Barneby, R. C. (1991) Sensitivae Censitae - a description of the genus Mimosa Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in New World. Memoirs New York Botanical Garden 65: 1 - 835.","Rocha, P. L. B., Queiroz, L. P. & Pirani, J. R. (2004) Plant species and habitat structure in a sand dune field in the Brazilian Caatinga: a homogeneous habitat harbouring an endemic biota. Brazilian Journal of Botany 27 (4): 739 - 755.","Velloso, A. L., Sampaio, E. V. S. B. & Pareyn, F. G. C. (2002) Ecorregiles propostas para o bioma caatinga. Associac \" o Plantas do Nordeste; The Nature Conservancy do Brasil, Recife.","Queiroz, L. P., Cardoso, D., Fernandes, M. F. & Moro, M. F. (2017) Diversity and evolution of flowering plants of the Caatinga Domain. In: Silva, J. M. C., Leal, I. R. & Tabarelli, M. (Eds.) Caatinga. 1 ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 23 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 68339 - 3 _ 2","Queiroz, L. P. & Cardoso, D. B. O. S. (2008) A new species of Aeschynomene L. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) from a continental sand dune area in north-eastern Brazil. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 157: 749 - 753. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2007.00741. x","Queiroz, L. P. & Cardoso, D. B. O. S. (2018) A new large-flowered species of Rhynchosia (Leguminosae) from the Brazilian Caatinga Seasonally Dry Woodlands. Systematic Botany 43: 975 - 979. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364418 X 697607","Klitgaard, B. B., Queiroz, L. P. & Lewis, G. P. (2000) A remarkable new species of Pterocarpus (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Dalbergieae) from Bahia, Brazil. Kew Bulletin 55 (4): 732 - 735. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4113648"]}

4. Mimosa melosa J. Gelma, L.P. Queiroz & Van den Berg, sp. nov. Figs. 4A–G, 5. Type:— BRASIL, Bahia: Mun. Pil„o Arcado, Brejo do Zacarias, ca. 30 km de Pil„o Arcado, 10°05’55’’S, 42°54’41’’W, 8 December 2005 (fl.), J.G.A. Nascimento 557 (holotype: HUEFS [barcode 000234325]!; isotype: HUEFS [barcode 000248806]!). Affinis M. xiquexiquensi Barneby (1991: 279) sed habitu erecto usque 1.5 m alto (nec decumbenti), floribus in capitulis ellipsoideis (nec spicis elongatis), inflorescentia fasciculata (nec axillar sejuncta) differt. Subshrubs 1–1.5 m tall, erect; branches cylindrical, viscid, vilose, with filiform trichomes, 0.1–0.3 mm long, and capitate-filiform glandular trichomes, 0.5–2 mm long. Internodes 14–16 mm long. Stipules 4–5 × 1–1.3 mm, lanceolate, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, base truncate, apex acuminate, pilose, margin ciliate, 1–3-veined. Petiole 2–5 mm long, rachis 35–40 mm long, with small prickles, first interpinnal segment 3–5 mm long, remaining segments 2–3 mm long; pinnae 10–16 pairs, median pinna 5–6 mm long, decreasing in size toward to the leaf base; leaflets 10–12 pairs per pinna (median pinnae), membranaceous, 1.5–2 × 1–1.2 mm, oblong, apex obtuse, base rounded, both surfaces sericeous, margin ciliate, 3-veined. Capitula ellipsoid, 6–12 mm long, 25–30-flowered, 2–3-fascicled in efoliate terminal pseudoracemes; peduncle 12–15(–25) mm long, vilosulous, mixed with capitate-filiform glandular trichomes; bracts 0.4–0.5 × 0.2–0.25 mm, membranaceous, obovate, slightly clawed. Flowers sessile; calyx white, 0.6–0.7 mm long, campanulate, lobes with apex truncate; corolla white with pink a rim, glabrous, subtubular, membranaceous, tube 1–1.2 mm long, lobes 1–1.2 mm long, acuminate; stamens 6, filaments dark-pink, connate ca. 2 mm long at the base, three longer 4–5 mm, three shorter 3–4 mm long, anthers 0.4–0.6 mm long, globose, yellow; ovary 0.6–0.8 mm long, dense capitate-setiform trichomes, stipitate, stipe ca. 0.3 mm long, 3–6-ovulate; style 1–1.2 mm long. Fruit and seeds unknown. Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Mimosa melosa is known from only two collections from a single population in Pil„o Arcado municipality, Bahia, Brazil (Figure 5). The specimens were collected on inland sand dunes on the banks of the S„o Francisco River, growing in open areas between clumps of vegetation, at 420 m of elevation, with flowers in September and December. Conservation:— As there is a lack of information on the distribution of M. melosa in this area, we propose that this species be categorized as Data Deficient (DD). The S„o Francisco dunes are formed by extensive aeolian deposits, which can exceed 100 m in height, covered by caatinga vegetation (Rocha et al. 2004). The soils are sandy and deep, with very low fertility (Velloso et al. 2002). The dune area is apparently well preserved, with little human disturbance, such as the extraction of wood for fire making, which threatens the stability of the dunes. Etymology:—The epithet melosa refers to the vernacular name of this species, giving the sensation of viscosity when touched. Notes:— Mimosa melosa is morphologically related to M. xiquexiquensis, both have leaves with (8–)14–18(–22) pairs of pinnae and 11–12 pairs of leaflets per pinna. Mimosa melosa can be differentiated by erect habit, 1–1.5 m tall (vs. prostrate habit, ca. 0.5 m tall in M. xiquexiquensis), smaller petioles, 2–5 mm long (vs. petioles usually larger, 5–7 mm long) and inflorescence units as ellipsoid capitula grouped in fascicles along a terminal efoliate pseudoraceme (vs. solitary and axillary elongate spikes) (Table 4). The region of the S„o Francisco river dunes includes a very differentiated biota with a high number of endemic species of plants and animals (Rocha et al. 2004; Queiroz et al. 2017). The endemic plant species are usually distributed throughout this area. However, the Mimosa melosa - Mimosa xiquexiquensis pair seems to be an example of geographical speciation within the dunes, with M. melosa occurring in the northern part of the dunes and M. xiquexiquensis in the southern part, but in similar habitats. Many of the endemic plant species have been recently described from this area, such as Aeschynomene sabulicola Queiroz & Cardoso (2008: 750), Rhynchosia franciscana Queiroz & Cardoso (2018: 975) and Pterocarpus monophyllus Klitgaard et al. (2000: 989). Paratype:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Pil„o Arcado, Brejo do Zacarias, 28 September 2005 (fl.), L.P. Queiroz et al. 10968 (HUEFS).

1. Mimosa bahiana J. Gelma, L.P. Queiroz & Van den Berg, sp. nov. Figs. 1A–I, 5. Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Município de Piat „, Platô alto da Serra da Tromba, 13°07’S, 41°49’W, 2 November 1996 (fl., fr.), L.P. Queiroz et al. 4713 (holotype: HUEFS [barcode 200008832]!). Affinis M. setuligera Harms (1908: 208) et M. brevipinna (1875: 432) foliis 5−14-pinnatis, sed a M. setuligera stipulis inflexis, paleaceis (nec reflexis, membranaceis), foliolulis 0.8−1.2 mm longis (nec 1.8−2.7 mm longis), corolla glabra (nec tubo glabro et lobis trichomata indutis), et a M. brevipinna foliolis 0.8–1.2 × 0.6–0.7 mm (nec 3–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm), calyce 0.3 mm (nec 0.5–0.6 mm), fructibus cum 2–3-articulis (nec 6–8-articulis) differt. Subshrubs 5–30 cm tall, prostrate or erect; branches cylindrical, velutinous, with filiform trichomes, and glandular capitate-filiform trichomes, 0.2–1.4 mm long. Internodes c. 15 mm long. Stipules 4–5 × 1–1.2 mm, lanceolate, base truncate, apex acuminate, margin ciliate, 3–5-veined. Petiole 6–8 mm long, rachis 25–35 mm long, first interpinnal segment 3.5–6 mm long, remaining segments 2–3 mm long; pinnae 6–10 pairs, median pinna 5–7 mm long, slightly decreasing in size toward the apex and the base of the leaf; leaflets 6–8(–10) pairs per pinna (median pinna), membranaceous, 0.8–1.2 × 0.6–0.7 mm, oblong, apex obtuse, base rounded, both surfaces pilose to villous, margin ciliate or sericeous, 3-veined. Capitula 10–12 mm diam., 30–35-flowered; peduncle 25–30 mm long; bracts 1–1.2 × 0.3–0.5 mm, membranaceous, linear or spatulate. Flowers sessile; calyx white, ca. 0.3 mm long, campanulate, lobes with apex truncate; corolla white, glabrous, subtubular, membranaceous, tube 0.8–1 mm long, lobes 1–1.2 mm long, acuminate; stamens 6, filaments 4–6 mm long, anthers 0.4–0.6 mm long, globose, yellow; ovary ca. 1 mm long, covered by capitate-filiform glandular trichomes, 3–4-ovulate, style 2–4 mm long. Craspedium 10–12 × 4–4.5 mm, subsessile, linear, margin undulate, puberulous, with filiform and capitate-filiform glandular trichomes, 2–3-articulate, apical and basal articles triangular, median articles rectangular, 2–3 × 4–5 mm. Seeds 2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm, external surface smooth. Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Mimosa bahiana is known only from the municipality of Piat„, in the southern portion of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Figure 5). It was collected in “cerrado sensu stricto ” and “campos gerais” (savanna vegetation), at 1,200 –1,400 m of elevation, with flowers and fruits in November. Conservation:— Mimosa bahiana is known from only two collections carried out in 1996. The areas where it occurs have been cleared for coffee plantation by small family groups. Due to the lack of data on the distribution of the species, we propose this species to be Data Deficient (DD). Etymology:— The specific epithet bahiana denotes the restricted species’ geographical distribution, until now known only from the state of Bahia, Brazil. Notes:— Mimosa bahiana is morphologically similar to M. brevipinna and M. setuligera with which it shares the multipinnate leaves with short pinnae and rather few leaflets per pinna. It can be distinguished by those two species by the branches with a velutinous indumentum (vs. glabrous or glabrescent in M. brevipinna and viscid and tomentose in M. setuligera), leaflets smaller, 0.8–1.2 mm long (vs. 3–3.5 mm long and 1.8–2.7 mm long, respectively), and calyx smaller, ca. 0.3 mm long (vs. 0.4–1 mm and 0.5–0.6 mm, respectively). Mimosa bahiana also has smaller craspedia, measuring 10–12 × 4–4.5 mm, 2–3-articulated, and with short trichomes, mixed with glandular ones, while M. brevipinna has craspedia measuring 25–30 × 6–25 mm, 6–8-articulated and velutine (Table 1). The presence of lanceolate, non-reflexed stipules, and glabrous corolla also differs from M. setuligera (narrowly lanceolate, reflexed stipules, and hispidulous corolla lobes). Mimosa bahiana is a locally rare plant, being known only from the top of a mountain near the Piat„ town, in the southern portion of Chapada Diamantina, at more than 1,200 m of elevation. The local vegetation is an open field with few trees and subject to fire on deep sandy soil. The two most similar species, M. setuligera and M. brevipinna, do not occur in sympatry, being recorded in lowland dry scrubs on sandy soil, at elevation ranging from 200 to 400 m. Paratype:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Piat „, estrada Piat „/Inúbia, a 2 km do entroncamento com entroncamento Piat„ / Boninal, 13°04’19’’S, 41°47’33’’W, 11 November 1996 (fl., fr.), D.J.N. Hind et al. 4184 (ALCB)., Published as part of Do Nascimento, Janaína Gelma A., Rocha, Lamarck, Dutra, Valquíria F., De Queiroz, Luciano P. & Berg, Cássio Van Den, 2023, Four new species of Mimosa sect. Batocaulon ser. Cordistipulae (Leguminosae) from Bahia, Brazil, pp. 265-279 in Phytotaxa 599 (5) on pages 266-269, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8043061, {"references":["Harms (1908) Botanische Jahrb ¸ cher f ¸ r Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42 (2 - 3): 208."]}

