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Using the culturomics method, two strains were isolated, identified, and characterised following the taxonogenomics concept. Bacillus marasmi sp. nov. strain Marseille-P3556 (= CSURP3556) is isolated from a 13-month-old girl living in Niger. The phylogenetic tree, phenotypic criteria, and genomic analysis described here clearly show that this bacterium is different from previously known bacterial species withstanding in nomenclature and new members of Bacillus genus.

INTRODUCTION : Le liposarcome est une tumeur mésenchymateuse primitive rare, développée aux dépends des tissus adipeux. Il est constitué de quatre sous-types histologiques notamment les sous- types bien différenciés, myxoïde, pléomorphe et dédifférencié. La localisation préférentielle est la cuisse. Nous rapportons une observation d’un liposarcome myxoïde à cellule ronde à localisation fessière. OBSERVATION : Un homme âgé de 56 ans, vendeur de légumes, originaire de la Guinée Conakry, présentait depuis deux ans une tumeur de la fesse droite. L’examen retrouvait une tumeur inflammatoire, ulcérée du quadrant supéro-externe de la fesse droite bien limitée, à fond purulent jaunâtre avec quelques plages de nécrose, mesurant environ huit cm. Des adénopathies inguinales bilatérales étaient retrouvées. Les hypothèses diagnostiques étaient les suivantes : carcinome épidermoïde, lymphome cutané, métastases cutanées. L’examen anatomopathologique mettait en évidence une prolifération tumorale maligne occupant toute la hauteur du derme et faite de lipoblastes, de flasques mucineux bleuâtres disposées en vastes zones et des plages d’adipocytes très pléomorphes avec des noyaux irréguliers à disposition interstitielle diffuse. Le diagnostic de liposarcome myxoïde à cellules rondes avait été retenu. La tomodensitométrie thoraco-abdomino-pelvienne, réalisée dans le cadre du bilan l’extension, avais mis en évidence un aspect compatible avec des localisations néoplasiques secondaires pleuropulmonaires, hépatiques, cutanées et ganglionnaires. L’extension ganglionnaire concernaient les aires inguinales et iliaques internes et externes bilatérales avec des adénopathies de tailles variables dont la cible inguinale droite mesure 96x94 mm. Ces adénopathies étaient compressives compliquées d’une urétro-hydronéphrose de stade II à droite et d’une thrombose veineuse cave partielle. Le patient a été traité par chimiothérapie (adriamycine – carboplatine). L’évolution était rapidement fatale au bout de quelques semaines après la première cure de chimiothérapie. Les liposarcomes sont des tumeurs malignes rares représentant moins de 1% des tumeurs malignes. Quatre sous-types histopathologiques sont identifiés par l’OMS. Notre observation est caractéristique par sa topographie et l’évolution rapidement fatale avec des métastases multiples. Le sous-type myxoïde est le plus fréquent représentant 25% des liposarcomes et 5% des sarcomes des tissus mous atteignant généralement les adultes jeunes avec un pic d’incidence entre 40 et 60 ans. CONCLUSION : Il faudrait évoquer un liposarcome devant toute tumeur des parties molles localisée à la région fessière. L’examen anatomopathologique est incontournable pour confirmer le diagnostic et préciser le sous-type histopathologique.

•Omicron variant continues to progress in Senegal with the appearance of new contaminations.•IRESSEF detected the first positive case of the Omicron variant on Friday, December 3, 2021.•Since this date, the number of Omicron variant infections has increased over the weeks.•Molecular surveillance of the Omicron variant is carried out in real time to inform the medical authorities.

