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Aim: To study the impact of Industrial Water Pollution on Human and Livestock health in Bhavani River basin of Tamil Nadu. Study Design: The Cost of illness method. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in the Sathyamangalam block of Erode district of Tamil Nadu from September 2020 to December 2022. Methodology: The Cost of illness method was applied to study the impact of Industrial Water Pollution on human and Livestock health. For this purpose, 180 sample households from Sathyamangalam block of Erode have been selected due to the high intensity of industrial units and significant number of cases related to water pollution were reported frequently in this area. Both primary data and secondary data were collected for the current study. Results and Conclusion: The industrial water pollution in Bhavani River basin of Tamil Nadu leads to decline in the health status of humans. The number of visits to doctors and expenditure on human health before and after pollution disclose substantial increases. The pollution causes sickness in livestock, decrease the reproductive capacity, milk productivity, loss in the quality of milk and finally lead to death of livestock in the study area. In order to overcome the seissues, it is suggested to develop alternative sources of water for drinking and other purposes .Hence, the study recommends strict regulation of industries to adopt pollution-mitigating technologies before discharging effluents into the river.

Aim: To study the impact of industrial water pollution on Agriculture and rural households in Bhavani River basin of Tamil Nadu. Study Design: Multistage random sampling. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in the Sathyamangalam block of Erode district of Tamil Nadu during September 2021 to December 2021. Methodology: Erode district of Tamil Nadu has been purposively selected due to high intensity of industrial units. In the second stage, Sathyamangalam block of Erode district, was selected based on the extent of external effects on land and water. In total, 360 respondents are selected as a sample, constituting ten persons in each affected and unaffected village. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the present study. Results and Conclusion: The industrial water pollution in Bhavani River basin of Tamil Nadu leads to changes in agricultural pattern, reduction in farm income, decline in agricultural activities and most of the rural households were shifted to non-farming activities in this study area. In order to overcome these issues, it is suggested to develop alternative sources of water for irrigation.

Mucormycosis is an insidious fungal infection caused by members of Mucorales and zygomycotic species. During the last few years, mucormycosis has become the third most common invasive fungal infection in patients with haematological malignancies and organ transplantations. The incidence of mucormycosis is particularly high in patients with immunocompromised health. It has been reported that CotH receptor proteins have a potential role in binding Rhizopus species with the host cells. Further, CotH1, CotH2, and CotH3 are the spore-coating protein of mucormycosis, which are mostly responsible for the invasion of host cells and causing diseases. The present study aimed to predict the structure of CotH1, CotH2, and CotH3 receptors in Rhizpous delemar using homology modelling on SWISS Server and validated the model based on GMQE and QMEAN scores followed by analysis of the predicted model on Ramachandran plot. Further, molecular docking studies of the predominant 46 phytochemicals found in the medicinal plants of Uttarakhand region, India were done against these three receptors. Autodock vina results have shown that the binding energy value of Curcumin was -8.5 Kcal/mol against CotH1, and the binding energy value of Allosecurinin was -7.6 Kcal/mol against CotH2 and binding energy value of Isoquercetin was -7.7 Kcal/mol against CotH3. Evaluation of the ADMET parameters has shown the high efficacy of these compounds. The present Insilico study suggests that Curcumin, Allosecurinine, and Isoquercetin are effective lead molecules against the receptors CotH1, CotH2, and CotH3 in the mucormycosis caused by fungal species R. delemar.

Sulphur and micronutrients play a vital in the growth and development of plants due to their catalytic effect on many metabolic processes. A field experiment was conducted to explore the changes in various biochemical constituents and antioxidants enzyme activities in response to coated multi-nutrient fertilization. The experiment consisted of five organic acids (citric acid, humic acid, fulvic acid, salicylic acid) and amino acid (glycine) coated multi-nutrient fertilizer sources applied at five different levels (0, 5, 10, 12.5 and 15 kg ha-1). Groundnut leaf samples were collected and analyzed for biochemical constituents such as proline, soluble protein and antioxidant enzymes viz., superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and carbonic anhydrase activities at harvest stages. The results revealed that, application of fulvic acid coated multi-nutrient fertilizer at 15 kg ha-1 registered lesser proline (5.93 µmoles g-1) and higher soluble protein (22.2 mg g-1) content, superoxide dismutase (8.93 EU mg-1), catalase (18.2 µg H2O2 min-1 g˗1), peroxidase (6.11 µg min-1 mg˗1) and carbonic anhydrase (14.8 EU mg-1) activities at harvest stage followed by 12.5 kg humic acid coated multi-nutrient fertilizer. The lesser response was noted with NPK control in influencing the biochemical constituents and antioxidant enzymes. It was concluded that fulvic coated multi-nutrient fertilizer at 15 kg ha-1 was the better source for improving the biochemical constituents and antioxidant enzymes of groundnut in calcareous soils.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are generally neither totally removed by sewage treatment nor completely destroyed in the environment. Metformin (MET) and triclosan (TRI) are two compounds in PPCPs that have the potential to be environmental pollutants. This research aimed to determine MET and TRI in sewage sludge using a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LCMS-8040) and a sewage sludge extraction method. The Milli-Q water and sewage sludge were also tested at three different MET and TRI concentrations (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mg L-1). As a result, the corresponding recoveries of MET and TRI in both matrixes ranged from 85.93 to 116.10 per cent and 90.50 to 116.30 per cent (n = 7, RSD < 10%). Then, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for MET and TRI were found to be 0.005 and 0.01 mg L-1. The amounts of MET and TRI in the sewage sludge samples from the Ukkadam sewage treatment plant (USTP), Coimbatore, ranged from BDL to 0.0587 mg L-1 and 0.0719 to 0.1851 mg L-1, respectively. Consequently, the amounts of MET and TRI in the sewage sludge samples from the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University sewage treatment plant (TSTP), Coimbatore, ranged from BDL to 0.0227 mg L-1 and 0.0393 to 0.1296 mg L-1, respectively. This exclusive use of the highly sensitive LCMS-8040 consumes less time than other analytical methods for measuring the amount of MET and TRI in sewage sludge by overcoming the risk of chemical degradation.