3. Mimosa crassifolia J. Gelma, L.P. Queiroz & Van den Berg, sp. nov. Figs. 3A–G, 5. Type — BRAZIL. Bahia: Município de Morro do Chapéu, Tabuleiro dos Tigres, Morro do Chapéu, 20 July 2005 (fl., fr.), A.K.A. Santos 355 (holotype: HUEFS [barcode 000001300]!; isotype: HUEFS [barcode 000001255]!). Affinis M. morroënsi Barneby (1985: 147) sed petiolo breviore ((5–) 8–15 mm longo (nec 20–30 mm longo)), foliolis coriaceis nitidis glabris (nec membranaceis opacisque, sericeis vel ciliatis), trichomatibus glandularibus conicis 0.05– 0.3 mm longis (nec trichomatibus glandularibus linearibus 0.5–0.8 mm longis) differt. Decumbent subshrub 0.3–0.5 m tall, rarely erect; branches cylindrical, puberulous, with filiform trichomes, and capitate-filiform glandular trichomes, 0.05–0.3 mm long. Internodes 18–20 mm long. Stipules 3–7 × 0.8–1.2 mm, lanceolate, base truncate, apex acuminate, aristate, margin ciliate, 3-veined. Petiole (5–) 8–15 mm long, rachis 23–70 mm long, first interpinnal segment 4–8 mm long, remaining segments 3–5 mm long; pinnae 9–14(–18) pairs, slightly decreasing in size toward to the apex and the leaf base, median pinna 15–20 mm long; leaflets 9–15 pairs per pinna (median pinnae), coriaceous, glossy, 2–4 × 0.8–1.8 mm, oblong, apex obtuse, base rounded, both surfaces glabrous, 3-veined, margins with capitate-setiform trichomes. Capitula 10–15 mm diam., 45–60-flowered; peduncle 33–49 mm long; bracts 0.4–1.3 × 0.1–0.25 mm, membranaceous, linear or spatulate. Flowers sessile; calyx white, 0.4–0.8 mm long, campanulate, slightly asymmetric, lobes with apex acute, slightly dentate; corolla white with a pink rim, glabrous, subtubular, membranaceous, tube 0.4–1.4 mm long, lobes 0.8–2.5 mm long, acuminate; stamens 6, filaments connate ca. 0.5 mm long at the base, three longer 6–8 mm long, three shorter 4–6 mm long, dark-pink; anthers 0.6–0.7 mm long, globose, yellow; ovary ca. 1 mm long, with filiform and capitate-filiform glandular trichomes, stipitate, stipe ca. 0.5 mm long, 4-ovulate; style 3–5.5 mm long. Craspedium 20–25 × 5–7 mm, subsessile, straight oblong, margin undulate, puberulous, with filiform and capitate-filiform trichomes, 2–3-articulate, apical and basal articles triangular, median articles rectangular, 5–6 × 4–5 mm. Seeds 3–4 × 2.8–3 mm, external surface smooth. Distribution, habitat and phenology: — Mimosa crassifolia is known only from the Morro do Chapéu municipality, northern Chapada Diamantina range, Bahia, Brazil (Figure 5). The specimens were collected in sandy areas of the campo rupestre, at 1,000 –1,100 m of elevation, with flowers from January to July, and fruits in January to May. Conservation:— We propose this species to be endangered (EN, criteria B2ab(iii)+D). Mimosa crassifolia is known from only a few collections made in the municipality of Morro do Chapéu (EOO 5,302 km 2 and AOO 8,000 km 2), in “Tabuleiro dos Tigres”, a specific area of campos rupestres, and at Morro do Chapéu State Park. The municipality of Morro do Chapéu is located at the northern portion of Chapada Diamantina and is considered an area of extreme priority for conservation, as it has a plant typology of savannas and caatinga (Maury 2002, França et al. 2013). One of the populations of Mimosa crassifolia was found in the Morro do Chapéu State Park, which despite being an protection area, continues to suffer anthropic pressures, such as fragmentation due to subsistence agriculture (Lob„o & Vale 2009), which puts the presence of the species in risk. Etymology: — The specific epithet crassifolia refers to the fleshy consistency of the leaflets when fresh. Notes:— The multipopulational morphological study in the Mimosa misera complex, using multivariate analysis, pointed out that specimens found in herbaria and of uncertain identification, represent a new species, M. crassifolia (Nascimento 2007). This species is morphologically similar to M. morroënsis, due to its decumbent habit and multipinnate leaves, and they occur in sympatry in the Morro do Chapéu municipality. Mimosa crassifolia can be further recognized by the indumentum composed of very short and conical glandular trichomes (c. 0.05 mm long), while M. morroënsis has slender stipitate glandular trichomes, with 0.5–1.5 mm long. Mimosa crassifolia can still be distinguished by longer internodes (18–20 mm long), larger stipules (3–7 mm long), lanceolate and pungent, smaller petioles, (5–) 8–15 mm long, and leaflets bright, coriaceous, and glabrous, in 9–15 pairs. M. morroënsis, on the other hand, has internodes 25–40 mm long, stipules 0.4–0.6 mm long, petioles 20–30 mm long, and dull, membranous and sericeous leaflets, in 15–18 pairs. Based on reproductive characters, they are distinguished by smaller capitula and sessile flowers, in M. crassifolia (10–15 mm diam. vs. 25–30 mm diam., and pedicellate flowers), and 2–3-articulate craspedium, while M. morroënsis has 4–8-articulate (Table 3). Paratypes:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Morro do Chapéu, Morro Duas Irm „s, 2 May 1999 (fl., fr.), F. França et al. 2853 (CEPEC, HUEFS, SPF); ibd., 11°33’39’’S, 41°17’00’’W, 21 July 2005 (fl.), A.K.A. Santos et al. 365 (HUEFS, SPF); ibd., Tabuleiro dos Tigres, 11°36’47’’S, 41°09’46’’W, 4 January 2005 (fl.), J.G.A. Nascimento & M.C. Machado 145 (HUEFS); ibd., Tabuleiro dos Tigres, ca. de 5 km de Morro do Chapéu, estrada para Utinga, 11°36’37’’S, 41°09’46’’W, 4 January 2005 (fl., fr.), J.G.A. Nascimento & M.C. Machado 165 (K, HUEFS, MBM, RB, SPF)., Published as part of Do Nascimento, Janaína Gelma A., Rocha, Lamarck, Dutra, Valquíria F., De Queiroz, Luciano P. & Berg, Cássio Van Den, 2023, Four new species of Mimosa sect. Batocaulon ser. Cordistipulae (Leguminosae) from Bahia, Brazil, pp. 265-279 in Phytotaxa 599 (5) on pages 271-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8043061, {"references":["Barneby, R. C. (1985) The genus Mimosa (Mimosaceae) in Bahia, Brazil: new taxa and nomenclatural adjustments. Brittonia 37: 125 - 153.","Maury, C. M. (2002) Avaliacao e identificacao de areas e acles prioritarias para a conservacao, utilizacao sustentavel e reparticao dos beneficios da biodiversidade dos biomas brasileiros. Ministerio do Meio Ambiente, Secretaria de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Brasilia.","Franca, F., Melo, E., Souza, I. & Pugliesi, L. (2013) Flora do Morro do Chapeu, v. 1. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, 238 pp.","Lob \" o, J. S. B. & Vale, R. M. C. (2009) Importancia ambiental do Parque Estadual de Morro do Chapeu em func \" o da fragmentac \" o ecossitemica. Geonordeste XX (1).","Nascimento, J. G. A. (2007) Taxonomia de Mimosa L. ser. Cordistipulae Barneby (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Mestrado em Botanica, Feira de Santana, 137 pp."]}

2. Mimosa confusa J. Gelma, L.P. Queiroz & Van den Berg, sp. nov. Figs. 2A–H, 5. Type:— BRAZIL, Bahia: Mun. Morro do Chapéu, Lages, 10 March 2003 (fl., fr.), L.P. Queiroz et al. 7733 (holotype: HUEFS [barcode 000001174]!; isotype HUEFS [barcode 000001237]!). Affinis M. cordistipula Bentham (1842: 411) sed rachibus 15–25(–30) mm longis (nec 5–10 mm longis), stipulis 2.8–4 mm longis (nec 4–6 mm longis), foliis 4–7-pinnatis (nec 2–4(–5)-pinnatis, capitulis 55–70 mm diametro (nec 15–25 mm diametro) differt. Subshrubs 0.3–1 m tall, rarely erect; branches cylindrical, rarely angulate, velutinous, lanuginose, rarely glabrous, with filiform trichomes, 0.9–1.2 mm long, and capitate-filiform glandular trichomes, 0.4–1 mm long. Internodes 20 –50 mm long. Stipules 2.8–4 × 0.8–1 mm, lanceolate, base truncate, apex acuminate, aristate, margin ciliate, 3-veined. Petiole 1–3(–4) mm long, rachis 15–25(–30) mm long, spinescent, aculeolate, first interpinnal segment 1–2 mm long, remaining segments 1–4 mm long; pinnae 4–7 pairs, median pinna 5–12(–15) mm long, increasing in size towards the apex of the leaf; leaflets 8–18 pairs per pinna (in median pinna), membranaceous, 2–4 × 0.8–1.8 mm, oblong, apex obtuse, base rounded, both surfaces sericeous, margin ciliate, 1-veined. Capitula 55–70 mm diam., 80–100-flowered; peduncle 22–45 mm long; bracts 1.4–1.8 × 0.1–0.2 mm, membranaceous, linear or spatulate. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate, pedicel ca. 0.2 mm long; calyx white or whitish-pink, 0.4–0.8 mm long, campanulate, lobes with apex truncate; corolla white, glabrous, subtubular, membranaceous, tube 1.2–2 mm long, lobes 0.8–1 mm long; stamens 6, pink, filaments connate ca. 0.3 mm long at the base, three longer 6–11 mm long, three shorter 5–6 mm long, anthers 0.5–0.7 mm long, globose, yellow; ovary 0.8–1.3 mm long, densely pilose, stipitate, stipe 0.3–0.4 mm long, 8–10- ovulate, style 6–8 mm long. Craspedium 30–50(–70) × ca. 5 mm, subsessile, linear, margin undulate, puberulous, with filiform and glandular capitate-filiform trichomes, 4–9-articulate, apical and basal articles triangular, median article quadrangular, 3–4 × ca. 4 mm. Seeds 2–2.3 × 3–3.5 mm, external surface smooth. Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Mimosa confusa occurs in the Morro do Chapéu municipality, northern Chapada Diamantina range, Bahia, Brazil (Figure 5). It was collected in “cerrado sensu stricto ”, campos rupestres and transitional areas of Caatinga vegetation, at 850–1,000 m of elevation, with flowers and fruits from December to July. Conservation:— We propose this species to be endangered (EN, criteria B2ab(iii)+D) because Mimosa confusa has been observed only in a single locality in the region of Morro do Chapéu State Park, at the margins of the BA-052 road, with an AOO of 8,000 km 2. Despite being collected in a protected area, the Morro do Chapéu State Park still suffers severe impacts of human action, such as livestock, opening of roads and settlements, in addition to fires (Lob„o & Vale 2009). Etymology:— The epithet ‘confusa’ refers to the morphological similarity of the new species with Mimosa cordistipula, leading to misidentification under this taxa by several authors in herbarium collections. Notes:— Morphological studies with multivariate analysis showed that M. confusa represents a new species (Nascimento 2007). This species is vegetatively similar to M. cordistipula by presenting spinescent projections at the tip of leaf rachides and pinnae, and by pinnae increasing in size toward the apex of the leaf. Mimosa confusa can be recognized by the larger internodes and leaf rachis (20–50 mm and 15–25(–30) mm long, respectively), larger number of pinnae, 4–7 pairs, and capitula with 55–70 mm diam. and 80–100 flowers, whereas in M. cordistipula the internodes are shorter (10–15 mm long), the rachis of the leaves is 5–10 mm long, the pinnae are 2–4(–5) pairs, and the capitula are smaller, 15–25 mm diam. with 40–60 flowers (Table 2). Mimosa confusa seems to be the result of a local differentiation of M. cordistipula to a particular habitat in the municipality of Morro do Chapéu. While M. cordistipula is a relatively widespread species across the Chapada Diamantina mountain range, where it occurs in different caatinga vegetation habitats, M. confusa is found only in dystrophic quartz sands among sandstone rocks. In the same locality, some new taxa were recently described, such as Philcoxia tuberosa Carvalho & Queiroz (2014: 151), Micranthocereus polyanthus subsp. alvinii Machado & Hofacker (2004: 127) and Pavonia queirozii Krapovickas (2012: 63). Paratypes:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Morro do Chapéu, 22 km W de Morro do Chapéu, 20 February 1971 (fl., fr.), Irwin et al. 32650 (MBM, NY, R, UB, US); ibd., 14 January 1977 (fl.), G. Hatschbach 39588 (CEPEC, MBM, NY, US); ibd., ca. 3, 5 km SE de Morro do Chapéu, ao longo da BA 052 (estrada do feij„o), 25 July 1993 (fl., fr.), L.P. Queiroz & N.S. Nascimento 3428 (HUEFS, K); ibd., ca. 20 km W de Morro do Chapéu, na estrada para Irecê, 11°29’53”S, 41°19’58”W, 21 April 2001 (fl., fr.), E. Melo 3401 (HUEFS, UB); ibd., Lages, na estrada para Irecê ca. de 20 km a O de Morro do Chapéu, 5 January 2005 (fl., fr.), J.G.A. Nascimento & M.C. Machado 202 (FLOR, HUEFS); ibd., 5 January 2005 (fl., fr.), J.G.A. Nascimento & M.C. Machado 203 (HUEFS); ibd., caminho para as Dunas, 11°29’30”S, 41°19’08”W, 8 March 2003 (fl., fr.), L.P. Queiroz et al. 7645 (HUEFS); ibd., ca. 20 km para Morro do Chapéu, na estrada Jo „o Dourado-Morro do Chapéu, 12 April 2001 (fl., fr.), M.J.S. Lemos et al. 157 (HUEFS)., Published as part of Do Nascimento, Janaína Gelma A., Rocha, Lamarck, Dutra, Valquíria F., De Queiroz, Luciano P. & Berg, Cássio Van Den, 2023, Four new species of Mimosa sect. Batocaulon ser. Cordistipulae (Leguminosae) from Bahia, Brazil, pp. 265-279 in Phytotaxa 599 (5) on page 269, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8043061, {"references":["Bentham, G. (1842) Notes on Mimoseae, with a synopsis of species. London Journal of Botany 4: 243 - 428.","Lob \" o, J. S. B. & Vale, R. M. C. (2009) Importancia ambiental do Parque Estadual de Morro do Chapeu em func \" o da fragmentac \" o ecossitemica. Geonordeste XX (1).","Nascimento, J. G. A. (2007) Taxonomia de Mimosa L. ser. Cordistipulae Barneby (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Mestrado em Botanica, Feira de Santana, 137 pp.","Carvalho, M. L. S. & Queiroz, L. P. (2014) Philcoxia tuberosa (Plantaginaceae), a new species from Bahia, Brazil. Neodiversity 7: 14 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.13102 / neod. 71.3","Machado, M. C. & Hofacker, A. (2004) Micranthocereus polyanthus subsp. alvinii M. Machado & Hofacker subsp. nov. Kakteen und Andere Sukkulenten 55 (5): 127 - 133.","Krapovickas, A. (2012) Novedades en Pavonia (Malvaceae). Bonplandia 21 (1): 61 - 70."]}

Subfamily Caesalpinioideae with ca. 4,600 species in 152 genera is the second-largest subfamily of legumes (Leguminosae) and forms an ecologically and economically important group of trees, shrubs and lianas with a pantropical distribution. Despite major advances in the last few decades towards aligning genera with clades across Caesalpinioideae, generic delimitation remains in a state of considerable flux, especially across the mimosoid clade. We test the monophyly of genera across Caesalpinioideae via phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes sequenced via targeted enrichment (Hybseq) for 420 species and 147 of the 152 genera currently recognised in the subfamily. We show that 22 genera are non-monophyletic or nested in other genera and that non-monophyly is concentrated in the mimosoid clade where ca. 25% of the 90 genera are found to be non-monophyletic. We suggest two main reasons for this pervasive generic non-monophyly: (i) extensive morphological homoplasy that we document here for a handful of important traits and, particularly, the repeated evolution of distinctive fruit types that were historically emphasised in delimiting genera and (ii) this is an artefact of the lack of pantropical taxonomic syntheses and sampling in previous phylogenies and the consequent failure to identify clades that span the Old World and New World or conversely amphi-Atlantic genera that are non-monophyletic, both of which are critical for delimiting genera across this large pantropical clade. Finally, we discuss taxon delimitation in the phylogenomic era and especially how assessing patterns of gene tree conflict can provide additional insights into generic delimitation. This new phylogenomic framework provides the foundations for a series of papers reclassifying genera that are presented here in Advances in Legume Systematics (ALS) 14 Part 1, for establishing a new higher-level phylogenetic tribal and clade-based classification of Caesalpinioideae that is the focus of ALS14 Part 2 and for downstream analyses of evolutionary diversification and biogeography of this important group of legumes which are presented elsewhere.