In this study, less contaminated and porous SiO

The aim of this study was to use molecular methods to determine the profile of resistance to rifampicin (RMP or RIF) and isoniazid (INH) in mycobacteria from tuberculosis patients in Senegal. Sputum samples (48) received by the mycobacterial laboratory of the National Antituberculosis Program (NATP) in Senegal between 2012 and 2014 were studied. Most of these samples came from patients in treatment failure or relapse (58.33%). They were tested with the Xpert MTB/RIF or line-probe assays (LPAs) or both. 17 (35.41%) isolates resistant to INH, 16 (33.33%) resistant to RMP, and 16 that were multidrug-resistant (MDR) (33.33%) were identified. Two isolates (4.16%) were susceptible to INH, but resistant to RMP (INH-S/RIF-R). The molecular tests facilitated the rapid detection of MDR isolates. However, INH resistance should be assessed in all cases in which RIF resistance is detected, given the demonstrated existence of INH-S/RIF-R strains. Key words: Tuberculosis, Xpert MTB/RIF, line-probe assays (LPA), resistance, Senegal.

A stroke often has more effects than what can be observed physically, for example paralysis of a limb or problems with speech. The “invisible” effects often come to light later on. The damage to the brain can bring changes in the patients’ thinking, actions and feelings, so that his live will never be the same. In cognitive disorders, the patient may for example have problems with perceiving, acting or dealing with language. Research shows that about 80% of patients with cerebral hemorrhage and about 50% of patients with a stroke have acute cognitive impairment. In order to be able to perform an (apparently) simple daily operation, many steps must be taken. These steps are described in the ‘process of information processing’. Also, behavior can be subject to change. After stroke, patients often respond to events differently than they themselves and the people around them are used to. The changes in emotions and behavior of the stroke patient can severely disturb the relationship with their partner and children. Understanding of the invisible effects is therefore of great importance. The treatment of patients with cognitive impairments can focus on function recovery, strategy training (Internal compensation) and adjustment of the environment (External compensation). However, the success of the treatment, depends on the severity of the injury. In addition, actually recognizing the disorders in relation to daily functioning is of importance. Clear planning and consistent implementation, treatment and guidance by all those involved increase the likelihood of success in the rehabilitation.

Our everyday activities are ideal for patients post stroke to practice their motor and cognitive skills as these are activities that are repeated often throughout the day. ADL actions are not universal. The way in which someone performs his daily activities is determined by, amongst other things, habits and preferences, culture and environmental factors. The rehabilitation must have a logical structure, with the easy tasks being taught first before training for more difficult tasks. Repetition is key. In (re)learning of ADL activities, different phases can be distinguished: (1) the learning phase, (2) the automation phase, (3) the generalisation phase. Especially in the first period after stroke, many patients will need help from the nurse when washing, showering, shaving and dressing themselves. Dependence in this area makes many patients feel uncomfortable and the ability to for example wash themselves independently, is therefore an important goal for many stroke patients. Nurses should be matching the help and guidance to the level of functioning of the patient, since failure, frustration or insufficient stimulus can demotivate the patient.

This preliminary investigation is part of the work which demonstrates the pattern of pesticide use in the preservation of fish product in Senegal, particularly in the sites of the small coast which is the most important. We did our research in three sites of Department of Mbour, where actors which work in the fisheries product processing use synthetic pesticides, for elimination and/or prevention of any insect infestation. The product Actellic (used by 12.50% of our respondents) which is a mixture of pirimiphos‐methyl and permethrin and another insecticide called Kaata (used by 37.50% of our respondents) of unknown composition, are used by workers without metering or protective measures in handling. Among the participants of this study, 14% were found to be affected by the use of these chemicals. Such pattern of indiscriminate use of pesticides without following safety guidelines poses the risk of chronic intoxication to the workers engaged in trading of fish products in the study area, and can have long‐term adverse consequences, especially for children.