In this research article, the circuit thus designed here, can also be implemented in electrical substations, where in the reactors are used to control the flow of current, thereby regulating the inductance and resistance values. The optimum values of Inductance and Resistance found through this circuit, facilitates optimum flow of electricity, reduces the power loss due to inductance, also eases the burden on reactors in regulating power supply.

The aim of the study is identification of bivoltine breeds suitable for regional abiotic stress conditions to achieve successful bivoltine cocoon production. Study Design: In this regard the present study has been taken up with ten bivoltine accessions (4 oval and 6 dumbbell) linked to thermo tolerance of SSR markers and evaluated under different agroclimatic conditions namely, (a) high temperature and low humidity; (b) moderate temperature and high humidity and (c) moderate temperature and high humidity. Place and Duration of the Study: The study has been taken up for 2 years , where the trials were conducted for abiotic stress conditions at CSR & TI, Berhampore (West Bengal), RSRS, Jammu (J&K) and REC, Chitradurga (Karnataka). Methodology: The ten shortlisted bivoltine accessions (oval and dumbbell) showing thermo tolerance evaluated at hotspots were collected and reared at different locations for data collection and analysis of rearing parameters viz. larval wt.(g), ERR/No., (survival) ERR/wt (kg), pupation rate (%), single cocoon weight (g), single cocoon shell weight (g),shell ratio (%) along with control CSR2 (oval) and CSR4 (dumbbell). Results: Among the ten bivoltine accessions, the performance of BBI-0086 [KPG-A], BBI-0339[DD-2], BBE-0184[SMGS-2] and BBI-0338[DD-1], BBI-0336[APS-8] were found to be stable in all locations respectively. Conclusion: The present study elucidate the impact of temperature and humidity associated stress conditions over economic traits performances of selected bivoltine accessions. The findings of the present study provide a suitable platform for future bivoltine crop improvement through breeding program.

Climate change, environment pollution, rapid urbanization and industrialization have been recognized as major environmental threats of the present-day scenario. These environmental issues cause severe socio-economic implications across the globe. The living space and human settlements are increasing rapidly in urban areas of India. Simultaneously the existing green cover and tree population are declining in the name of developments. Trees are considered to be one of the important assets in cities, they provide myriad benefits. Considering the importance of trees the cities and their role in reducing the pollution besides adding fresh oxygen to the atmosphere, the present investigation focused with the aim of documenting various tree species in Coimbatore city and to assess their carbon capturing and oxygen release potential. There are about 58 tree species comprising of 27 families, that have been documented and classified into four age classes. Further these tree species were subjected to total biomass, carbon stock, CO2 (eq.), net carbon sequestration and net oxygen release assessment using standard non-destructive method. Among the 58 tree species studied, Albizia lebbeck (2.745 ton tree-1year-1), Tamarindus indica (2.156 ton tree-1year-1), Parkia biglandulosa (1.921 ton tree-1year-1), Delonix regia (1.027 ton tree-1year-1), Kigelia Africana (1.009 ton tree-1year-1), Peltophorum pterocarpum (1.006 ton tree-1year-1), Ficus religiosa (0.906 ton tree-1year-1), Leucaena leucocephala (0.804 ton tree-1year -1) of net oxygen were found to release, Pterospermum acerifolium (0.827 ton tree-1year-1) and Azadirachta indica (0.804 ton tree-1year-1) were found to release high oxygen with more carbon capturing capacity.