A better understanding of the nutritional requirements of sheep, especially in terms of minerals, is crucial for improving production. We estimated the net requirements for Ca, P, K, Mg, and Na for gain (NCag, NPg, NKg, NMgg, and NNag) and maintenance (NCam, NPm, NKm, NMgm, and NNam) in male and female hair sheep. Six datasets with 248 individual records of hair sheep (139 non-castrated males, 75 castrated males and 34 females) were used to estimate the net macromineral requirements for gain. To estimate the net macromineral requirements for maintenance, 52 observations (26 non-castrated and 26 castrated males) were used. A meta-analytical approach was applied, using non-linear mixed effects models and the study as a random effect. Based on information criteria for model selection, heterogeneous variance functions were more likely to describe mineral requirements with a low level of model selection uncertainty. The adopted criteria allowed the choice of the best models to represent the macromineral requirements. The chosen models explained the observed variability in the sex, and the choices were based on a low level of uncertainty (w ≥ 0.90). Irrespective of sex, NCag and NPg decreased with increasing BW from 10 to 30 kg and average daily gain (ADG) of 150 g/day, ranging from 1.71–1.38; 1.83–1.57; 1.82–1.51 of Ca and 0.86–0.66; 0.92–0.78; 0.92–0.75 of P for non-castrated males, castrated males, and females, respectively. The NKg remained constant, with mean values of 0.26 g/day. The NNag range was 0.17 to 0.14 g/day for non-castrated males, 0.20 to 0.25 g/day for females, and constant (0.18 g/day) for castrated males with an increase in BW from 10 to 30 kg and an ADG of 150 g/day. Macromineral requirements for maintenance (mg/kg BW) and retention (%) were 23.70 and 54.30 for Ca, 25.33 and 79.80 for P, 11.74 and 5.00 for K, 2.63 and 8.50 for Mg, and 7.01 and 8.10 for Na for males. The International Committees did not provide inferences about the sex influence on mineral requirements. Our study indicates that sex is one factor that influences the macromineral requirements for gain. The information generated in this study can be used to optimize the mineral management of hair sheep in the growing phase in tropical regions.

Bauhinia orbiculata is a new species of Leguminosae found in the northern portion of the Chapada Diamantina mountain range in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. It occurs in the seasonally dry shrubby vegetation locally known as ‘carrasco’, and is characterized by entire unifoliolate leaves with nine primary veins, rounded to obtuse apex and cordate base, dark ferruginous lower leaf surface, and linear and smooth floral buds. A detailed description, distribution map and illustrations are provided and its relationship with other eastern Brazilian species with entire leaves is discussed.

Bauhinia orbiculata A.C.B. Santos & L.P. Queiroz, sp. nov. Type: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Morro do Chapéu, ca. 3.2 km do entroncamento com a BA-144 (Morro do Chapéu / Utinga) na estrada para o Morr„o (entrando a ca. 1 Km sul de Morro do Chapéu), 11º34’23”S 41º10’52”W, 07 May 2019 [fl., fr.], L.P. de Queiroz et al. 16580 (holotype HUEFS!, isotypes (to be distributed) CEPEC, HCDAL, K, PEUFR, P, RB). Figures 1, 2. Diagnosis: — Bauhinia orbiculata is similar to Bauhinia acuruana Moricand (1840: 77) due to the entire unifoliolate leaves, with rounded to obtuse apex and cordate base, as well as the indumentum of ferruginous trichomes intermixed with yellowish and globose glandular hairs on the lower leaflet surface, but differing by the leaves with (rarely 7) 9 primary veins (vs. 5 to 7 primary veins in B. acuruana), with a deep green, glabrous, shiny, smooth upper surface, with inconspicuous primary, secondary and tertiary venation (vs. villous upper surface with heavily imprinted tertiary and quaternary veins giving the surface a rugose appearance), coriaceous, orbiculate to widely ovate leaf blade (vs. chartaceous and oblong leaf blade), linear and smooth floral buds (vs. clavate floral buds, 5-costate at the apex). Figure 3. Description: —Multi-stemmed unarmed shrubs, (0.8–) 1–3 m tall, with thin trunks, rarely treelets up to 3.5 m tall with trunk 5–6 cm diam.; distal internode 1.3–4.2(–6) cm long; indumentum densely pubescent with short, ferruginous, erect and soft trichomes intermixed with yellowish and globose glandular hairs on young branches, lower surface of the leaflet blade, inflorescence peduncle and rachis, outer surface of the hypanthium, sepals and ovary; branch extrafloral nectaries not seen (probably absent). Stipules 1–2 × 1 mm, ovate, puberulous, membranaceous and early caducous, present only in young distal leaves. Leaves unifoliolate; petiole 0.5–0.8(–1.2) cm long; pulvinus 2–3 mm long; pulvinulus 2–3(–5) mm long; leaflet blade entire, (3.5–)5–7 × (3.5–) 5–7 cm, coriaceous, orbiculate or widely ovate, base cordate or truncate, apex rounded or retuse, rarely obtuse or acute, primary veins (7–)9, upper surface deep green, glabrous, shiny, smooth, with primary, secondary and tertiary venation inconspicuous, lower surface brown with raised and strongly reticulate primary, secondary and tertiary venation defining small areola, densely pubescent with short and soft trichomes, ferruginous on the veins and whitish at the areola, intermixed with yellowish glandular and globose trichomes. Inflorescences in terminal pseudoracemes, (1.5–)3.7–12.6(–17.5) cm long; peduncle 1.0– 2.5 cm long; partial inflorescences 2-florous; bracts and bracteole 1–3 × 1 mm, alternate at the base of the pedicel; pedicel 4–8(–13) mm long. Floral buds 2.0–3.5(–4.7) cm long, linear, smooth. Flowers 3.0–4.5(5.4) cm long, zygomorphic; hypanthium 10–15(–18) mm long, cylindrical, internally glabrous and black; sepals 5, 20–25 × 3–4 mm, fleshy, internally glabrous, becoming twisted in open flowers; petals 5, 25–27 × 3–4 mm, white, linear, glabrous, venation reticulate, all petals becoming upright in the open flowers; stamens 10, filaments 17–21 mm long, joined at the base into a 1–2 mm long staminal column, internally pubescent, anthers 6–7 × 2 mm, dorsifixed, opening by longitudinal slits; gynoecium 35–45 mm long, stipe 15–17 mm long, ovary 7–11 × 2–3 mm, style 12–15 mm long, stigma ca. 1.5 mm diam, oblique. Fruit an elastically dehiscent legume, (5.5–)8–9 × 1–1.5 cm, linear, apex and base acute, stipe (1–) 2–3 cm long; valves woody, pubescent, becoming twisted at dehiscence. Seeds 7–8(–18) × 5–6 mm, compressed; testa dark brown, smooth, bony. Distribution and habitat: — Bauhinia orbiculata is restricted to the northern part of the Chapada Diamantina mountain range, in the central area of the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Most of the collections are from the municipality of Morro do Chapéu, where the species is common, with relatively dense populations (Figure 4). It grows in the seasonally dry shrubby vegetation locally known as ‘carrasco’, characterized by a dense shrubby layer with sparse trees on sandy and gravelly soil, sometimes in disturbed vegetation along roads. The new species occurs in association with other endemic species, e.g., Abarema diamantina, Indigofera morroensis, Mimosa mensicola Barneby (1985: 133), Philcoxia tuberosa, Trigonia bahiensis Guimar „es, Miguel & Fontella (1979: 1) and Lapidia apicifolia Roque & Ferreira (2017: 6). Phenology: —Flowering and fruiting specimens were found throughout the year, with more records from March to June. Conservation status: —The new species was assessed as endangered (EN) according to IUCN (2012) criteria B2a,b(i,ii,iii) as it has an AOO = 32 km ² and EOO = 5801.7 km ². Etymology: —The epithet “orbiculata” refers to the almost circular leaflet shape. Vernacular name: —Mororó (J. Castro et al. 02, HUEFS)., Published as part of Dos Santos, Antonio C. B., De Queiroz, Luciano P., Da Silva, Maria A. P., Paula, Antonio P. O., Feitoza, Lidiane De L. & Carvalho, Reginaldo De, 2023, Bauhinia orbiculata (Cercidoideae, Leguminosae), a new species from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, pp. 285-292 in Phytotaxa 584 (4) on pages 286-289, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.584.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7663484, {"references":["Moricand, M. E. (1840) Plantes Nouvelles d'Amerique. GeneIve, Imprimerie de Jules-Gme Fich, Rue des Belles-Filles 6: 77.","Barneby, R. C. (1985) The genus Mimosa (Mimosaceae) in Bahia, Brazil: New taxa and nomenclatural adjustments. Brittonia 37 (2): 125 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2806089","Roque, N., Ferreira, S. C. & Van Den Berg, C. (2017) Lapidia, a new monotypic genus of Asteraceae (Eupatorieae) from Brazil, and its phylogenetic placement. Phytotaxa 291 (1): 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 291.1.1","IUCN. (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3. 1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, IUCN, UK, iv + 32 pp."]}