Treatment failure or tolerance, which rapidly leads to a reduced hemodynamic effects and therapeutic efficacy is the major limitation of long-term use of nitrates, including nitroglycerin (NTG) in the treatment of coronary artery disease. These effects are most often associated with oxidative stress. Thus, in this work, we were interested in the prevention of nitrate tolerance by the antioxidant compounds from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crude extract, a plant from the Senegalese Pharmacopoeia, rich in polyphenols. Thoracic aorta segments without endothelium were taken from rats and incubated in isolated organ chambers. The vessels were then pre-exposed with the H. sabdariffa polyphenolic extract (HSE, 5.10-2 g/l) or antioxidants such as N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 10-3 M) or vitamin C (VIT C, 10-2 M), taken as reference. After a 30 min treatment, aortic segments were exposed to NTG (50 μM, 1 h) to induce tolerance state before being contracted to adrenaline (10-8 to 10-5 M), and then relaxed with NTG (10-9 to 10-5 M). Polyphenols fromH. sabdariffa potentiated the relaxant response to NTG, whatever the state of vascular tolerance; the HSE partially corrected the in vitro nitrate tolerance. This work suggests interesting therapeutic perspectives by improving the response to treatment with nitrates in coronary patients. Key words: Nitrate tolerance, antioxidant, vascular diseases, therapeutic agents, medicinal plants.

The aim of this study is to present a theoretical study of a silicon solar cell under frequency modulation. Solving the continuity equation lead to the analytical expressions of the minority carriers' density, the photocurrent and the photo voltage. The photocurrent and the photo voltage are plotted versus the modulation frequency in a semi-logarithmic scale for various incidence angles; the dynamic impedance of the solar cell is then derived. The Nyquist diagram of the impedance is plotted for various incidence angles, leading to the determination of the series and parallel resistances. The determination of the diffusion capacitance is also made based on the Bode diagram of the solar cell impedance. The influence of the modulation frequency and the incidence angle on the diffusion capacitance and the series and parallel resistances is then exhibited.

In this study, we present the study of the photo-thermal response of a monofacial silicon solar cell illuminated by a multispectral light for a constant modulated frequency. Solving the continuity equation for minority carriers in the base of the solar cell resulting in the terms of the heat equations in the presence of an optical source. The density of minority carriers in excess, the amplitude of the variation of temperature and the heat flux density were studied and analyzed for different angular pulses and rates of recombination at the junction. Representations of Nyquist and Bode plots of the thermal dynamic impedance resulted in an equivalent electrical circuit of the photocell.

This paper presents an investigation of the energy consumption due to domestic hot water (DHW) production in large buildings. We have studied three types of reference buildings: one office, one residence and a 3-star hotel located in Senegal. The DOE2.1E (the building energy program of the Department of Energy Version 2.1E) has been used. One of its main advantage is that it allows to take into account both energy end use categories and a great number of parameters of the building energy performance. Four climatic regions have been identified and their equivalent “standard” conditions are all defined. Those conditions are the same as the current design and operating conditions of each type of building. The DHW energy consumption is calculated and compared with the total energy generated by all end uses (lighting, cooling/ventilation, DHW, and other equipment). Before we carry out wide and systematic simulations of the three buildings energy performance, we pay special attention to check and validate the DHW part of the DOE2.1E model. There was an agreement between the recorded monthly DHW energy load on the one hand, and on the other the computed results. We end up finding results that could open new perspectives for building a strategic methodology to provide guidelines for DHW energy saving measures in large buildings in West Africa. Furthermore, it is expected that energy researchers concerned about energy and environmental efficiency would consider this study for promoting CO 2 emission reduction in relation with DHW production in large buildings.

Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND: The optimal diagnostic strategy and timing of intervention in infected necrotizing pancreatitis is subject to debate. We performed a survey on these topics amongst a group of international expert pancreatologists. METHODS: An online survey including case vignettes was sent to 118 international pancreatologists. We evaluated the use and timing of fine needle aspiration (FNA), antibiotics, catheter drainage and (minimally invasive) necrosectomy. RESULTS: The response rate was 74% (N = 87). None of the respondents use FNA routinely, 85% selectively and 15% never. Most respondents (87%) use a step-up approach in patients with infected necrosis. Walled-off necrosis (WON) is considered a prerequisite for endoscopic drainage and percutaneous drainage by 66% and 12%, respectively. After diagnosing infected necrosis, 55% routinely postpone invasive interventions, whereas 45% proceed immediately to intervention. Lack of consensus about timing of intervention was apparent on day 14 with proven infected necrosis (58% intervention vs. 42% non-invasive) as well as on day 20 with only clinically suspected infected necrosis (59% intervention vs. 41% non-invasive). DISCUSSION: The step-up approach is the preferred treatment strategy in infected necrotizing pancreatitis amongst expert pancreatologists. There is no uniformity regarding the use of FNA and timing of intervention in the first 2-3 weeks of infected necrotizing pancreatitis.