The production of rice and rice straw are directly proportional to each other and becomes a major problem in disposal of rice straw. Though there are many suitable methods in the reduction of rice straw few are bane to environment. Thus this study focuses only on the sustainable and ecofriendly manner of straw disposal. Insitu decomposition of rice stubbles using TNAU biomineralizer is the experimental study which was carried out in randomised block design with six Treatment and four replications. To determine the most effective methods of managing rice stubble, nutrient dynamics, and growth parameters of the rice crop, CO 53 variety of short duration was selected and laid down at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore from 2021 to 2022. The six treatments includes T1: Stubble (Natural degradation), T2: Stubble+ balancing C:N ratio with urea, T3: Stubble applied with TNAU biomineralizer @ 2kg /ton of residue, T4: Stubbles applied with TNAU biomineralizer @ 2kg/ton of residue +balancing C:N ratio with urea, T5: Stubbles incorporated in soil using rotavator and applied with TNAU biomineralizer @ 2kg/ton of residue, T6: Stubbles incorporated in soil using rotavator and applied with TNAU biomineralizer @ 2kg/ton of residue + balancing C:N ratio with urea. The study findings showed that incorporation of straw with addition of biomineralizer for decomposition of straw @ 2kg/ton of residue along with balancing C:N ratio urea recorded the highest rice crop growth at harvest stage (115.70cm) and nutrient dynamics (N, P K) of 20.9 %, 4.6 % and 19.2 % higher at tillering stage and micro nutrients Cu-22.0 %, Zn- 20.9 %, Fe- 2.8 %, Mn- 9.7 % in panicle initiation stage of rice crop.

Arsenic (As) pollution is a major environmental and agricultural issue across the world. Due to industrialization and over exploitation of ground water are the two most important factors for the occurrence of arsenic in the water. The irrigation of arsenic contaminated water poses threat not only to the plant system ultimately it affects all the living forms on the global. Early germination of seedlings is affected by the concurrent increase in As exposure in agricultural fields. The arsenic in very low levels also brings damage to the plant system phenotypically and metabolically. This study was carried out to evaluate the germination performance, initial growth characteristics and chlorophyll content of different crops viz., rice, maize, black gram, groundnut and tomato in response to the different level of As concentration (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 10, 20, 40 and 60 mgL-1) in the growing solution. Growth metrics in all crops were reduced as As content was increased. Among these crops rice was most tolerant to the level of 60 mgL-1 of As concentration compared to other crops. The current study's findings revealed that tomato was most susceptible to As concentrations, whereas rice was the most resistant to As stress.

Observations of aerosols and Black Carbon (BC) were carried out at Ooty, high altitude region in Western Ghats using Multi wavelength solar radiometer (MWR) and Aethalometer. For the years 2018 and 2021, the Optical Characteristics of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) model was used to estimate monthly, seasonal, and spectral variations of aerosol optical properties such as Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Single Scattering Albedo (SSA), and Asymmetry Parameter (ASY). The dominance of fine anthropogenic aerosols was shown by higher AOD during the pre-monsoon period. The maximum and minimum seasonal variation of AOD occurred during pre-monsoon (1.1 ± 0.02) and winter (0.21 ± 0.001) respectively. The significant spectral variation of AOD occurred during March to May as it decreases with the increase in wavelength .The SSA increases as the wavelength increases, ranged between 0.83 ± 0.02 and 0.77 ± 0.01.The variability of SSA is significant during January and February which is a characteristic of coarse type aerosols. Asymmetry Parameter with the monthly mean of 0.75 ± 0.01 indicated the forward scattering of aerosols and there is no significant difference in them over the years.

The study on the effect of soil amendments and fertilizers on the mitigation of CH4 and N2O emission from rice field was conducted in the Wetland farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University farm, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India during rabi season. The results showed that the use of Gypsum and Fly Ash along with recommended dose of fertilizer reduced the emission of methane whereas urea with neem treatment reduced the N2O emission from the conventional water logged rice field. Methane emission was found to peak during the panicle initiation stage while nitrous oxide emission was noted only during the maturity stage. The application of Fly Ash along with gypsum had cut down the methane emission to a greater extent at all the stages. Nitrous oxide emission was reduced with the application of slow release N fertilizer (neem treated urea).

The study assessed the impact of paper board industry effluent irrigation on soil quality under agroforestry system. The agroforestry system was maintained at the Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Paper Limited (TNPL) - Unit II located at Mondipatti Village, Manaparai Taluk, Trichy district, Tamil Nadu. The site is situated at the intersection of latitude 10º 41' N and longitude 78º 26" E. The soil analysis were carried out for various quality parameter as per standard procedure. The results reveals that application paper board industry effluent were significantly influenced the organic carbon, Available P, and K. Hydraulic conductivity of surface soils was ranged from 2.02 to 4.39 cm h-1 with the mean value of 3.27 cm h-1. Infiltration rate was ranged from 6.6 to 52.5 cm h-1 with the mean value of 23.0 cm h-1. Among the micronutrients status zinc was recorded below the critical level whereas cupper, iron and manganese were recorded above the critical level. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), Soil microbial population (Bacteria, Fungi and Actinomycetes) and enzyme activities (Urease and Phosphatase) were significantly higher when application with paper board industry effluents under agroforestry system. The activity of soil enzymes and MBC showed significant positive correlation with organic carbon, available water and pH. These findings reveal that paper board industry effluent act as an irrigation source and fertigation under agroforestry system.