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3. Eriosema unilateralis (Vell.) H.F.Menezes, J.F.B.Pastore & L.P.Queiroz, comb. nov. Cytisus unilateralis Vellozo. Flora Fluminensis 1829 [1825]: 289 Lectotype designated here: [icon ined.] “Diadelph. Decand. CYTISUS unilateralis Tab. 113)” (Seç„o de Manuscritos, Bibliot. Nac., Rio de Janeiro No. I‐ 17, 04, 001; mss1198656_117) (Fig.7.B). Epitype designated here:— BRAZIL. S „o Paulo: Cunha, Campo na Estrada Real em direç„o ao Bairro do Monjóllo, 23°06’57”S 44°09’37”W, 06 November 2019, H. F. Menezes & J. F. B. Pastore 429 (CTBS 4685!, Fig.8). = Eriosema heterophyllum Benth. Linnaea 22: 520. 1849. Type: protologue: “ Ad Caldas prov. Minas Geraës, A. Regnell. Ser. 1. n.63; Registro Velho, Pohl; in campis siccis prope Barbacena, Riedel; Caxoeiros do Campos; Claussen; idemque loco incerto legit Schott. ” Type:— BRAZIL, label “ In campis aridis ad Registo Velho ”, Minas Gerais, municipality of Antônio Carlos, Fazenda de Registro Velho, Sept. 1818 (fl.), J.B.E. Pohl 141 (lectotype, designated by Cândido et al. (2019: 115), W 0052949!; isolectotypes: BM 000931843!; K 000530089!). Herb to subshrub prostrate, 0.5–1 m tall, stems decumbent, cylindrical, densely tomentose, or villous to sparsely pilose. Stipules 0.5–0.8 mm long, connate, lanceolate to widely ovate, persistent. Leaves unifoliolate, persistent when the plant is fertile. Leaflets variable to uniform in size and shape on the same plant, 2.2–3.4 x 1.4–1.9 cm, apex acute, base cordate, margin entire to undulated, cartaceous consistency, sericeous adaxial side, strigose abaxial side, venation camptodromous, with three veins, not evident, petiole 2.5–3.5 mm long. Inflorescences axillary racemes, 2,5– 15 cm long, usually longer than mature leaves, glabrescent, pauciflorous or multiflorous 5–20-flowered, flowers laxly arranged or rarely congested, 5.6–16 mm long. (fig.7.A). Habitat, distribution, and phenology: — Eriosema unilateralis occurs in the open to rocky fields preferred in the high altitudes of Cerrado (Rogalski & Miotto 2011). This species is distributed in Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and S„o Paulo states in Brazil (Menezes 2021; Rogalski & Miotto 2011) (Fig.9). Flowering from May to December and found with fruit from October to December. This species is abundant in Cunha municipality’s open grassy and humid fields. Material examined:— BRAZIL: Distrito Federal: Brasília, [15°46’46”S 47°55’46”W], 26 July 1977, C . Pereira 653 (MBM); Goiás: Caiapônia, ca. 50 km. S. of Caiapônia, road to Jataí. Serra do Caiapó, [17°21’S 51°46’12”W], 27 June 1966, H. S . Irwin 17845 (NY); Caldas Novas, Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas, Trilha da cascatinha, [17°47’28”S 48°39’42”W], 31 July 2008, T. M . Moura 410 (CEN); Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, Serra Tromba dos Macacos, Planalto Residual do Urucum, acesso pela Fazenda Vovô Osvaldo, [19°13’01”S 57°40’13”W], 26 October 2004, R. R . Silva, & J. R. Velásquez 1239 (UEC); Dourados, estrada Dourados / Rio Brilhante, [22°13’16”S 54°48’20”W], 20 July 1977, P. E . Gibbs 5335 (CEN); Minas Gerais: Delfinópolis, Fazenda do Ézio, 4 Km ao Norte de Delfinópolis, [20°18’55”S 46°49’56”W], 20 August 2013, M. F . Simon et al. 1926 (HUFU, VIC); Ouro Branco, Serra de Ouro Branco, [20°31’14”S 43°41’30”W], 28 August 2006, R. S . de Araújo s.n. (VIC); S „o Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Guarita de Sacramento, [20°14’43”S 46°21’56”W], 24 September 1995, R. Romero et al. 2679 (HUFU); S „o Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Estrada para a Serra da Chapada, [20°14’43”S 46°21’56”W], 14 October 1997, R . Romero et al. 4575 (HUFU, VIC]; Córrego Danta, Rodovia BR-262, após estalagem, km 7, [19°49’25”S 45°54’16”W], 09 June 1978, P. R . Salgado & D. Bianchini s.n. (UEC); Paraná: Imbituva, BR 373 km 202, [25°13’48”S 50°36’15”W], 01 October 1999, A . Flores 359 (ICN); Ipiranga, estrada para a cidade a partir da rodovia BR 373 km 482, [25°04’31”S 50°25’16”W], 08 November 2007, L . D. Rogalski 136 (ICN); Jaguariaíva, PR-151 Km 226 ao lado da ponte sobre o rio Cilada, [24°19’59”S 49°47’38”W], 04 February 2011, S. T. S . Miotto et al. 2597 (ICN); Quatro Barras, Serra da Graciosa, [25°21’ 56”S 49°04’36”W], 13 November 1987, E . Buttura 946 (MBM); Tibagi, PR-340 Km 231, [24°41’34”S 50°12’05”W], 04 February 2011, S. T. S . Miotto et al. 2599 (ICN); Santa Catarina: S „o José do Cerrito, rodovia BR 282 para Lages em frente à fazenda Rinc„o do Butiá, [27°44’28”S 50°30’45”W], 22 February 2008, L . D. Rogalski 186 (ICN); S „o Paulo: Alumínio, [23°31’48”S 47°15’35”W], 03 December 1998, A. M. G. A Tozzi & J. L. A. Moreira 301 (UEC); Analândia, Estrada Madre de Deus —Analândia, [22°10’38”S 47°42’25”W], 07 August 1978, B. G. Silva et al. s.n. (UEC); Itararé, [24°06’36”S 49°20’24”W], 06 March 1994, V. C. Souza 6116 (ESA); José Bonifácio, Antiga Fazenda Jacaré (entre Córregos Jacaré-Fartura), próximo da divisa com Munic. Jaci-Nova Aliança, [21°02’59”S 49°40’48”W], 07 September 1995, M. R. Pietrobom da Silva 2250 (MBM); Mogi Guaçu, Pádua Sales Fazenda Campininha, [22°22’19”S 46°56’32”W], 22 September 1980, E. Forero et al. 8194 (MBM); S „o Paulo, [23°32’24”S 46°37’48”W], 20 April 1932, I . Hauff s.n (SP). Comments:— Eriosema unilateralis can be recognized by its prostrate habit, usually procumbent, unifoliate, ovallanceolate leaves, with uniform size and shape on the same plant, by the racemose, multiflora inflorescence, usually longer than the leaves, and by presenting a yellow-colored corolla (Bentham 1849; Cândido 2014). Although Cytisus unilateralis Vell. was initially presented as an erect plant with the leaves oriented only to one side (unilateralis); this feature is interpreted as a procumbent plant with all leaves faced up., Published as part of De Menezes, Helen F., De Queiroz, Luciano P., Remor, Danielle & Pastore, José Floriano B., 2023, Review of Eriosema (Leguminosae) of Florae Fluminensis from São Paulo state, Brazil, pp. 27-38 in Phytotaxa 583 (1) on pages 34-37, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.583.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7609127, {"references":["Rogalski, L. D. & Miotto, S. T. S. (2011) O genero Eriosema (DC.) Desv. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) nos estados Parana e de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biociencias 9: 332 - 349.","Menezes, H. F. de (2021) Revisao dos nomes de Leguminosae Juss. na Florae Fluminensis de Vellozo, com provavel origem no municipio de Cunha (SP). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 105 pp."]}

Two taxonomic novelties in Eriosema were found during the review of Leguminosae names published in Vellozo’s Florae Fluminensis, in which Cytisus brasiliensis and C. unilateralis were revised and combined in Eriosema (respectively as E. brasiliense and E. unilateralis). The reviews included field expeditions to the most likely original localities of the species (Estrada Real de Cunha, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil), providing the analysis of herbarium specimens, taxonomic notes, morphological taxonomic plates, and distribution maps. The newly combined names were lectotypified, with epitypes collected in their most likely typical locations. A new occurrence for the Eriosema brasiliense species was recorded for the state of São Paulo.

2. Eriosema simplicifolium (DC.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 2: 348. 1832 = Rhynchosia simplicifolia DC., Prodr. 2: 389. 1825. Protologue: “ prope Atures ad Cataractas Orinici. Glycine simplicifolia H. B. et Kunth nov. gen. amer. 6. p. 419. ” Type:— VENEZUELA, Amazonas, Atures, [holotype label “Atures Orinocesium”], A.J.A. Bonpland & F.W.H.A. von Humboldt s.n. (holotype: P! [barcode] 00660110, isotype B-Willd! [barcode] 13472010). Cytisus procumbens Vellozo. Flora Fluminensis 1829 [1825]: 309. syn. nov. nom. illeg. non Cytisus procumbens (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Spreng. (1826). Lectotype designated here: [icon ined.] “Diadelph. Decand. CYTISUS procumbens Tab. 118)” (Seç„o de Manuscritos, Bibliot. Nac., Rio de Janeiro No. I‐ 17, 04, 001; mss1198656_122) (Fig.4.B). Epitype designated here:— BRAZIL. S„o Paulo: Cunha, Campo na Estrada Real em direç„o ao Bairro do Monjollo, 23°04’04”S 44°56’15”W, 05 November 2019, H.F. Menezes & J.F.B. Pastore 427 (CTBS 4683!, Fig.5). Comments: — Eriosema simplicifolium can be recognized by its prostrate habit, usually procumbent to decumbent, by having unifoliate leaves, with lanceolate lanceolate and racemes generally do not extend beyond the leaves (Cândido et al. 2019). The articles that refer to the species E. simplicifolium do not mention its distribution to the state of Bahia, however, there is a collection for the municipality of Formosa do Rio Preto, identified by a specialist. Subshrub prostrate, 0.4–1 m tall, decumbent or procumbent stems, cylindrical, yellowish pilose to tomentose. Stipules 4.5–5.5 mm long, connate, lanceolate, persistent. Leaves unifoliolate, persistent when the plant is fertile, leaflets uniform in size and shape on the same plant, 3.5 × 1.2 cm, lanceolate to ovate, apex acuminate to acute, chartaceous, base with three veins not evident, entire margin slightly serrate, venation camptodromous, petiole 2–3.5 mm long. Inflorescences terminal or axillary racemes, 2–5 cm long, usually shorter than mature leaves, glabrescent, pauciflorous (2–10-flowered), flowers laxly arranged, 7–13.5 mm long. Fruit 2.5–6 mm (Fig.4.A). Habitat, distribution, and phenology: —This species is widely distributed in Brazil (Fig.6) and can be found in Cerrado and Amazon environments (BFG 2021). In the municipality of Cunha, it was found in grassy and humid terrains (Menezes 2021) and collected with flowers in February, March, and July and fruits in February and November (Cândido et al. 2014). Material examined:— BRAZIL: Amapá: Macapá, Campo Experimental do Cerrado, km 45 da rodovia BR 156, trecho Macapá-Ferreira Gomes, 05 May 1988, J. F. M . Valls et al. 11653 (CEN); Amazonas: Humaitá, Campo III, ao Norte da BR 230, km 6, [7°31’ 0.001” S 63° 10’ 0.001” W], 24 December 1979, A. S . Janssen & I. Gemtchujnicov 86 (INPA); Roraima: Amajari, 100m à direita do km 11 da estrada que liga a Vila Brasil à Vila do Tepequém, 24 May 1995, I. S . Miranda 757 (UEC); Pará: Parque Indígena do Tumucumaque, Rio Parú de Oeste, Miss „o Tiriyo, Sede da Miss„o Pará, [2°19’ 48.000” S 55° 45’ 0.000” W], 19 February 1970, P. B . Cavalcante 2432 (NY); Rondônia: BR 319, km 672 on Manaus-Humaitá road, [7°58’ 38.161” S 63° 8’ 36.650” W], 19 September 1980, Lowrie, SR 92 (INPA); Tocantins: Estrada Palmeirante - Barra do Ouro, km 6, [7°52’ 9.000” S 47° 57’ 11.999” W], 07 March 2005, Glocimar Pereira-Silva 9838 (CEN); Rio Grande do Norte: Natal, along drainage ditch between Ponte Velha and Giqui, south of Natal, 18 September 1946, J. J . Wurdack B-175 (NY); Paraíba: Bananeiras, Tabuleiro, entre Jo „o Pessoa e Goiana, 26 August 1952, D. A. Lima 1174 (IPA); Maranh„o: Projeto gerais de Balsas, Condomínio Kissy, [8° 35’60.000” S 46° 43’0.012” W], 20 November 1995, G . Pereira-Silva 3232 (CEN); Pernambuco: Zona da mata, without date, D. S. F . 74 (IPA); Piauí: Estaç „o Ecológica de Uruçuí-Una, Ribeiro Gonçalves, [7°33’ 29.988” S 45° 14’ 31.916” W], 12 December 1980, Fernandes, A.; Del’Arco, M. R.; Castro, A. J. (EAC); Bahia: Formosa do Rio Preto, Fazenda Estrondo, ca. 2 Km W da porteira voltada para Formosa do Rio Preto, localidade conhecida como Riach„o, [11°6’50.000” S 45°28’19.999” W], 02 May 2009, Queiroz, L. P . de 14479 (HUEFS); Distrito Federal: Córrego Jeriva, ca. 10 km E. of Brasília, [15°46’59.880” S 47°49’24.132” W], 15 September 1965, H. S . Irwin 8323 (NY, US); Goiás: Serra Geral de Goiás, Rio da Prata, vicinity of Posse, [14°7’ 48.000” S 46°22’ 12.000” W], 09 April 1966, H. S . Irwin 14550 (NY, US); Mato Grosso do Sul: Faz. S „o Gonçalo, Rio Taquari, Corumbá Mun., [19°0’ 33.840” S 57° 39’11.160” W], 1969, E. F. Nienstedt 289 (NY); Mato Grosso: Ca. 1 km. N. E. of Garapú, [13°10’ 48.000” S 52° 34’12.000” W], 01 October 1964, H. S. Irwin 6547 (NY); Minas Gerais: Estaç„o Ecológica do Panga, Uberlândia, [18°55’6.960” S 48° 16’ 37.916” W], 07 February 1992, Barbosa, A. A. A . 592 (HUFU); Paraná: Ponta Grossa, estrada de terra para Buraco dos Padres entrada da Cargill a 4 Km da BR 376, [25°5’41.997”S 50°9’ 42.839” W], 01 November 1999, S. T. S . Miotto 1786 (ICN); S „o Paulo: Cunha, Estrada Real em direç„o ao Bairro Monjollo, [23°04’04”S 44°56’15”W], 05 November 2019, H. F . Menezes & J. F. B. Pastore 427 (CTBS), Published as part of De Menezes, Helen F., De Queiroz, Luciano P., Remor, Danielle & Pastore, José Floriano B., 2023, Review of Eriosema (Leguminosae) of Florae Fluminensis from São Paulo state, Brazil, pp. 27-38 in Phytotaxa 583 (1) on pages 31-33, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.583.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7609127, {"references":["Menezes, H. F. de (2021) Revisao dos nomes de Leguminosae Juss. na Florae Fluminensis de Vellozo, com provavel origem no municipio de Cunha (SP). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 105 pp."]}

The oceanic South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) has played a major role during South America’s 2021/2022 summer extreme rainy season, being responsible for more than 90% of the precipitation in some regions of Southeast Brazil and in some regions of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA). The summer of 2021/2022 was unique and rare and considered an abnormally humid season as verified by official Brazilian Institutes. First, the unusual number of cases of SACZ episodes (seven), was the highest recorded in the last decade. Second, all the cases that occurred were oceanic SACZ that assumed characteristics of an Atmospheric River and produced an excessively anomalous amount of precipitation during this period. Excess precipitation along with the regions located in mountainous and very uneven relief, which by orographic effects favors high precipitation volumes, were responsible for amplifying the observed impacts, such as landslides and floods that caused several losses to society. We also showed the main effects of coupling and interaction between the waters of the surface layer of the SWA and the atmosphere. Our learning from this study ends with the unprecedented results of how the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) is locally modulated by the sea surface temperature (SST) that lies just below it. Until the present moment, we emphasize that this important mechanism has not been widely highlighted in the literature, showing that even though the ocean is colder than before oceanic SACZ is established, it is still warmer than the overlying air, thus, the ocean continues to be an active source of heat and moisture for the atmosphere and enhances the MABL instability process.

See 'Read me.rtf' (included in 'Data S1.rar') for a description of the files included in this dataset. Abstract of study: Early natural historians – Comte de Buffon, von Humboldt and De Candolle – established environment and geography as two principal axes determining the distribution of groups of organisms, laying the foundations for biogeography over the subsequent 200 years, yet the relative importance of these two axes remains unresolved. Leveraging phylogenomic and global species distribution data for Mimosoid legumes, a pantropical plant clade of c. 3,500 species, we show that the water availability gradient from deserts to rainforests dictates turnover of lineages within continents across the tropics. We demonstrate that 95% of speciation occurs within a precipitation niche, showing profound phylogenetic niche conservatism, and that lineage turnover boundaries coincide with isohyets of precipitation. We reveal similar patterns on different continents, implying that evolution and dispersal follow universal processes.