To better understand the role of problematic soils in the instability phenomena observed in Dakar, investigations and laboratory tests have been undertaken including the clay mineralogy, physical properties, mechanical properties, shear strength and shrink/swell characteristics of the soils—fine/coarse-grained volcanic tuffs and residual (weathered) soil. The results were related to the slope instability and foundation failures observed in Dakar and recommendations made to mitigate the effects of these problematic soils in future developments.

Objective: The study tested whether childhood cognitive ability moderates type 2 diabetes polygenic risk manifestation in older age. Methods: In 940 relatively healthy people (mean age 69.55 ± 0.85), we tested whether self-reported diabetes and hemoglobin HbA1c (HbA1c) levels were predicted by diabetes polygenic risk, cognitive ability measured about 60 years earlier, and their interaction. Polygenic risk scores aggregated the small effects of up to nearly 121,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Participants' cognitive ability was measured nearly 60 years earlier, at age 11. Results: Both polygenic risk and childhood cognitive ability significantly predicted diabetes diagnosis. Polygenic risk interacted with cognitive ability (p = 0.02), predicting HbA1c levels more strongly in people with below-median cognitive ability (effect r = 0.21) than in people with above-median cognitive ability (effect r = 0.10). The interaction term was not significant for self-reported diabetes (p = 0.34), although the genetic risk-diabetes association showed a tendency of being stronger among those with below-median cognitive ability. Conclusions: Higher premorbid cognitive ability may provide some environmental protection against the manifestation of type 2 diabetes genetic risk. This information may improve early identification of diabetes risk and inform intervention development.

Sub-bandgap optical absorption in the low photon energy range (0.7–1.5 eV) has been measured on the same undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon alloys, using both CPM and DBT techniques in gap-cell and Schottky barrier (direct and reverse bias) electrical contacts configurations. Significant differences in results, sometimes larger than those noticed in the literature, are observed between spectra. These discrepancies are interpreted in terms of photocurrent equations theory, density of gap states model and light-induced or Staebler–Wronski effect.

The effects of soil faunal activity on the physical properties of the soils of a 2-year-old fallow in the sahelian zone of Senegal were studied. Factors studied included the presence or absence of woody shrubs and the effect of protection of plots from grazing and removal of fuel wood. The experimental design included a control in which termite activity was excluded by treating the soil with the persistent insecticide dieldrin. In both the protected and unprotected area of the experiment, termite burrowing activity (as measured by the number of entrance holes per square-metre) and water infiltration rates were significantly (ca. 80%) lower in termite exclusion plots than in plots not treated with insecticide 2 years after initial treatment. In protected plots where termites were present, there was a significant increase in infiltration rates in the part where woody shrubs were removed. In unprotected plots, by contrast, the presence of shrubs significantly increased infiltration rates, whether or not termites were present. Burrowing activity of earthworms was greater in the protected than in the unprotected area, and in the unprotected area burrowing in dieldrin treated plots was significantly increased by almost 65%. Activity of ants appeared to be little affected by the different treatments. The results demonstrate that the presence of healthy soil faunal populations was important in the infiltration of water in fallow soils and that protection from grazing and human activity improves faunal activity and water infiltration.

We outline an approach to pesticide risk assessment that is based upon surveys of pesticide use throughout West Africa. We have developed and used new risk assessment models to provide, to our knowledge, the first detailed, geographically extensive, scientifically based analysis of pesticide risks for this region. Human health risks from dermal exposure to adults and children are severe enough in many crops to require long periods of up to three weeks when entry to fields should be restricted. This is impractical in terms of crop management, and regulatory action is needed to remove these pesticides from the marketplace. We also found widespread risks to terrestrial and aquatic wildlife throughout the region, and if these results were extrapolated to all similar irrigated perimeters in the Senegal and Niger River Basins, they suggest that pesticides could pose a significant threat to regional biodiversity. Our analyses are presented at the regional, national and village levels to promote regulatory advances but also local risk communication and management. Without progress in pesticide risk management, supported by participatory farmer education, West African agriculture provides a weak context for the sustainable intensification of agricultural production or for the adoption of new crop technologies.