Water has become a scarce commodity due to its over exploitation as well as its pollution due to different reasons. For many important agricultural areas groundwater is the ultimate source of fresh water as surface water sources have been depleted. The quality of groundwater is important because it determines the suitability of water for drinking, and domestic and irrigation purposes. A survey was undertaken during the year 2020 to assess the quality of groundwater for irrigation in Mondipatti region of Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil Nadu. A totally 18 samples were collected from bench mark wells of (W1-W18) in and around the paper board industry and GPS locations of sampling points were recorded. The water samples were analyzed for various chemical properties viz., pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+; CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- and SO42-. The pH, EC, SAR and RSC in groundwater ranged from 7.6-8.4, 0.68-5.12 (dS m-1), 0.69-12.9 and -8.1 to 5.3 (meq L-1), respectively. The concentration of cations viz., Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ varied from 1.7 to 10.8, 0.7 to 14.3, 0.009 to 0.931 and 2.8 to 39.2 meq L-1 with average of 5.4, 4.51, 0.190 and 9.24 meq L-1, respectively. The concentration of anions viz., carbonate, bicarbonates, chloride and sulphate varied from nil to 3.2, 3.2 to 9.6, 2.8 to 39.2 and 0.25 to 4.52 meq L-1 with average values of 0.64, 6.72, 11.88 and 1.31 meq L-1, respectively. The relative abundance of ions for most of the water samples were Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ for cations and Cl- > HCO3-> SO42- > CO3- for anions. According to CSSRI water quality classification, 44.5, 44.5, 5.5 and 5.5 per cent of good, marginally saline, High SAR saline and Alkaline, respectively. Spatial variability maps of pH, EC, SAR and RSC of groundwater used for irrigation in and surrounding areas of paper board industry were also generated. As a result, it's critical to analyse groundwater quality not only for current use, but also as a future water source. Assessment and mapping of quality of groundwater may help the farmers in choice of crops and other agronomic management practices for getting profitable yields without affecting the soil health.

The Black carbon is the aerosol particle that has been produced from the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels. The concentration of the Aerosol Black Carbon (ABC) was measured by using the Aethalometer (Magee Scientific Model AE-31) at high altitude region, Ooty. This study has measured the diurnal and seasonal variation of ABC concentration for the winter and transition month of March (winter to summer), 2021. They were also influenced by the local meteorological conditions. The average winter (January-February) and March month concentration were recorded as 0.89±0.26 μg m-3 and 1.46±0.62 μg m-3 respectively, and it shows significant variation at diurnally during the winter as well as in transition month. Aerosol Black carbon concentration attains the peak during evening hours (17:00 to 20:00 LT) in winter and follows the bimodal peaks in morning (09:00 LT) and late evening hour (21:00 LT) during March month. The ABC concentration was significantly related with the Aerosol optical depth which denotes that the ABC is one of the contributors to the atmospheric aerosols. The results showed that their nature tend to change with the local meteorological conditions and to the seasonal variation.

The phrase, “Rice is life” aptly describes the importance of rice in food as well in nutritional security, particularly in Asian countries. Soil nutrient management in case of rice cultivation mainly focus on the major nutrient application but rice plants require high quantity of silicate and micro nutrient but the cost is not affordable. Hence, Coal combustion fly ash has a high available Si content, alkaline pH as well as micronutrient was selected as a potential source in this study and the field experiment was conducted. Abundant supply of micronutrients like Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn along with P and K was recorded in the soil samples of plot treated with fly ash when compared with the plots with NPK alone. The availability of these nutrients has resulted in increased yield. Hence this would be scaled as an economically viable solution for hidden hunger in the areas in and around thermal power plants.

Quinoa is a pseudocereal having outstanding nutritional profile and health-promoting biofunctional compounds. It is able to pop into an affordable, crispy, and flavourful ready-to-eat snack by conventional oil-popping method. Oil-popping is the process of frying grains in hot oil for a short time to induce vapour-driven expansion of grains. The effects of process variables on oil-popping quality of quinoa were evaluated. The conditions of processing were optimised using Response Surface Methodology. The grains (10 g) were hydrated by adding 0.1–0.3 mL of water containing a varying salt concentration of 0–1%, w/w and popped in coconut oil maintained at a popping temperature of 200–240 °C for a popping time of 10–30 s. The developed popped quinoa was analysed for popping quality indices. It was found that the increase in popping temperature, popping time, and salt concentration, and decrease in moisture level significantly decreased bulk density but increased popping yield (% popped grains), expansion ratio (degree of volume expansion), and flake size (average kernel size) of popped quinoa. Overall acceptability of popped quinoa in terms of sensory attributes was positively correlated with popping temperature and popping time. The optimised variables generated a popping yield of 75.56%, expansion ratio of 3.07, flake size of 11.58 mm3, bulk density of 0.29 g mL−1, and overall acceptability score of 8.40. A threefold expansion and a fair popping yield obtained from oil-popped quinoa offer a significant potential to generate profit for manufacturers.