Bauhinia arleneae A.C.B. Santos & L.P. Queiroz, sp. nov. Type: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Uruçuca, Serra Grande, Parque Estadual da Serra do Conduru, 14º25’23”S 39º03’37”W, 21 May 2021 [fl., fr.], A.C.B. Santos & L. Daneu 59 (holotype HUEFS!, isotypes NY!, RB!, PEUFR!, HCDAL!). Figures 1, 2. Diagnosis: —The eastern Brazilian Bauhinia arleneae is similar to the Amazonian Bauhinia cinnamomea Candolle (1825: 517) with both species sharing unifoliolate entire elliptical leaves with acuminate apex, and flowers paired along the pseudoracemes, but differing by the multi-stemmed shrubby or treelet habit (vs. erect treelet in B. cinammomea), leaves with 3 (rarely 5) primary veins and lacking a marginal vein (vs. 7 primary veins plus a marginal vein), glabrous in both faces (vs. the lower face puberulous and with sparse glandular hairs), and cuneate to obtuse base (vs. rounded to truncate base), fruits up to 2 cm wide with coriaceous-woody, reticulate, light brown valves (vs. valves 2.2 cm or wider, thick, woody and rugous, almost black). Description:—Multi-stemmed shrubs or treelets 3–5 (6) m tall, with long and flexuous stems, DBH up to 3.7 cm, unbranched at the base, bark grayish; distal internodes (1.5) 2–4 cm long. Extrafloral nectaries 1–2 mm long, conical, yellowish, close to the base of the petiole, present only in a few leaves. Stipules ca. 1 mm long, ovate, glabrous, membranaceous and caducous, present only in the distal leaves. Leaf unifoliate; petiole 0.8–2.2 (3.0) cm long, thin, glabrous and canaliculate on the upper surface; pulvinus 3–5 mm long; pulvinulum (3) 4–5 (6) mm long; leaf blade entire, 14–22.5 (27.5) × (4.5) 6.5–9.0 cm, chartaceous to papyraceous, elliptical to narrowly elliptical, base obtuse to cuneate, apex acuminate to slightly cuspidate, primary veins 3 (rarely 5), the upper surface glabrous with inconspicuous primary, secondary and tertiary veins, lower surface glabrous with prominent primary, slightly prominent secondary and reticulate tertiary veins. Inflorescence a terminal pseudoraceme, 3–7 cm long, short-pedunculate; peduncle 1.5–2.0 cm long; flowers in pairs along the rachis; bracts 1–2 × 1–2 mm in one pair, alternately arranged at the base of the pedicel; pedicel 0.7–1.3 mm long. Floral buds 2.8–4.2 cm long, linear, 5-angled, minutely tomentose with short adpressed and ferruginous trichomes. Flowers andromonoecious, 50–58 mm long; hypanthium 11–16 mm long, cylindrical-tubular, internally slightly puberulous, externally minutely ferruginous tomentose; sepals 5, (3.5) 5.3–5.5 × (0.1) 0.2– 0.4 cm, fleshy, minutely ferruginous tomentose on the outer surface, glabrous on the inner surface, becoming curled when the flower is open; petals 5, 23–35 × 2.0– 3.2 mm, single-nerved, white, linear and glabrous; stamens 10 (present in male and hermaphrodite flowers), filaments 35–50 mm long, joined at the base in a short staminal column 2–4 mm long, minutely whitish tomentose on the inner surface, anthers ca. 9 × 1.5 mm long, dorsifixed close to the base, dehiscing by introrse and longitudinal slits; gynoecium (only present in hermaphrodite flowers) ca. 32.5 mm long, stipe ca. 15 mm long, ovary ca. 6 × 1 mm, puberulous with yellowish hairs, 8–10-ovulate, style ca. 10 mm long, glabrous, stigma ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous and with an oblique surface. Legume elastically dehiscent, 13.5–15 (22) × 1.5–2.0 cm, linear, apex acute and base cuneate, stipe 2–3 cm long; valves coriaceous-woody, reticulate and light brown. Seeds ca. 11 × 8 mm, suborbiculate, compressed, testa black, smooth, and bony. Distribution and habitat: — Bauhinia arleneae is known only from the central-eastern region of the state of Bahia, in tropical humid forests (Figure 3). Apart from one collection from Salvador, most of the collections are from the Southern Bahian Atlantic Forest, a species-rich area where several legume taxa have been described in the last 50 years, such as the endemic genus Harleyodendron Cowan (1979: 72) and the species Brodriguesia santosii Cowan (1981: 9), Chamaecrista amorimii Barneby (1999: 331), Inga unica Barneby & Grimes (1994: 66), Moldenhawera congestiflora Vivas & Queiroz (2019: 285), Parkia bahiae Hopkins (1982: 347) and Zollernia magnifica Carvalho & Barneby (1993: 210). Phenology: —Flower buds and flowers were collected from January to September and fruits from February to November. Conservation status: —The new species is assessed as endangered (EN) according to IUCN (2012) criteria B1ab(i, ii, iii)+2ab(i, ii, iii) as it presents AOO = 24 km ² and EOO = 4310.29 km ² and occurs in severely fragmented areas subject to continuous deforestation. Etymology: —The epithet “arleneae” is a tribute to Dr. Maria Arlene Pessoa da Silva, professor at the Department of Biological Sciences at Universidade Regional do Cariri – URCA, Crato, Ceará, Brazil, for her contribution to botanical studies in Northeastern Brazil, as well as for her dedication to the academic and professional training of several undergraduate and graduate students. Vernacular name: —Pé-de-cabra (L.A. Mattos-Silva et al. 505) Taxonomic notes Among the species of Bauhinia ser. Cansenia, B. arleneae is similar to B. cinnamomea due to both being treelets occurring in the understory of humid forests, and having entire leaves with acute apex, linear-lanceolate long-clawed petals as long as the filaments and the staminal column with sparse indument on the inner side (Vaz & Tozzi 2003b). However, B. cinnamomea usually has leaves with 7 (rarely 5) primary veins, a prominent marginal vein on the underside, and straight, craspedodromous external secondary veins reaching the marginal vein, while B. arleneae has leaves with 3 (rarely 5) primary veins, without a marginal vein and with camptodromous external secondary veins. Bauhinia arleneae is restricted to ombrophilous forests on the south-central coast of Bahia, in northeastern Brazil, while B. cinnamomea occurs in the central and western Amazon Forest (Vaz & Tozzi 2003b). Among species of Bauhinia ser. Cansenia recorded for the Atlantic Forest of Bahia, B. arleneae shares with B. corifolia Queiroz (2020: 294) the entire leaves with glabrous adaxial surface and flowers in pairs along the pseudoraceme, but B. arleneae has plane leaflets, 14–22.5 (27.5) cm long, chartaceous to papyraceous, elliptical to narrowly elliptical, with obtuse to cuneate base, acuminate to slightly cuspidate apex, primary veins 3 (rarely 5), while B. corifolia has leaflets 7–10.5 cm long, rigid coriaceous, with cordate to rounded base, retuse to rarely truncate or emarginate apex and revolute margin, with 7–9 primary veins (Queiroz et al. 2020). Field characters of Bauhinia arleneae include the concolorous leaves with a bright yellowish green adaxial surface and slightly paler yellowish green abaxial surface. The immature fruits are bright olive green in color. The conical and yellowish extrafloral nectaries, close to the base of the petiole, can be confused with spinescent structures due to their rigid texture with an almost pungent apex. The analyzed specimens present two types of flowers in the same individual: male only and hermaphroditic, characterizing the species as andromonoecious. In Bauhinia ser. Cansenia, this variation of floral type was previously recorded only for B. cupulata Bentham (1870: 188) (Vaz & Tozzi 2003b). Additional Specimens Examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Camamú, Rodovia BA-650, Camamú / Travessão, entrada a 15,7 Km da sede municipal, fazenda Zumbi dos Palmares (assentamento) ca. 1 Km da rodovia e ca. 6,3 Km na viscinal para a fazenda Dandara, 14º00’54”S 39º08’20”W, 22 February 2000 [fl., fr.], J.G. Jardim et al. 2741 (CEPEC!, NY!, UESC!, HUEFS!); Camamú, Rodovia Travessão (BR-101) a Camamu, Km 26, em frente a entrada das Fazendas Agrobrahma e Alfa, 19 September 1988 [fr.], L.A. Mattos-Silva et al. 2532 (CEPEC!, MBM); Camamú, Rodovia Travessão/Camamu, Km 33. Ramal a direita para Fazenda Brahma, 14º00’S 39º13’W, 15 June1979 [fr.], L.A. MattosSilva et al. 505 (CEPEC!, US); Igrapiúna, Rodovia para Itubera (BR 001), Reserva de Michelin, 13º49’S 39º11’W, 01 August 2008 [fr.], Assoc. Myrtaceae Class 21 (HUEFS!, ASU); Igrapiúna, Reserva Espinita, Litoral Sul, 13º52’30”S 39º09’10”W, 01 June 2019 [fr.], M.L. Guedes et al. 31721 (ALCB!); Igrapiúna, Litoral Sul, Mata do pacangê, Ituberá/ Igrapiúna, 10 April 2006 [fr.], R.M. Valadão & M.L. Guedes 427 (ALCB!); Igrapiúna, Litoral Sul, Mata da Vila-V, Ituberá/Igrapiúna, 25 June 2006 [fr.], R.M. Valadão & M.L. Guedes 428 (ALCB!); Itacaré, Fazenda Capitão a 7,9km W do entroncamento BA 001 na estrada de Itacaré a Ubaitaba, Sul da Bahia, 14º20’S 39º05’W, 04 November 2001 [fr.], W.W. Thomas et al. 12770 (CEPEC!); Itacaré, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itacaré, km 59, Fazenda Boa paz, 14º20’08”S 39º01’55”W, 13 September 2006 [fr.], J.R.V. Iganci et al. 192 (CEPEC!); Itacaré, 1Km ao N e 2,5Km a W da junção com Marambaia, BR-101 para Itacaré (BA-654), 6Km a W de Itacaré, 14º20’S 39º05’W, 16 May 1992 [fl., fr.], W.W. Thomas et al. 9394 (CEPEC!, NY!); Itacaré, Loteamento da Marambaia, 6Km ao SW de Itacaré, BR-101, 16 February 1993 [fl.], A.M. Carvalho et al. 4126 (CEPEC!); Salvador, Região Metropolitana de Salvador, Mata dos Oitis, 26 September 1976 [fl.], J. Araújo et al. 81 (ALCB!); Ubaitaba, ramal a esquerda na estrada Ubaitaba/ Itacaré, a 4 Km do Loteamento da Marambaia, 20 November 1991 [fr.], A.M. Amorim et al. 443 (CEPEC!, NY!); Uruçuca, Rodovia Ilhéus/ Itacaré, entrada a esquerda, na rotatória de acesso a Uruçuca, ca. 9,5Km, ramal a esquerda do Parque Estadual Serra do Condurú, 14º29’S 39º06’W, 23 October 2003 [fr.], P. Fiaschi et al. 1727 (CEPEC!, NY!); Uruçuca, Fazenda Lagoa 7,7 Km na estrada que liga Serra Grande / Itacaré, Distrito de Serra Grande, 06 May 1996 [fr.], A.M.S. da F. Vaz et al. 1037 (CEPEC!); Uruçuca, Parque Estadual da Serra do Condurú, 14º25’S 39º05’W, 10 May 2009 [fr.], D. Piotto 1998 (CEPEC!); Uruçuca, 7,3Km na estrada Serra Grande/ Itacaré, Fazenda Lagoa do Conjunto, Fazenda Santa Cruz, Distrito Serra Grande, 14º25’S 39º01’W, 28 February 1994 [fl., fr.], A.M. Carvalho et al. 4407 (CEPEC!, NY!, US); Uruçuca, 4,6 Km de Serra Grande em direção a Itacaré, 14º25’50”S 39º03’13”W, 24 January 2004 [fl.], T.S. Nunes et al. 1009 (HUEFS!, HCDAL!); Uruçuca, ca. 5 Km de Serra Grande, 14º26’23”S 39º03’17”W, 01 October 2008, L.P. Queiroz 13842 (HUEFS!); Uruçuca, Serra Grande, 14º35’S 39º17’W, 29 June 2017 [fr.], M.L. Guedes et al. 25801 (ALCB!); Uruçuca, Distrito Serra Grande, Parque Estadual da Serra do Conduru, 14º25’23”S 39º03’37”W, 21 May 2021 [fl., fr.], A.C.B. Santos & L. Daneu 59 (HUEFS!, NY!, RB!, HCDAL!, PEUFR!).

The genus Bauhinia belongs to the subfamily Cercidoideae (Leguminosae) and includes ca. 230 species with pantropical distribution. Sixty-two species are recorded in Brazil, 20 of which occur in the northeastern Brazilian state of Bahia. The genus is classified in eight sections, with sect. Pauletia being the most diverse. This article describes Bauhinia arleneae, a new species from this section, restricted to the humid forests of the central-eastern region of the state of Bahia. The new species is morphologically similar to B. cinnamomea, with both species sharing entire and elliptical leaves with acuminate apex and flowers paired along the pseudoracemes. B. arleneae differs from B. cinnamomea by the slender and flexuous multi-stemmed shrub or treelet habit, with glabrous leaves with 3 to 5 primary veins and fruit with coriaceous-woody, reticulate valves. We provide a description, illustrations, and a distribution map for the new species.