Allelic variation (rs738409C→G) in adiponutrin (patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3, PNPLA3) has been associated with hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis. The physiologic impact of the PNPLA3 G allele may be exacerbated in patients with severe obesity. In this study, we investigated the interactions of PNPLA3 rs738409 with a broad panel of metabolic and histologic characteristics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients with medically complicated obesity.Consecutive patients undergoing bariatric surgery were selected for a prospective study. They underwent extensive laboratory and histologic (liver biopsy) assessment, as well as evaluation of rs738409 polymorphism by TaqMan assay.Only 12 (8.3%) of the 144 patients had normal liver histology, with 72 (50%) NASH, of whom 15 (10.4% of total patients) had fibrosis stage 2-3. PNPLA3 GG genotype correlated positively (P0.05) with serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, fibrinogen, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, and presence of NASH. Multivariate analysis indicated that PNPLA3 rs738409 G versus C allele remained an (independent) risk factor for NASH, in addition to CK-18145 IU/l, glucose100 mg/dl, and C-reactive protein (CRP)0.8 mg/dl. The probability of NASH increased from 9% (no risk factor) to 82% if all four risk factors were present.In this cohort of patients with medically complicated obesity, PNPLA3 rs738409 G allelic expression is associated with hepatic (NASH) and nonhepatic complications of obesity, such as insulin resistance. These novel findings may be related to a greater impact of PNPLA3 variant in magnitude and scope in patients with severe obesity than in less obese populations. Further studies are needed to characterize the nature of these associations.

Permanent cardiac pacing is a technique whose indications have increased in the last 20 years. As with any foreign body, pacemaker implantation is associated with the risk of infection. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical, paraclinical and treatment options of infections secondary to pacemaker implantation at the Cardiology Department of the Aristide le Dantec Teaching Hospital (CHU Aristide le Dantec) in Dakar, Senegal.We conducted a retrospective study over a period of three years (from January 2005 to December 2007) during which pacemaker implantation was carried out in 107 patients. All patients with local and/or systemic signs of infection were included in our study.The prevalence of infection in patients with pacemakers was 5.6% in our series and infection occurred in three women and three men, with a mean age of 66.2 years (range 23-83). The delay time for the onset of clinical signs of infection was 6.6 months, with a range of eight days to 12 months. The clinical signs were externalisation of the pacemaker with suppuration (five cases), fever (one case) and inflammatory signs (one case). Factors favouring the occurrence of infection were co-morbidity (four cases), pre-operative length of stay (average eight days), use of temporary cardiac pacing (three cases), the number of people in the theatre (average 4.5), postoperative haematoma (one case) and repeating the surgical procedure (three cases). Staphylococcus epidermidis (two cases), Staphylococcus aureus (two cases) and Klebsiella pneumonia (one case) were the organisms isolated at the local site. Transthoracic echocardiography showed no objective signs of endocarditis. The treatment was antibiotic therapy for an average duration of 50.4 days after debridement of the infected site (six cases). We noted four recurrences at six months and one death from sepsis at 12 months.Infections secondary to pacemaker implantation are rare but serious. Their management is difficult and requires the removal of the implanted material, hence the importance of prevention of infection, or the removal and re-implantation of the pacemaker at another site in cases of infection. This is particularly important in our region where pacemakers are very expensive.