Aim: In arid and semi-arid areas recycling of water may have a greater impact on future usable water supply than any of the other technologies aimed for increasing water supply. Efforts have been taken on maximizing the benefit and minimizing the detrimental effects on people or the environment due to continuous usage of treated wastewater. Hence, the current experiment was aimed to study the effect of treated wastewater in combination with organic and inorganic nutrients on bajra napier hybrid grass on yield and quality parameters. Study Design: The field experiment was conducted using secondary treated wastewater, manure and inorganic nutrients in Bajra Napier hybrid grass variety CO(BN) 5 with a strip plot design and four replications. Place and duration of study: The experiment was conducted in Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, during 2018-19 (10.62ᵒ N latitude and 79.26ᵒ East longitude). Methodology: The five ratios of irrigation water were used in horizontal factor treatments and four different nutrient combination treatments were allotted in the vertical factor. The plot was divided into 27 m2 with 2 m space between the plots. The two budded setts of bajra napier hybrid grass variety CO (BN)-5 were planted at 60 x 50 cm spacing. The flood irrigation and nutrients (basal and top-dressing) were applied as per the treatments. Results: The use of treated wastewater for irrigation combined with manure and inorganic nutrients significantly increased the total green and dry fodder yields. Irrigation treatment with treated wastewater alone + 100% inorganic nutrients (I5N1) recorded significantly higher total green and dry fodder yields of 431.0 and 76.7 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively, than all other treatment combinations. Irrigated with groundwater alone (control) without nutrients (I1N4) recorded the lowest total green and dry fodder yields (222.5 and 47.6 t ha−1 yr-1, respectively). The average crude protein content of all total cuttings was significantly higher (13.53%) in I5N1 than all other treatments. On the other hand, the average crude fibre content (28.03%) was significantly lower in the treatment I5N1 as compared to irrigated with groundwater without nutrients (31.18%). Conclusion: The perennial fodder crop Bajra Napier hybrid grass variety CO (BN) 5 cultivated under-treated wastewater combined with manure and inorganic nutrients increased the total green and dry fodder yields with beneficial proximates. The use of treated wastewater for fodder cultivation helps conserve groundwater and effectively utilize available nutrients in treated wastewater.

Aim: The current study focuses on the threats to the environment and human health that relate to using treated wastewater produced from the municipal sewage treatment plant of Orathanadu for irrigation purposes. Study Design: For this purpose, samples were taken monthly from the outflow wastewater and grouped into seasons. Place and Duration of study: Municipal sewage treatment plant located at Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu, during 2019. Methodology: The treated wastewater quality parameters such as pH, EC, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, five days biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and sodium adsorption ratio were measured monthly and grouped season-wise. Results: In treated wastewater, the minimal mean electrical conductivity values, total dissolved solids, five days biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and sodium adsorption ratio were 0.81 dS m-1, 515.20 mg L-1, 25.50 mg L-1, 14.85 mg L-1, and 1.59, respectively. The suitability for irrigation based on the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) was calculated with standard equations and found experimentally as 1.59, 1.62, 1.59 and 1.56 during winter, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. To assess water suitability for irrigation, irrigation water classes are utilized for salinity hazard (EC) and sodium hazard (SAR), and samples were C3-S1 class in all four seasons. Furthermore, the data indicated a slight to moderate restriction on using this treated wastewater in irrigation due to chloride hazards. Conclusion: The results showed that treated wastewater meets national and international irrigation criteria and that treated wastewater can be used without restriction in light and medium-textured soils and in clay soils with leaching and drainage.

The residual effect of vermicomposts applied on preceding rice crop to the succeeding greengram under the rice- pulses cropping system was studied. The experiment was conducted at the wetland farms, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore by following the randomized complete block design (RBD) with 11 treatments and replicated thrice. After harvest of rice, greengram was raised as residual crop. The treatments followed were vermicomposts prepared from Eudrilus eugeniae + paddy straw (T1), Eudrilus eugeniae + coconut wastes (T2), Eudrilus eugeniae + Vegetable wastes(T3), Eudrilus eugeniae + farm wastes(T4), Eudrilus eugeniae + farm yard manure (FYM) (T5), Eisenia foetida + pady straw(T6), Eisenia foetida + coconut wastes(T7), Eisenia foetida + vegetable wastes(T8), Eisenia foetida + farm wastes(T9), Eisenia foetida + farm yard manure (FYM) (T10) and absolute control (T11). The result indicated that there was a residual effect of vermicompost in the greengram crop after rice. The residual effect in the treatment T2 (Eudrilus eugeniae + coconut wastes) found superior on growth parameters of greengram viz., plant height, drymatter production (DMP) and number of pods plant-1 and on seed and haulm yields than all other treatments. The treatment T2 (Eudrilus eugeniae + coconut wastes) was comparable to the treatment T7 (Eisenia foetida + coconut wastes). The lower growth and yield were found in the treatment Absolute control (T11). Among the treatments, the coconut wastes with the earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia foetida performed well with better growth and yield of the greengram crop than the other wastes.