Bauhinia arleneae A.C.B. Santos & L.P. Queiroz, sp. nov. Type: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Uruçuca, Serra Grande, Parque Estadual da Serra do Conduru, 14º25’23”S 39º03’37”W, 21 May 2021 [fl., fr.], A.C.B. Santos & L. Daneu 59 (holotype HUEFS!, isotypes NY!, RB!, PEUFR!, HCDAL!). Figures 1, 2. Diagnosis: —The eastern Brazilian Bauhinia arleneae is similar to the Amazonian Bauhinia cinnamomea Candolle (1825: 517) with both species sharing unifoliolate entire elliptical leaves with acuminate apex, and flowers paired along the pseudoracemes, but differing by the multi-stemmed shrubby or treelet habit (vs. erect treelet in B. cinammomea), leaves with 3 (rarely 5) primary veins and lacking a marginal vein (vs. 7 primary veins plus a marginal vein), glabrous in both faces (vs. the lower face puberulous and with sparse glandular hairs), and cuneate to obtuse base (vs. rounded to truncate base), fruits up to 2 cm wide with coriaceous-woody, reticulate, light brown valves (vs. valves 2.2 cm or wider, thick, woody and rugous, almost black). Description:—Multi-stemmed shrubs or treelets 3–5 (6) m tall, with long and flexuous stems, DBH up to 3.7 cm, unbranched at the base, bark grayish; distal internodes (1.5) 2–4 cm long. Extrafloral nectaries 1–2 mm long, conical, yellowish, close to the base of the petiole, present only in a few leaves. Stipules ca. 1 mm long, ovate, glabrous, membranaceous and caducous, present only in the distal leaves. Leaf unifoliate; petiole 0.8–2.2 (3.0) cm long, thin, glabrous and canaliculate on the upper surface; pulvinus 3–5 mm long; pulvinulum (3) 4–5 (6) mm long; leaf blade entire, 14–22.5 (27.5) × (4.5) 6.5–9.0 cm, chartaceous to papyraceous, elliptical to narrowly elliptical, base obtuse to cuneate, apex acuminate to slightly cuspidate, primary veins 3 (rarely 5), the upper surface glabrous with inconspicuous primary, secondary and tertiary veins, lower surface glabrous with prominent primary, slightly prominent secondary and reticulate tertiary veins. Inflorescence a terminal pseudoraceme, 3–7 cm long, short-pedunculate; peduncle 1.5–2.0 cm long; flowers in pairs along the rachis; bracts 1–2 × 1–2 mm in one pair, alternately arranged at the base of the pedicel; pedicel 0.7–1.3 mm long. Floral buds 2.8–4.2 cm long, linear, 5-angled, minutely tomentose with short adpressed and ferruginous trichomes. Flowers andromonoecious, 50–58 mm long; hypanthium 11–16 mm long, cylindrical-tubular, internally slightly puberulous, externally minutely ferruginous tomentose; sepals 5, (3.5) 5.3–5.5 × (0.1) 0.2– 0.4 cm, fleshy, minutely ferruginous tomentose on the outer surface, glabrous on the inner surface, becoming curled when the flower is open; petals 5, 23–35 × 2.0– 3.2 mm, single-nerved, white, linear and glabrous; stamens 10 (present in male and hermaphrodite flowers), filaments 35–50 mm long, joined at the base in a short staminal column 2–4 mm long, minutely whitish tomentose on the inner surface, anthers ca. 9 × 1.5 mm long, dorsifixed close to the base, dehiscing by introrse and longitudinal slits; gynoecium (only present in hermaphrodite flowers) ca. 32.5 mm long, stipe ca. 15 mm long, ovary ca. 6 × 1 mm, puberulous with yellowish hairs, 8–10-ovulate, style ca. 10 mm long, glabrous, stigma ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous and with an oblique surface. Legume elastically dehiscent, 13.5–15 (22) × 1.5–2.0 cm, linear, apex acute and base cuneate, stipe 2–3 cm long; valves coriaceous-woody, reticulate and light brown. Seeds ca. 11 × 8 mm, suborbiculate, compressed, testa black, smooth, and bony. Distribution and habitat: — Bauhinia arleneae is known only from the central-eastern region of the state of Bahia, in tropical humid forests (Figure 3). Apart from one collection from Salvador, most of the collections are from the Southern Bahian Atlantic Forest, a species-rich area where several legume taxa have been described in the last 50 years, such as the endemic genus Harleyodendron Cowan (1979: 72) and the species Brodriguesia santosii Cowan (1981: 9), Chamaecrista amorimii Barneby (1999: 331), Inga unica Barneby & Grimes (1994: 66), Moldenhawera congestiflora Vivas & Queiroz (2019: 285), Parkia bahiae Hopkins (1982: 347) and Zollernia magnifica Carvalho & Barneby (1993: 210). Phenology: —Flower buds and flowers were collected from January to September and fruits from February to November. Conservation status: —The new species is assessed as endangered (EN) according to IUCN (2012) criteria B1ab(i, ii, iii)+2ab(i, ii, iii) as it presents AOO = 24 km ² and EOO = 4310.29 km ² and occurs in severely fragmented areas subject to continuous deforestation. Etymology: —The epithet “arleneae” is a tribute to Dr. Maria Arlene Pessoa da Silva, professor at the Department of Biological Sciences at Universidade Regional do Cariri – URCA, Crato, Ceará, Brazil, for her contribution to botanical studies in Northeastern Brazil, as well as for her dedication to the academic and professional training of several undergraduate and graduate students. Vernacular name: —Pé-de-cabra (L.A. Mattos-Silva et al. 505) Taxonomic notes Among the species of Bauhinia ser. Cansenia, B. arleneae is similar to B. cinnamomea due to both being treelets occurring in the understory of humid forests, and having entire leaves with acute apex, linear-lanceolate long-clawed petals as long as the filaments and the staminal column with sparse indument on the inner side (Vaz & Tozzi 2003b). However, B. cinnamomea usually has leaves with 7 (rarely 5) primary veins, a prominent marginal vein on the underside, and straight, craspedodromous external secondary veins reaching the marginal vein, while B. arleneae has leaves with 3 (rarely 5) primary veins, without a marginal vein and with camptodromous external secondary veins. Bauhinia arleneae is restricted to ombrophilous forests on the south-central coast of Bahia, in northeastern Brazil, while B. cinnamomea occurs in the central and western Amazon Forest (Vaz & Tozzi 2003b). Among species of Bauhinia ser. Cansenia recorded for the Atlantic Forest of Bahia, B. arleneae shares with B. corifolia Queiroz (2020: 294) the entire leaves with glabrous adaxial surface and flowers in pairs along the pseudoraceme, but B. arleneae has plane leaflets, 14–22.5 (27.5) cm long, chartaceous to papyraceous, elliptical to narrowly elliptical, with obtuse to cuneate base, acuminate to slightly cuspidate apex, primary veins 3 (rarely 5), while B. corifolia has leaflets 7–10.5 cm long, rigid coriaceous, with cordate to rounded base, retuse to rarely truncate or emarginate apex and revolute margin, with 7–9 primary veins (Queiroz et al. 2020). Field characters of Bauhinia arleneae include the concolorous leaves with a bright yellowish green adaxial surface and slightly paler yellowish green abaxial surface. The immature fruits are bright olive green in color. The conical and yellowish extrafloral nectaries, close to the base of the petiole, can be confused with spinescent structures due to their rigid texture with an almost pungent apex. The analyzed specimens present two types of flowers in the same individual: male only and hermaphroditic, characterizing the species as andromonoecious. In Bauhinia ser. Cansenia, this variation of floral type was previously recorded only for B. cupulata Bentham (1870: 188) (Vaz & Tozzi 2003b). Additional Specimens Examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Camamú, Rodovia BA-650, Camamú / Travessão, entrada a 15,7 Km da sede municipal, fazenda Zumbi dos Palmares (assentamento) ca. 1 Km da rodovia e ca. 6,3 Km na viscinal para a fazenda Dandara, 14º00’54”S 39º08’20”W, 22 February 2000 [fl., fr.], J.G. Jardim et al. 2741 (CEPEC!, NY!, UESC!, HUEFS!); Camamú, Rodovia Travessão (BR-101) a Camamu, Km 26, em frente a entrada das Fazendas Agrobrahma e Alfa, 19 September 1988 [fr.], L.A. Mattos-Silva et al. 2532 (CEPEC!, MBM); Camamú, Rodovia Travessão/Camamu, Km 33. Ramal a direita para Fazenda Brahma, 14º00’S 39º13’W, 15 June1979 [fr.], L.A. MattosSilva et al. 505 (CEPEC!, US); Igrapiúna, Rodovia para Itubera (BR 001), Reserva de Michelin, 13º49’S 39º11’W, 01 August 2008 [fr.], Assoc. Myrtaceae Class 21 (HUEFS!, ASU); Igrapiúna, Reserva Espinita, Litoral Sul, 13º52’30”S 39º09’10”W, 01 June 2019 [fr.], M.L. Guedes et al. 31721 (ALCB!); Igrapiúna, Litoral Sul, Mata do pacangê, Ituberá/ Igrapiúna, 10 April 2006 [fr.], R.M. Valadão & M.L. Guedes 427 (ALCB!); Igrapiúna, Litoral Sul, Mata da Vila-V, Ituberá/Igrapiúna, 25 June 2006 [fr.], R.M. Valadão & M.L. Guedes 428 (ALCB!); Itacaré, Fazenda Capitão a 7,9km W do entroncamento BA 001 na estrada de Itacaré a Ubaitaba, Sul da Bahia, 14º20’S 39º05’W, 04 November 2001 [fr.], W.W. Thomas et al. 12770 (CEPEC!); Itacaré, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itacaré, km 59, Fazenda Boa paz, 14º20’08”S 39º01’55”W, 13 September 2006 [fr.], J.R.V. Iganci et al. 192 (CEPEC!); Itacaré, 1Km ao N e 2,5Km a W da junção com Marambaia, BR-101 para Itacaré (BA-654), 6Km a W de Itacaré, 14º20’S 39º05’W, 16 May 1992 [fl., fr.], W.W. Thomas et al. 9394 (CEPEC!, NY!); Itacaré, Loteamento da Marambaia, 6Km ao SW de Itacaré, BR-101, 16 February 1993 [fl.], A.M. Carvalho et al. 4126 (CEPEC!); Salvador, Região Metropolitana de Salvador, Mata dos Oitis, 26 September 1976 [fl.], J. Araújo et al. 81 (ALCB!); Ubaitaba, ramal a esquerda na estrada Ubaitaba/ Itacaré, a 4 Km do Loteamento da Marambaia, 20 November 1991 [fr.], A.M. Amorim et al. 443 (CEPEC!, NY!); Uruçuca, Rodovia Ilhéus/ Itacaré, entrada a esquerda, na rotatória de acesso a Uruçuca, ca. 9,5Km, ramal a esquerda do Parque Estadual Serra do Condurú, 14º29’S 39º06’W, 23 October 2003 [fr.], P. Fiaschi et al. 1727 (CEPEC!, NY!); Uruçuca, Fazenda Lagoa 7,7 Km na estrada que liga Serra Grande / Itacaré, Distrito de Serra Grande, 06 May 1996 [fr.], A.M.S. da F. Vaz et al. 1037 (CEPEC!); Uruçuca, Parque Estadual da Serra do Condurú, 14º25’S 39º05’W, 10 May 2009 [fr.], D. Piotto 1998 (CEPEC!); Uruçuca, 7,3Km na estrada Serra Grande/ Itacaré, Fazenda Lagoa do Conjunto, Fazenda Santa Cruz, Distrito Serra Grande, 14º25’S 39º01’W, 28 February 1994 [fl., fr.], A.M. Carvalho et al. 4407 (CEPEC!, NY!, US); Uruçuca, 4,6 Km de Serra Grande em direção a Itacaré, 14º25’50”S 39º03’13”W, 24 January 2004 [fl.], T.S. Nunes et al. 1009 (HUEFS!, HCDAL!); Uruçuca, ca. 5 Km de Serra Grande, 14º26’23”S 39º03’17”W, 01 October 2008, L.P. Queiroz 13842 (HUEFS!); Uruçuca, Serra Grande, 14º35’S 39º17’W, 29 June 2017 [fr.], M.L. Guedes et al. 25801 (ALCB!); Uruçuca, Distrito Serra Grande, Parque Estadual da Serra do Conduru, 14º25’23”S 39º03’37”W, 21 May 2021 [fl., fr.], A.C.B. Santos & L. Daneu 59 (HUEFS!, NY!, RB!, HCDAL!, PEUFR!)., Published as part of Dos Santos, Antonio C. B., De Queiroz, Luciano P., Paula, Antonio P. O. & Carvalho, Reginaldo De, 2022, A new species of Bauhinia ser. Cansenia (Cercidoideae, Leguminosae) endemic to the Atlantic Forest in the state of Bahia, Brazil, pp. 213-220 in Phytotaxa 568 (2) on pages 214-218, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.568.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7192935, {"references":["Candolle, A. P. (1825) Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, part 2. Treuttel & Wurtz, Paris, 644 pp.","Cowan, R. S. (1979) Harleyodendron, a new genus of leguminosae (Swartzieae). Brittonia 31: 72 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2806676","Cowan, R. S. (1981) New taxa of Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae from Bahia, Brazil. Brittonia 33: 9 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2806570","Barneby, R. C. (1999) Increments to genus Chamaecrista (Caesalpiniaceae: Cassiinae) from Bolivia and from Atlantic and Planaltine Brazil. Brittonia 51: 331 - 339. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2666613","Barneby, R. C. & Grimes, J. (1994) A new species of Inga (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae, Ingeae) from Atlantic Forest in Bahia, Brazil. Brittonia 46: 66 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2807459","Vivas, C. V., Souza, G., Gaiotto, F. A. & Queiroz, L. P. (2019) Moldenhawera congestiflora: a new species of Leguminosae from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Phytotaxa 399 (4): 285 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 399.4.4","Hopkins, H. C. (1982) Three new species of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) from tropical South America. Brittonia 34: 346 - 350. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2806708","Carvalho, A. M. & Barneby, R. C. (1993) The genus Zollernia (Fabaceae: Swartzieae) in Bahia, Brazil. Brittonia 45: 208 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2807102","IUCN. (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32 pp.","Vaz, A. M. S. da F. & Tozzi, A. M. G. A. (2003 b) Bauhinia ser. Cansenia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) no Brasil. Rodriguesia 54: 55 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 2175 - 78602003548305","Queiroz, L. P. de, Oliveira, F. G., Cedraz, B., Melchor-Castro, R. R. & Fernandes, M. F. (2020) A new species of Bauhinia from coastal areas in Northeastern Brazil. Phytotaxa 435 (4): 293 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 435.4.3","Bentham, G. (1870) Leguminosae II. Swartzieae et Caesalpinieae. In: Martius, C. F. P. von Flora Brasiliensis 15 (2). pp. 188."]}