Publisher Summary The use of composite filling materials, along with adhesive techniques, has revolutionised today's dental practice. The aesthetic potential, handling and wear properties of composite fillings have improved tremendously. In the hands of a skilful dentist, composite fillings today are able to replace lost tooth tissue in an invisible way. However, no matter how splendid the shape and colour, a good composite filling does not last long without a good bond to the remaining tooth structure. The main bonding mechanism of current adhesives can be regarded as an exchange process involving substitution of inorganic tooth material by resin monomers that upon in situ setting become micromechanically interlocked in the created micro-porosities. This chapter discusses the current status regarding bonding of dental adhesives to enamel and dentine. In regard to the actual bonding effectiveness, it is now very clear that an adhesive's in vitro and in vivo performance greatly depends on its specific ingredient composition and this is especially so for the more recent one-step self-etch adhesives. In spite of the improved ease-of-use and faster application, a simplified application procedure so far seems to entail a reduced bonding effectiveness and the advantages of these adhesives should therefore be traded off against their major shortcomings.

The aim of this study was to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of hydro-ethanol bark extract of Adansonia digitata (ADE) in porcine coronary arteries and to revealed mechanism of this effect. ADE has produced 100 % relaxation at 100 µg/ml dose in endothelium intact arteries pre-contracted by U46619. This effect was abolished by mechanical removal of endothelium. Different inhibitors were used to investigate the mechanism of vasorelaxation. L-nitro-arginin (L-NA) an inhibitor of endothelial NO synthase; MnTMPyP, an inhibitor of intracellular production reactive oxygen species and Wortmannin, an inhibitor of redox-sensitive pathway PI3 kinase/Akt Src has significantly reduced vasorelaxant effect of ADE whereas indomethacin (INDO), cyclooxygenase inhibitor; the apamin (APA) an inhibitor of small conductance potassium channels calcium-dependent (SKCa) and TRAM an inhibitor of intermediary conductance potassium channels calcium-dependent (IKCa) have no effect on vasorelaxation produced by ADE. Bradykinin was used to verify the presence of a functional endothelium. The results have shown that the ADE induces a redox-sensitive endothelium-dependent relaxation mediated by NO whereas prostacyclins and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF) have not appeared to play a role in the vascular effects. Hence, Adansonia digitata induces vasodilation which explain its antihypertensive effect and its use in traditional African medicine.

The aqueous extract of Vernonia colorata (Willd.) Drake (Composeae) leaves is used by African traditional medicine practitioners as a remedy for the treatment of diabetes. Our previous studies have shown the hypoglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract of Vernonia colorata leaves (300 mg/kg, per os) in normoglycaemic rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic activity of acetonic and hexanic extracts of the leaves of Vernonia colorata in order to further discriminate the type of extract which provides a better antidiabetic activity. Experiments were performed in normoglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The acetonic extract of the leaves of Vernonia colorata (AELVC) (100 mg/kg, per os) induced a significant decrease of blood glucose in normoglycaemic rats. The glycaemia varied from 4.72+/-0.11 to 3.72+/-0.22 mmol/l (p

L’incidence de la tuberculose multi-resistante est croissante dans le monde et surtout en Afrique au sud du Sahara. Elle constitue un defi majeur pour l’OMS et pose un probleme de prise en charge. Le Senegal a entrepris depuis 2010 une prise en charge de ses cas selon le regime de 24 mois recommande par l’OMS. Patients et methodes Il s’agit d’une revue documentaire des patients TB MR diagnostiques du 1er juin 2010 a la fin du 1er trimestre de 2014 et une analyse des donnees de la cohorte 2010 2011. Resultats La prise en charge est effective au niveau de 18 sites repartis dans 6 regions. Le regime therapeutique utilise est celui recommande par l’OMS : 6 AmZCsPASLfxEto/18 ZPASLfxEto et est realise en ambulatoire. De 2010 au 1 er trimestre 2014, 182 TBMR ont ete identifiees, 26 % sont decedes avant la mise sous traitement. Le nombre de TB MR pris en charge augmente regulierement passant de 10 en 2010, 27 en 2011, 27 en 2012, 48 en 2013 et 15 durant le premier trimestre 2014. Les resultats finaux ont ete obtenus pour 37 malades des cohortes 2010 et 2011 : 76 % sont gueris, 21 % de malades decedes et 3 % de malades perdus de vue. Parmi les 37 malades des cohortes 2010 et 2011 qui ont termine leur traitement, une toxicite majeure a ete observee chez 65 % malades : 19 % ont eu une hypothyroidie, 38 % des troubles psychiques dont 1 tentative de suicide, 3 % une insuffisance renale et 35 % une surdite. Conclusion Malgre le taux de guerison, la longueur du traitement et l’importance des effets secondaires majeurs du traitement TB MR constituent un frein a l’expansion nationale de la prise en charge. Pour cela, un protocole court et mieux tolere est necessaire.