Four groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes- Narayani, Dharani, K-6 and K-9 were assessed for growth and yield responses at elevated temperature of 3.0 ± 0.5°C above ambient canopy temperature (eT) and its interaction with elevated CO of 550 ± 50ppm (eT+eCO ) under Free Air 2 2 Temperature Elevation (FATE) facility. The study revealed that eT significantly decreased photosynthetic rate (A ) of all groundnut genotypes whereas eT+eCO condition ameliorated the ill effects of eT. The net 2 impact of eT on A was higher than transpiration rate (Tr) and this reflected in decreased WUE with all net genotypes. WUE improved significantly at eT+eCO with increased A and decreased Tr. Increase in 2 net canopy temperature (eT) resulted decreased relative water content (RWC), cell membrane stability and increased osmotic potential, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and accumulation of proline. Elevated CO 2 along with eT (eT+eCO ) facilitated these parameters to recover to that of ambient controls, revealing the 2 ameliorative effect of eCO . Similar responses were recorded for biomass and yield parameters. Among 2 the selected groundnut genotypes, superior performance for seed yield at high temperature of >40°C by K-9 was due to ability to maintain better reproductive capacity and Dharani was responsive to elevated CO even at high temperature, indicating the genotypic variability.

Hydrothermal Carbonization an emerging technology for the conversion of biomass into carbon rich materials called as hydrochar. In this study, the paper board mill ETP sludge has been used for the production of hydrochar. The characterization of point of zero charge, Heavy metals, proximate and ultimate constituents, structural morphology (SEM), and molecular surface functionalities (FTIR) were also analysed. The results of Hydrochar showed slightly acidic pH (6.40), EC (1.33), and the pHPZC (point of zero charge) of 7.8 and the heavy metals content were found to be below detectable limit. FTIR analysis revealed that, the produced hydrochar have oxygen containing functional groups (-OH, C-O-C, -C=O). SEM analysis has the morphological features such as spongy, fuzzy and fluffy porous network on surfaces. These results of hydrochar can be act as an active adsorbent with further activation.

Composites of metal oxide with carbonaceous materials have attracted researchers due to their high energy density and high power density. A series of tin (Sn) incorporated nickel oxide/carbon nanotube (NiO/CNT) composites are prepared by simple microwave irradiation. The chemical composition of prepared composites is analysed using various analytical techniques such as powder x-ray diffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface morphological studies of the composites revealed that the prepared composite has a uniform mixture of NiO nanoflakes with carbon nanotubes. Electrochemical studies of the composite electrodes in a three-electrode system demonstrate that 3% Sn-doped NiO/CNT composite has a higher specific capacitance of 238.2 F/g @ 5 mV/s scan rate than the specific capacitance of 231.8, 214.4 and 160.2 F/g @ 5 mV/s attained for 5%, 1% Sn-doped NiO/CNT and pristine NiO/CNT, respectively, in 2M potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte. A high specific capacitance of 239.0 F/g @ 1 A/g current density is achieved for 3% Sn-doped NiO/CNT in galvanic discharge studies indicates that the prepared Sn-doped NiO/CNT is a suitable candidate for electrochemical supercapacitors.

The dynamics of methane emission and its associated soil microflora in rice ecosystem as a response to elevated CO2 concentrations were studied in open top chamber (OTC) conditions. The treatments consisted of three levels of CO2 (396, 550 and 750 µmol mol-1) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and replicated five times in a completely randomized design. The data showed that elevated [CO2] significantly (P ? 0.01) increased the DOC throughout the cropping period with the values ranging from 533 to 722 mg L-1 and 368 to 501 mg L-1 in C750 and Camb, respectively. Methane emission rates were monitored regularly during the experiment period and it was revealed that elevated [CO2] had increased the methane emissions regardless of stages of crop growth. It was observed that methane emissions were significantly higher under [CO2] of 750 µmol mol-1 by 33 to 54 per cent over the ambient [CO2] of 396 µmol mol-1. Consistent with the observed increases in methane flux, the enumeration of methanogens showed a significant (P ? 0.01) increase under elevated [CO2] with the population ranging from 5.7 to 20.1 x 104 CFU g-1 of dry soil and 5.1 to 16.9 x 104 CFU g-1 of dry soil under C750 and Camb concentrations, respectively. Interestingly, even though higher methanotrophs population was recorded under elevated [CO2], it could not circumvent the methane emission. Overall, the results of OTC studies suggest that methane mitigation strategies need to be explored for the future high CO2 environments.