Blue carbon ecosystems are recognized as carbon sinks and therefore for their potential for climate mitigation. While carbon stocks and burial rates have been quantified and estimated regionally and globally, there are still many knowledge gaps on carbon fluxes exchanged particularly at the interface vegetation-atmosphere. In this study we measured the atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a salt marsh located in the Patos Lagoon Estuary, southern Brazil. Eddy correlation techniques were applied to account for the CO2 exchange fluxes between the vegetation and the atmosphere. Our dataset refers to two sampling periods spanning from July up to November 2016 and from January to April 2017. By using time series analysis techniques including wavelet and cross-wavelet analysis, our results show the natural cycles of the CO2 exchanges variability and the relationship of these cycles with other environmental variables. We also present the amplitudes of the salt marsh-atmosphere CO2 fluxes’ diurnal cycle for both study periods and demonstrate that the CO2 fluxes are modulated by the passage of transient atmospheric systems and by the level variation of surrounding waters. During daytime, our site was as a CO2 sink. Fluxes were measured as -6.71 ± 5.55 μmol m-2 s-1 and -7.95 ± 6.44 μmol m-2 s-1 for the winter-spring and summer-fall periods, respectively. During nighttime, the CO2 fluxes were reversed and our site behaved as a CO2 source. Beside the seasonal changes in sunlight and air temperature, differences between the two periods were marked by the level of marsh inundation, winds and plant biomass (higher in summer). The net CO2 balance showed the predominance of the photosynthetic activity over community respiration, indicating the role of the salt marsh as a CO2 sink. When considering the yearly-averaged net fluxes integrated to the whole area of the Patos Lagoon Estuary marshes, the total CO2 sink was estimated as -87.6 Mg C yr-1. This paper is the first to measure and study the vegetation-atmosphere CO2 fluxes of a salt marsh environment of Brazil. The results will contribute to the knowledge on the global carbon budget and for marsh conservation and management plans, including climate change policies.

In this study we describe a method for the detection of biomolecules (in the polypeptide m/z range) directly from the surface of plant leaves by using Mass Spectrometry Imaging. The plant-pathogen interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris was analyzed by comparing infected and non-infected leaf discs submitted to mass spectrometry. The total surface area of ion distribution was calculated for both samples, revealing 23 ions, out of which 3 showed statistical significance. Although these ions were not identified, the results showed that this approach can be successfully applied for the detection of potential polypeptide biomarkers directly on leaf tissue, which is a major challenge in MALDI-Imaging studies.

Traditional agriculture represents the most-extensive food-producing segment in the world. However, these agroecosystems are widely and closely associated with rural poverty, reflecting the dualism between the subsistence and the commodity-producing sector in the peripheric countries. Therefore, socially adapted technologies may be a reliable and helpful methodology to enhance subsistence crop production. Humic substances are natural organic biostimulants extractable as water suspensions from renewable sources such as agricultural biomass and farming residues. These easy-to-handle extracts may be mixed with plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and used as biostimulants within a low-cost technological application in the circular economy strategy. Few investigations have been focused on the use of biostimulant practices on marginal or subsistence crops. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) are two essential foods for poor communities of rural territories in tropical and subtropical countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the foliar application of a humic/PGPB mixed biostimulant on cassava and okra crops grown in an agricultural soil with very low natural fertility. In pot trials, the applied biostimulant improved the plant development with a 200% increase of the root weight in cassava, while the preservation of active diazotrophic bacteria was improved by 10- and 100-times in cassava and okra in the mixed formulation with humic acid. In real field systems, the plant treatment increased the yield of cassava and okra by 70% and 50%, respectively thereby allowing a simultaneous nitrogen savings with the best yield performance obtained at the lower N fertilization rate. The use of biostimulants can play a role in the transition process, helping the food security and the autonomy of impoverished farmers. Combining the elements of traditional knowledge and modern science is essential to create innovative technologies enabling the sustainable management of agroecosystems.

Generic delimitation in Piptadenia and allies (mimosoid legumes) has been in a state of flux, particularly caused by over-reliance on fruit and seed morphology to segregate species out of Piptadenia into the genera Parapiptadenia, Pityrocarpa and Pseudopiptadenia. Although supporting their segregation from Piptadenia, previous phylogenetic analyses suggested that some of these segregated genera are not monophyletic. Here, we test the monophyly of Parapiptadenia, Pityrocarpa and Pseudopiptadenia with dense taxon sampling across these genera, including the type species of each genus. Our analysis recovers Parapitadenia as monophyletic, but places Pseudopiptadenia species in two distinct lineages, one of which includes all three species of Pityrocarpa. Given that the type species of both Pseudopiptadenia and Pityrocarpa are nested in the same clade, we subsume Pseudopiptadenia under the older name Pityrocarpa. The remaining Pseudopiptadenia species are assigned to the new genus Marlimorimia. Alongside high molecular phylogenetic support, recognition of Parapiptadenia, Pityrocarpa and Marlimorimia as distinct genera is also supported by combinations of morphological traits, several of which were previously overlooked.

Editorial

•The architecture of root systems is an important driver of plant fitness, competition and ecosystem processes. However, the methodological difficulty of mapping roots hampers the study of these processes. Existing approaches to match individual plants to belowground samples are low throughput and species specific. Here, we developed a scalable sequencing-based method to map the root systems of individual trees across multiple species. We successfully applied it to a tropical dry forest community in the Brazilian Caatinga containing 14 species. • We sequenced all 42 individual shrubs and trees in a 14 × 14 m plot using double-digest restriction site-associated sequencing (ddRADseq). We identified species-specific markers and individual-specific haplotypes from the data. We matched these markers to the ddRADseq data from 100 mixed root samples from across the centre (10 × 10 m) of the plot at four different depths using a newly developed R package. • We identified individual root samples for all species and all but one individual. There was a strong significant correlation between belowground and aboveground size measurements, and we also detected significant species-level root-depth preference for two species. • The method is more scalable and less labour intensive than the current techniques and is broadly applicable to ecology, forestry and agricultural biology.

Glioblastoma is considered the most aggressive and prevalent type of glioma. Resistance mechanisms, side effects, and the blood–brain barrier are factors that make its treatment difficult, requirin...

The hydroclimate of southern high latitudes impacts the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) and, by consequence, the global climate. In the AIS, precipitation (PPT) is directly related to the surface mass balance, and it has increased over the past centuries as a response to global warming. In particular, this upward PPT trend accelerated in the late 20th Century, when anthropic activity became as relevant as natural agents in forcing the climate. Using data from 23 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models and seven reanalyses, we described PPT changes Antarctica considering the periods before (1900–1979) and after (1980–2014) the year 1980. In the region south of 60o S, the reanalyses ensemble mean indicated that the PPT trends increased 60%, from 8.2 x 10− 3 to 1.3 x 10− 2 mm day− 1 decade− 1, when comparing the previous period (1900–1979, “before 1980”) with the contemporary (1980–2014, “after 1980”); The multi-model mean captured a sevenfold acceleration in PPT trends from the “before 1980” to the “after 1980” period (from 2.1 x 10− 3 to 1.5 x 10− 2 mm day− 1 decade− 1). However, PPT changes were spatially heterogeneous in the study area. While a general increase occurred south of 60° S, the western West AIS and the Ross Sea regions became dryer. We also analyzed the Southern Ocean's sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation, two principal modulators of the Antarctic PPT. We found that PPT in Antarctica throughout 1900–2014 was primarily determined by changes in the atmospheric circulation rather than variations in the Southern Ocean's SST.

The male of Philometroides acreanensis, parasitic in the anterior intestine external wall of the freshwater catfish Pimelodus blochii, from the Brazilian Amazon, is described for the first time. Additional data on the morphology of females is given. The new morphological data strengthened the validity of the species as well as its first genetic characterization, using three nuclear genetic markers (18S and 28S of the rDNA and ITS1-58S-ITS2), confirmed the high genetic resemblance of male and female specimens. Philometroides acreanensis shows morphological features of the generic diagnosis of Neophilometroides, Alinema, Philometra and Philometroides. Phylogenetic analyses using sequences of the18S rDNA from representatives of Dracunculoidea confirmed the validity of P. acreanensis and its close relatedness with Alinema rather than with other genera. The validity of Philonemidae was confirmed, as was the monophyly of Philometridae and Clavinema. However, Dentiphilometra, Philometra and Philometroides appear not to be monophyletic. Host taxa, habitat and geographic occurrence seem to have some relationship with the evolutionary traits of certain phylogenetic assemblages of philometrids, which were highly supported in the phylogentic reconstructions. Even though interesting aspects of the phylogeny and taxonomy of Philometridae came to light, further integrative approaches should be used that include additional genetic markers, due to the loose boundaries between some genera as observed here. Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-12T23:49:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2019Firstdescriptionofthemale.pdf: 1887334 bytes, checksum: 5a8e56136649b52d0969add8f5f0e4b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-12

Delonix regia has bioactive phytochemicals present in leaves, seeds, roots, and flowers. Considering that these compounds are common in extracts used for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesis, this study investigated the potential of D. regia seeds aqueous extract (DRE) in different concentrations to produce AgNPs (DRE-AgNPs). DRE composition was investigated by qualitative assays, and physico-chemical/structural characterization of AgNPs was performed by UV–Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Antibacterial effect of DRE-AgNPs was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. DRE presented mainly tannins and saponins. Additionally, the absorbance of each DRE-AgNPs was positively correlated to DRE concentration. At higher DRE concentrations, AgNPs were larger, regarding Z average; tended to monodispersity; and presented more negative Zeta potentials. Hydrodynamic diameters of DRE-AgNPs were measured by number distribution and only AgNPs synthesized with DRE 2 mg ml−1 (DRE-AgNPs 2) presented a single population of particles. Thus, DRE-AgNP 2 was analyzed by AFM and exhibited a spherical shape and an average height of 18.39 ± 1.59 nm. Most of DRE-AgNPs presented antibacterial effects against E. coli and S. aureus at 128 or 256 µmol l−1. In conclusion, different DRE concentrations modulated physico-chemical characteristics of AgNPs with antibacterial activity.

It is a well explored facts that need of biosynthesized nanomaterials has emerged for its several advantages in biomedical applications and the search for potential biosynthesized-nanomaterials is still ongoing. In this study an attempt was made to meet the requirement of potential biosynthesized-silver nanoparticles using the aqueous seed extract of N. sativa (Bc-AgNPs). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirms the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle (supports the observation of UV–Vis spectroscopy) with face centred cubic structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the capping of the active ingredients of seed extract and further the average size of 34 nm was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirms the purity of Bc-AgNPs. Due to the capping of the active ingredients of seed extract, the Bc-AgNPs have shown significant antibacterial activity against Gram negative bacteria and at the lower concentration of 100 µg*ml−1 it has 89% scavenging activity against free radicals. A strong anti-inflammatory (membrane stabilization) activity towards RBCs (98% at 100 µg*ml−1) was recorded when compared to the positive control (aceclofenac). In addition to the previous activities, a greater inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase and DPP-IV highlighted the antidiabetic potential of these green synthesized AgNPs. Overall, the efficient bioactivities of Bc-AgNPs advocates its future potential in biomedical products.

The present study investigated the possible influence of enzymatic browning of banana peel over the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Firstly, aqueous extracts of banana peel were prepared at different times after peeling and they were used as reducing and stabilizing agents for the production of AgNPs as monitored by visual inspection and spectrophotometry. Hydrodynamic diameters, polydispersity indexes, and Zeta potentials of the produced AgNPs were evaluated. Besides, antimicrobial activities of the AgNPs produced in the moment of peeling and after up to 2 h were assessed. As longer the period of time passed after peeling, AgNPs produced showed a tendency to decrease the size, to become with Zeta potential more negative, and to stabilize their polydispersity indexes. Antimicrobial assays showed that the two tested AgNPs were similarly effective against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at 128 and 256 μM, respectively. This study demonstrated that banana peels extracts obtained after different times affected the production of AgNPs in different manners, producing AgNPs with distinct characteristics, such as hydrodynamic diameter, Zeta potential, and polydispersity index. Moreover, all tested AgNPs showed antimicrobial activity.

As epididymal sperm (EP) are not exposed to seminal plasma, they are physiologically different from ejaculated spermatozoa (EJ). Therefore, the aim of this study was to morphologically characterize the head of EP recovered from the epididymis tail, and to evaluate if the physiological differences between EP and EJ were also expressed in the head's shape and size. EP and EJ were recovered from seven Gir bulls and were individually assessed. Sperm cells were washed, fixed, and 20 cells from each animal were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The images were acquired through contact mode. Then, an off-line processing software was used and the images acquired were manually segmented using digital zoom of the original images. Twenty-four structural features were assessed including one, two, and three dimensional parameters, and also shape descriptors which were calculated based on the one and two dimensional parameters. Data were compared by t-test, then, a collective analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA). The EP group presented higher roughness and elongation (P ≤ 0.05), and smaller form factor and circularity rate than that of the EJ group (P ≤ 0.05). For the other parameters no differences (P ≥ 0.05) were observed. In addition, in the PCA analysis no differences among EP and EJ were observed either (P ≤ 0.05). This study showed that EP and EJ collected from the same sire presented similar characteristics in nineteen of the twenty-four parameters evaluated, indicating that absence of seminal plasma does not affect the morphology of EP.