According to the WHO estimations nearly 43 million children are overweight. This excess weight exposed to cardiovascular complications. However, regular physical activity improves leads the body weight lost with reduced cardiovascular risks in obese subjects. Our aim was to evaluate the physical fitness of overweight young students comparing their maximal oxygen consumption with those of normal weight colleagues. Forty students (n = 14 girls and 26 boys) , aged on average 10.5 ± 1.1 years, weighted 50.2 ± 17.2 kg and for a mean height of 149.7 ± 9. 0 cm were selected. They were divided into two groups according to body mass index (BMI).First group (G1) consisted by 13 girls and 7 boys with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 and other subjects (n = 13 girls and 7 boys) having a normal BMI (15-18 kg/m2) formed the group 2 (G2). Cooper and Ruffier tests were performed in our study population. Results showed that max V02 was significantly reduced in overweight students compared to others individuals (6.5 ± 2.1 ≠ 14. 5 ± 2. 2 ml / kg / min respectively). However, the IR was significantly more elongated in group G1 than to group G2. Excess weight could be a limiting factor of oxygen consumption and a good recovery; hence we recommended regular physical activities in overweight subjects for improve their physical fitness and reduce cardiovascular risks linked to obesity.

To describe disclosure of HIV serostatus by infected youth to parents and sexual partners and to examine the association of disclosure with subject characteristics.Baseline data on 317 HIV infected adolescents in national 15 site study were examined. Data sources included direct and computer-assisted interview, laboratory studies, and chart reviews. Examination of parental disclosure was restricted to subjects without parental permission requirements. Concordance in parental disclosure/support used McNemar's test. Associations between disclosure to parent(s) and subject characteristics were examined using logistic regression analysis. Repeated measure analysis was used for sexual partner disclosure.Subjects of both genders more often disclosed their HIV infection status to mothers than to their fathers (77% vs. 47%, p.001). With disclosure, perceived support from either parent was high. In multivariate analyses, factors associated with maternal disclosure were length of time since diagnosis (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.06-1.92), and Hispanic ethnicity (OR = .37; 95% CI: .15-.95). No factors were significantly associated with paternal disclosure in multivariate analysis, although length of time since diagnosis showed a trend (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.00-1.74). Factors associated with disclosure to sexual partners were partner's HIV+ status (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.11-3.93) and "main partner" status (OR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.84-5.46).Although subjects were more likely to reveal their status to their mothers, parental support was perceived as high after disclosure to either parent. Since "time since diagnosis" was associated with parental disclosure, support systems are necessary for youth until such a disclosure can occur.

Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States (U.S.) and Missouri. In 1992, 3,915 new breast cancer cases were diagnosed and in 1995, 1,006 deaths from breast cancer were reported in Missouri. Although breast cancer incidence has increased in Missouri in the past 20 years, there are indications that early detection has also increased during the same period. Knowledge about which segments of the population have experienced the greatest increase in mammography screening rates helps in planning and implementation of breast cancer control programs at the state level.Examine the prevalence and trends of lifetime mammography and 2-year mammography compliance in Missouri by age, race, and education from 1987 to 1995 and make predictions for the years 2000 and 2010.We used data from the Missouri Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 1987 to 1995, to estimate the prevalence of ever having had a mammogram and compliance with mammography screening guidelines within two years by race, age, and education status among Missouri women over age 18. Using linear models, we regressed breast cancer screening prevalence estimates on time to obtain trends and predictions.Overall, African-American women were more likely to have had a lifetime mammogram than white women. However, we found a steady increase in the prevalence of ever having had a mammogram for all groups of women defined by age and education status, except among African Americans. Increase in the prevalence of ever having had a mammogram was much higher in women age 50 and older and slightly higher among women with a high school education or less. The average prevalence of 2-year mammography screening compliance was about 60% for all groups, a rate which did not significantly change between 1987 and 1995. By the year 2000, white women will have mammography rates equal to or higher than African-American women, and the majority of all women age 50 and older (98.3% to 100%) will have had a lifetime mammogram.Missouri target populations are predicted to attain Year 2000 National Health Objectives concerning lifetime mammography. Current efforts should be continued in order to maintain levels of mammography, particularly among African-American women.