Aim: To study the influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the carbon and nitrogen assimilation patterns in rice plants. Methodology: Rice (Oryza sativa) plants were placed in Open Top Chambers (OTCs) and exposed to elevated levels of CO2. The treatments consisted of three levels of CO2 (398, 550 and 750 µmol mol-1) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and replicated five times in completely randomized design. Results: Leaf nitrogen was significantly reduced by 10.6 % and 6.5 % during later stages in rice plants exposed to CO2 @ 750 µmol mol-1 and 550 µmol mol-1, respectively over the ambient CO2. Rice plants under elevated CO2 did not exhibit any variations in Nitrate Reductase activity in leaves in comparison to ambient CO2 at tillering stage. Interestingly, NRase activity in leaves decreased at flowering stage whereas NRase activity in roots increased at same stage. The highest mean nitrogen values (0.58, 0.89 and 1.35 %) were observed in Camb (ambient CO2 concentration) and the lowest values (0.51, 0.80 and 1.27 %) in C750 in roots, straw and grains, respectively. Elevated CO2 @ 750 µmol mol-1 significantly increased the above ground biomass (straw and grain) by 15.6 and 40.1 %, respectively, over the ambient CO2 of 398 µmol mol-1. Interpretation: Elevated CO2 enhanced the grain productivity but affected the quality of rice grains. Thus, excessive nitrogen fertilization above the current recommendation is necessary for future high CO2 environments.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of supplementation of seaweed-based formulation (SWBF) on performance of lactating Murrah buffaloes. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes were divided into 3 groups (T0, T1 and T2) based on their body weight, parity, days in milk and milk yield following randomized block design. Two SWBF were tested; SWBF-I was combination of two tropical red seaweed species namely Kappaphycus alvarezii) and Gracilaria salicornia, whereas SWBF-II was combination of the two red seaweeds and one brown seaweed species Turbinaria conoides. All the animals were fed to meet their requirements (ICAR 2013). Animals in control (T0) group were fed concentrate mixture, Hybrid Napier fodder and wheat straw without any supplemental seaweed. However, SWBF-I and SWBF-II were supplemented at 2.5% of the concentrate feed of groups T1 and T2, respectively. Intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients, plasma concentrations of selected metabolites, enzymes and hormones were similar among the groups. A tendency of decreased (P=0.060) plasma concentration of cortisol was observed in treatment groups. Total antioxidant capacity was improved (P=0.001) due to SWBF supplementation; the best response was observed in group T2, followed by T1. Concentration of lipid peroxides decreased (P

Suprarenal or adrenal gland haemorrhage is an uncommon but potentially lethal condition if unrecognised. Adrenal masses rarely present with haemorrhage, but they remain an important differential aetiology for adrenal bleeding. We present a novel case of primary adrenal lymphoma with adrenal haemorrhage in a middle-aged woman who presented with right-sided abdominal pain and class 1 haemorrhagic shock. She was found to have spontaneous unilateral adrenal gland haemorrhage in the absence of any underlying previous pathology. Presenting features, diagnosis and subsequent oncological management are reported.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) becomes a hot research topic owing to its application in different fields. Minimizing the energy dissipation, maximizing the network lifetime, and security are considered as the major quality of service (QoS) factors in the design of WSN. Clustering is a commonly employed energy-efficient technique; however, it results in a hot spot issue. This paper develops a novel secure unequal clustering protocol with intrusion detection technique to achieve QoS parameters like energy, lifetime, and security. Initially, the proposed model uses adaptive neuro fuzzy based clustering technique to select the tentative cluster heads (TCHs) using three input parameters such as residual energy, distance to base station (BS), and distance to neighbors. Then, the TCHs compete for final CHs and the optimal CHs are selected using the deer hunting optimization (DHO) algorithm. The DHO based clustering technique derives a fitness function using residual energy, distance to BS, node degree, node centrality, and link quality. To further improve the performance of the proposed method, the cluster maintenance phase is utilized for load balancing. Finally, to achieve security in cluster based WSN, an effective intrusion detection system using a deep belief network is executed on the CHs to identify the presence of intruders in the network. An extensive set of experiments were performed to ensure the superior performance of the proposed method interms of energy efficiency, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, average delay, and intrusion detection rate.

The coconut-based agricultural wastes have gained wide attention as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of diverse pollutants from the industrial effluents. This paper presents the zinc chloride activation of adsorbent carbon and the utilization as an adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution. The characterisation of activated carbon was performed to get an insight into the adsorption mechanism. The ZnCl2 activated carbon acquired a higher specific surface area (544.66 m2 g−1) and stability (−32.6 mV). The impact of process parameters including contact time (20–220 min) and initial dye concentration (20–80 mg L−1) were evaluated on the effectiveness of activated carbon for dye removal. The results concluded that zinc chloride activated carbon showed a significant dye adsorption (39.683 mg g−1) at an initial concentration of 20 mg L−1 after 3 hours. Based on the correlation coefficient (R2), the Freundlich isotherm model (0.978–0.998) was best fitted for the experimental data followed by the intraparticle diffusion model (0.88–0.929) as the most appropriate model for malachite green dye removal. Additionally, the energy and thermogravimetric analysis portrayed the suitability of the carbon material to be used as an energy alternative to coal.

The biological treatment of lignocellulosic biomass through enzymatic hydrolysis serves as an ecofriendly and cost efficient method. As these biomass is the most abundant renewable resource which lacks proper utilization and disposal. This study was conducted to isolate and screen the presence of cellulosic enzymes from the microbes of natural ecosystem under laboratory condition. The microbes were isolated from elephant dung, forest soil, termites (gut) collected from Anaikatty forest range of Coimbatore district. Microbes were screened qualitatively and quantitatively for the presence of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase enzymes. Among the total microbes recovered, one bacteria (BT4), one action bacteria (AS3)and two fungal isolates(FE5,FE6)showed maximum cellulolytic efficiency during qualitative screening, those were further subjected for quantitative estimation of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase activity.