The study describes the microencapsulation of Pterodon emarginatus fruit essential oil (OE) by spray drying using Brazilian Cerrado cashew polysaccharide (PEJU, Anacardium othonianum Rizz.) and maltodextrin (M) as wall materials. The microcapsules presented particles with irregular and rough surfaces confirmed by X-ray diffraction, with 57% in dry diameters ranging from 0 to 1 μm. Thermogravimetry showed a thermostable encapsulating material (peaks at 301 °C and 429 °C), with no loss of the encapsulated core. Zeta potential (ζ = − 0.18 mV) demonstrated the material’s amphiphilic power. The ratio of 1:3:3.6 of OE:cashew PEJU:M (w/w/w) showed the best encapsulation effect (75% yield and 6.25% of the OE retained) in the same proportion of β-caryophyllene retained. The Brazilian Cerrado cashew PEJU is a promising source for use as wall material in microcapsules, especially in protecting the OE of P. emarginatus fruits, as replacement for other gums, such as gum Arabic.

The Brazilian Caatinga is considered the richest nucleus of the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) in the Neotropics, also exhibiting high levels of endemism, but the timing of origin and the evolutionary causes of its plant diversification are still poorly understood. In this study, we integrate comprehensive sampled dated molecular phylogenies of multiple flowering plant groups and estimations of ancestral areas to elucidate the forces driving diversification and historical assembly in the Caatinga flowering plants. Our results show a pervasive floristic exchange between Caatinga and other neotropical regions, particularly those adjacent. While some Caatinga lineages arose in the Eocene/Oligocene, most dry-adapted endemic plant lineages found in region emerged from the middle to late Miocene until the Pleistocene, indicating that only during this period the Caatinga started to coalesce into a SDTF like we see today. Our findings are temporally congruent with global and regional aridification events and extensive denudation of thick layers of sediments in Northeast (NE) Brazil. We hypothesize that global aridification processes have played important role in the ancient plant assembly and long-term Caatinga SDTF biome stability, whereas climate-induced vegetation shifts, as well as the newly opened habitats have largely contributed as drivers of in situ diversification in the region. Patterns of phylogenetic relatedness of Caatinga endemic clades revealed that much modern species diversity has originated in situ and likely evolved via recent (Pliocene/Pleistocene) ecological specialization triggered by increased environmental heterogeneity and the exhumation of edaphically disparate substrates. The continuous assembly of dry-adapted flora of the Caatinga has been complex, adding to growing evidence that the origins and historical assembly of the distinct SDTF patches are idiosyncratic across the Neotropics, driven not just by continental-scale processes but also by unique features of regional-scale geological history.

Comprising 501 genera and around 14,000 species, Papilionoideae is not only the largest subfamily of Fabaceae (Leguminosae; legumes), but also one of the most extraordinarily diverse clades among angiosperms. Papilionoids are a major source of food and forage, are ecologically successful in all major biomes, and display dramatic variation in both floral architecture and plastid genome (plastome) structure. Plastid DNA-based phylogenetic analyses have greatly improved our understanding of relationships among the major groups of Papilionoideae, yet the backbone of the subfamily phylogeny remains unresolved. In this study, we sequenced and assembled 39 new plastomes that are covering key genera representing the morphological diversity in the subfamily. From 244 total taxa, we produced eight datasets for maximum likelihood (ML) analyses based on entire plastomes and/or concatenated sequences of 77 protein-coding sequences (CDS) and two datasets for multispecies coalescent (MSC) analyses based on individual gene trees. We additionally produced a combined nucleotide dataset comprising CDS plus matK gene sequences only, in which most papilionoid genera were sampled. A ML tree based on the entire plastome maximally supported all of the deep and most recent divergences of papilionoids (223 out of 236 nodes). The Swartzieae, ADA (Angylocalyceae, Dipterygeae, and Amburaneae), Cladrastis, Andira, and Exostyleae clades formed a grade to the remainder of the Papilionoideae, concordant with nine ML and two MSC trees. Phylogenetic relationships among the remaining five papilionoid lineages (Vataireoid, Dermatophyllum, Genistoid s.l., Dalbergioid s.l., and Baphieae + Non-Protein Amino Acid Accumulating or NPAAA clade) remained uncertain, because of insufficient support and/or conflicting relationships among trees. Our study fully resolved most of the deep nodes of Papilionoideae, however, some relationships require further exploration. More genome-scale data and rigorous analyses are needed to disentangle phylogenetic relationships among the five remaining lineages.

The South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) is an atmospheric system occurring in austral summer on the South America continent and sometimes extending over the adjacent South Atlantic. It is characterized by a persistent and very large, northwest-southeast-oriented, cloud band. Its presence over the ocean causes sea surface cooling that some past studies indicated as being produced by a decrease of incoming solar heat flux induced by the extensive cloud cover. Here we investigate ocean-atmosphere interaction processes in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) during SACZ oceanic episodes, as well as the resulting modulations occurring in the oceanic mixed layer and their possible feedbacks on the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Our main interests and novel results are on verifying how the oceanic SACZ acts on dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms and contributes to the sea surface thermal balance in that region. In our oceanic SACZ episodes simulations we confirm an ocean surface cooling. Model results indicate that surface atmospheric circulation and the presence of an extensive cloud cover band over the SWA promote sea surface cooling via a combined effect of dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms, which are of the same order of magnitude. The sea surface temperature (SST) decreases in regions underneath oceanic SACZ positions, near Southeast Brazilian coast, in the South Brazil Bight (SBB) and offshore. This cooling is the result of a complex combination of factors caused by the decrease of solar shortwave radiation reaching the sea surface and the reduction of horizontal heat advection in the Brazil Current (BC) region. The weakened southward BC and adjacent offshore region heat advection seems to be associated with the surface atmospheric circulation caused by oceanic SACZ episodes, which rotate the surface wind and strengthen cyclonic oceanic mesoscale eddy. Another singular feature found in this study is the presence of an atmospheric cyclonic vortex Southwest of the SACZ (CVSS), both at the surface and aloft at 850 hPa near 24°S and 45°W. The CVSS induces an SST decrease southwestward from the SACZ position by inducing divergent Ekman transport and consequent offshore upwelling. This shows that the dynamical effects of atmospheric surface circulation associated with the oceanic SACZ are not restricted only to the region underneath the cloud band, but that they extend southwestward where the CVSS presence supports the oceanic SACZ convective activity and concomitantly modifies the ocean dynamics. Therefore, the changes produced in the oceanic dynamics by these SACZ events may be important to many areas of scientific and applied climate research. For example, episodes of oceanic SACZ may influence the pathways of pollutants as well as fish larvae dispersion in the region.

The present investigation evaluated the influence of seasonality and locality on the structure of the parasite community of the catfish Pimelodus blochii. A total of 160 fish were collected from two rivers in the State of Acre, western Brazilian Amazon: 80 fish in River Acre and 80 in River Iaco, with 40 in each season (rainy and drought). The overall prevalence was 78.7% and 1461 parasite specimens (adults and larvae) were allocated in 22 taxa: 5 of Monogenea, 10 of Nematoda, 3 of Digenea, 1 of Cestoda and 3 of Crustacea. In drought season, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) pimelodus and Demidospermus peruvianus were more prevalent in River Acre and Iaco, respectively. The parasite diversity (Brillouin index) as well as the prevalence and abundance of the monogeneans D. peruvianus, D. striatus, Demidospermus sp. and Ameloblastella sp. were higher in River Acre. The parasite community structure were dissimilar among rivers, and seasonally in River Iaco. These results suggest that environmental traits may overshadow seasonal influences on the parasite community structure, which may be related to the higher anthropization in River Acre. Furthermore, seasonality exerted less influence on the parasite community than expected, probably because the two rivers have different hydrological traits than those of other rivers in the Brazilian Amazon. New host and locality records expanded our knowledge of parasite biodiversity of P. blochii. Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-25T23:36:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2018Communitystructureofmetazoanparasite.pdf: 1020163 bytes, checksum: 71f7901192d4cf1303b45eb0f06800e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-23

This work presents a remote sensing solution for sugarcane precision agriculture based on a drone-borne differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DlnSAR) operating in the P-, L-, and C-bands. With one flight pass, the system can estimate the soil moisture, the plantation height, and the above-ground biomass map; and predict the harvest date and the respective productivity. With two flight passes, it assesses the crop growth via differential interferometry. A new methodology dedicated to sugarcane plantation was developed based on the existing methodologies for soil moisture and biomass measurement. The image information from the three bands, plus the C-band InSAR and P-band DInSAR information, show immense potential for efficient and low-cost monitoring. The results validated the methodology in a large sugarcane mill.

The molecular mechanisms regulating follicular development and ensuring primordial follicle activation remain undefined. To help elucidate these mechanisms, this proteomic study of bovine ovarian tissue identified the differential molecular profiles of preantral follicles together with the spatial distribution of the most abundant molecular components in the tissue. Isolated primordial, primary and secondary follicles were individually placed on a MALDI target plate for mass spectral acquisitions, with detection of different m/z ranges. Ovarian tissue was sectioned and analysed in the m/z 400-2,000 range. Results of the first analysis indicated a similarity pattern in the molecular protein profile among different follicular classes in the m/z ranges of 100-1000 and 25,000-200,000, but in the m/z ranges of 800-4000, 4000-20,000 and 15,000-70,000, primary and secondary follicles shared similar clustering profiles which were different from primordial follicles (p

Plant expansins are structural cell wall-loosening proteins implicated in several developmental processes and responses to environmental constraints and pathogen infection. To date, there is limited information about the biological function of expansins-like B (EXLBs), one of the smallest and less-studied subfamilies of plant expansins. In the present study, we conducted a functional analysis of the wild Arachis AdEXLB8 gene in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants to clarify its putative role in mediating defense responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. First, its cell wall localization was confirmed in plants expressing an AdEXLB8:eGFP fusion protein, while nanomechanical assays indicated cell wall reorganization and reassembly due to AdEXLB8 overexpression without compromising the phenotype. We further demonstrated that AdEXLB8 increased tolerance not only to isolated abiotic (drought) and biotic (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Meloidogyne incognita) stresses but also to their combination. The jasmonate and abscisic acid signaling pathways were clearly favored in transgenic plants, showing an activated antioxidative defense system. In addition to modifications in the biomechanical properties of the cell wall, we propose that AdEXLB8 overexpression interferes with phytohormone dynamics leading to a defense primed state, which culminates in plant defense responses against isolated and combined abiotic and biotic stresses.

The Amazon represents one of the most complex biomes in the world; however, the temporal variations in parasite community structure of fishes inhabiting this region remain poorly understood. Therefore, processes generating such variations are still unknown. The present study evaluated the long-term temporal variation of community structure of metazoan parasites of Pimelodus blochii collected in Iaco River, State of Acre (Southwestern Brazilian Amazon). A total of 196 parasites were collected over a 6-year period (2012-2017). Twenty-four different taxa of parasites were found, of which 5 Monogenea, 11 Nematoda, 3 Digenea, 1 Acanthocephala, 1 Cestoda, and 3 Crustacea. The overall species richness ranged from 4 in 2012 to 17 in 2016, in which nematodes (larvae and adults) showed higher numerical dominance, diversity, and species richness. However, the annual species richness was similar between the study years, except in 2016, where it showed a distinctly higher value. The overall parasite diversity was also different in 2012 and 2016, whereas the overall abundance differed in 2013 and 2017. The prevalence and abundance of some infracommunities of parasites varied over time. The temporal changes in the parasite community structure of P. blochii are probably related to variations in host-related features, i.e., body size and shift in diet composition as well as to the occurrence of parasites with distinct life history and biology (mainly monogeneans, digeneans, and nematodes). This is the first evaluation of a long-term temporal variation in the structure of the parasite community in fish from the Amazon.

The aim of this study was to describe structural and ultrastructural morphological data of Dadaytrema oxycephala (Diesing, 1836) Travassos, 1931 in Pimelodus blochii Valenciennes, 1840 from western Amazon (Brazil), besides geographic distribution in host fishes from South America. Of 160 P. blochii examined in the rivers Acre and Iaco, 15% were infected by D. oxycephala with mean intensity of 6.5 ± 1.9 and mean abundance of 1.0 ± 5.1. All parasites were found in the intestine of the infected hosts. The structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the developmental stages of D. oxycephala are presented and discussed. Dadaytrema oxycephala has a wide geographic distribution in South America, parasitizing fish species of Characiformes and Siluriformes from Brazil, Venezuela, Argentina, Peru and Paraguay. We elucidated part of life cycle of D. oxicephala in P. blochii, which is a definitive host for this digenean.

The aim of the present study concerns the development, characterization and sensory evaluation of a dual-functional whey hydrolysate. Four concentrations of commercial pepsin (0.48%, 0.95%, 1.43%, 1.91% w/w) were evaluated. The hydrolyses curves and the Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography analyses showed a direct relationship between enzyme concentration and degree of hydrolysis. Through mass spectrometry 21 peptides were identified and 5 of them have never been described in the literature before. The hydrolysate produced (PC3) induced a vascular relaxation of 65.02% in phenylephrine-contracted rat aortic rings. PC3 powder presented a homogeneous aspect with a mean particle size of 86.39 μm, high water solubility (>92%) in a wide pH range (1−12) and an increase of 33% in oil absorption capacity, when compared to the unhydrolyzed product. Sensory analysis showed a high acceptance (7.6 in a 9-point hedonic scale) of the hydrolysate among 100 consumers. The results brought the possibility of developing a whey hydrolysate with high vasorelaxant activity, great technological properties and sensory appeal, as an interesting dual-functional ingredient to be incorporated into food products.