A. Prior publication in meeting program abstracts, such as those published by the Surgical Forum of the American College of Surgeons or Transplantation Proceedings. However, these must be referenced in the final manuscript. B. A manuscript that extends an original database (a good rule might be expansion by 50% or more), or which analyzes the original database in a different way in order to prove or disprove a different hypothesis. Previous manuscripts reporting the original database must, however, be referenced. C. Manuscripts that may have been published originally in non-English journals, provided that the prior publication is indicated clearly on the English language submission and referenced in the manuscript. In some circumstances, permission to publish may need to be obtained from the non-English journal.

Ce travail de type transversal realise dans la banlieue dakaroise du 27 Avril au 5 Juillet 2009 avait pour but d’etudier les pratiques et le vecu des meres seropositives qui ont opte pour l’alimentation de substitution ainsi que le devenir des enfants. Il a consiste en une enquete par entretien aupres de 48 meres et une etude des dossiers de 51 enfants. Meme si 72,9 % des meres grâce a un choix eclaire avaient opte pour l’alimentation de substitution, 33,4 % avaient emises des craintes dont la peur que l’enfant ne soit pas intelligent et qu’il ne grandisse pas bien. En raison des ruptures d’approvisionnement en lait, 77,3 % des meres avaient realise une diversification alimentaire precoce avant 6 mois, et 22,9 % etaient tentees de donner le sein a leur enfant. Les femmes avaient subi des critiques ce qui les obligeaient a justifier leur choix surtout par des problemes de sante (54 %) L’etude de la croissance revelait un retard ponderal eleve a l’âge de 1 mois estime a 69 %. Si le taux de transmission du VIH etait faible estime a 1,9 %, la mortalite n’etait pas negligeable evaluee a 7,8 %. Malgre un impact reel sur la transmission mere enfant du VIH l’alimentation par les substituts du lait a des inconvenients parmi lesquels le risque de stigmatisation des meres.

Une etude transversale, descriptive et analytique a ete menee du 08 au 15 aout 2008, avec comme objectifs d’etudier les conditions de vie ainsi que l’etat de sante des enfants des ecoles coraniques.Un choix raisonne des ecoles a ete realise dont 3 dans la banlieue dakaroise et 4 dans le district rural de khombole. L’enquete medicale a interesse 314 enfants qui ont beneficie d’un examen clinique, d’un hemogramme et d»une parasitologie des selles. Les conditions de vie difficiles des enfants etaient caracterisees par la promiscuite, le manque d’hygiene, une alimentation inadequate, la mendicite ainsi que les châtiments corporels. Au moment de l’examen clinique, les talibes avaient signale des plaintes dans 34,7 % des cas, dominees par les douleurs abdominales (34,3 %) et la toux. Les principales pathologies identifiees etaient les dermatoses (55,9 % et, l’anemie (30,6 %) La prevalence de la malnutrition etait elevee, estimee a 19,8 % pour la forme aigue (emaciation) et 18,5 % pour la forme chronique (retard de croissance). Plus de la moitie (66,9 %) des talibes etaient anemies et 48,9 % d’entre eux avaient une parasitose intestinale. Au terme de ce travail, il s’avere necessaire de faire un plaidoyer pour une meilleure prise en charge de ces enfants au plan social mais surtout sanitaire.