This paper elucidates the half-band FIR filter, which plays an important role when applying decimation by a factor of two. When the down-conversion is applied in sampling rate, this digital filter is frequently employed in conjunction with down-samplers. Despite the fact that numerous approaches have been proposed for designing half-band FIR filters, this paper proposes an utterly unique method for designing and implementing multiplierless half-band FIR filters, which minimizes the coefficient sensitivity and also reduces hardware complexity of the conventional half-band FIR filter. The proposed desensitized and further desensitized multiplierless half-band FIR filters are analyzed with four high-speed parallel prefix adders in Xilinx Vivado development tool and built on Kintex 7 FPGA for exploring power consumption, number of LUTs and delay. The proposed half-band structure is compared with the classical half-band architecture with respect to power consumption, path delay and number of LUTs. Based on the attained results on Kintex 7 FPGA, the proposed low-sensitivity filter structure outperforms with a 41.09% reduction in the number of LUTs, a 11.91% reduction in delay and a 38.35% reduction in power consumption in contrast to the existing desensitized half-band filter. Subsequently, the proposed further desensitized filter provides a 4.87% reduction in stopband ripple than the desensitized structure and an 8.84% reduction than the existing half-band decimation filter.

Drought is one of most important abiotic stresses affecting maize yield. The present study was aimed to map genomic regions associated with the morpho-physiological and yield related traits in maize under well-watered and water-deficit stress conditions using recombinant inbred population (RILs) derived from the cross HKI161 × SNJ201126 by genome-wide SNP discovery using genotyping-by-sequencing approach. Phenotyping of RILs showed normal frequency distribution for most of the traits indicating their polygenic nature. The SNP linkage map was generated using 1241 SNP markers which were distributed over 10 linkage groups and covered a total genetic distance of 5471.55cM. A total of 40 QTLs were identified for the various morpho-physiological and yield related traits under well-watered (26) and water-deficit stress conditions (14). Of these 14 were major QTLs, 26 were minor QTLs and two QTLs (qCW2-1, qCH1-1) were detected under both conditions. Three QTL hotspots regions were identified, one for net CO2 assimilation rate (AN) and transpiration rate (TR) (qAN3-1, qTR3-1 and qAN3-2) on chromosome (chr) 3, cob height (CH) and plant height (PH) (qCH8-1 and qPH8-1) on chr 8 and cob weight (CW), total biomass (TB) and grain yield (GY) (qCW2-1, qTB2-1, qTB2-2 and qGY2-1) on chr 2 capturing phenotypic variability ranging between 10.10–22.33%. The QTL hotspot region for AN & TR encoded for genes involved in signal transduction pathway under water-deficit stress tolerance, maintenance of plant membrane and cell wall integrity and cross membrane transport. While QTL hotspot for PH and CH encoded genes involved in carbon utilization in plant growth and development, directed movement of proteins in the cell and transmembrane transporter activity. The QTL hotspot for yield encoded genes involved in signal transduction and plant development. These regions can be further fine mapped and used for marker assisted breeding in maize.

Environmental pollution is the major problems associated with rapid industrialization, urbanization and rise in living standards for people. Gelatin industry solid waste contains plant nutrients and organic matter, which could enhance the availability of nutrients, enrich the soil organic matter and ultimately increase the crop growth. Hence, the study was conducted to convert gelatin industry solid waste with nutrient-rich materials such as cow dung, poultry waste and coir pith with microbial cultures for the production of nutrient-rich value-added manure. Composting of GISW along with coir pith, cow dung and poultry waste recorded the desirable C/N ratio of 12.4:1 and highest nutrient contents (1.85, 3.85 and 1.24% of N, P and K, respectively). Also, the composted gelatin industry solid waste (CGISW) was subjected to various maturity tests and phytotoxicity assay. The indiscriminate disposal and accumulation of solid wastes generated by gelatin manufacturing industries are the cause for concern. Hence an attempt has been made to convert these gelatin industry solid wastes (GISW) into bio-manure by blending with other organic wastes such as poultry waste, coir pith and cow dung with suitable microorganisms.

The present study investigates the characterization of different coconut based low cost adsorbents like coconut shell biochar, zinc chloride impregnated coconut shell activated carbon, coir fibre and coir geotextile and their suitability characteristics as a filter bed in different wastewater treatment process. The characterization study helps to investigate their physical, chemical and morphological properties like proximate and ultimate analysis, iodine number, decolorizing power, SEM, Surface area using BET, Particle size and Zeta potential. The experiment results showed that among the different adsorbents activated carbon has high fixed carbon content (82.99 percent), more surface area (590.8 m2 g-1), low ash content (1.31 percent) with a decolorizing power of 240-300 mg g-1. The coir fibre and coir geotextile having neutral pH with negative surface charge easily adsorbs the positive cations from aqueous solutions at highest apparent density. The experimental findings suggest that the activated adsorbent which shows better results as an effective filter media for adsorption of organic compounds and pollutants from wastewater.