Search

Introduction. Congenital anomalies of the bladder are relatively rare, characterized by a wide variety of possible variants and a frequent combination with other malformations. These anomalies lead to serious consequences and necessitate early adequate medical and diagnostic assistance to such patients. With this in mind, this lecture was devoted to a review of current approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of potential complications associated with bladder abnormalities. The main part. The following malformations of the bladder were considered as the main options: anomalies of the urachus; agenesis of the bladder; hypoplasia of the bladder; megacystis; bladder duplication; diverticulum of the bladder; bladder exstrophy; bladder neck contracture. At the same time all the variants of bladder anomalies under consideration were illustrated by the data of radiation diagnostic methods or images of the appearance of such observations. Conclusions. The presented material can be recommended for use in the practice of medical specialists of various profiles, in the educational process of medical universities in the preparation of students of various specialties, highly qualified personnel in residency programs and scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school, in postgraduate training of doctors in advanced training programs and professional retraining in the specialty "Urology", as well as in research institutions during scientific research.

Introduction. Congenital anomalies of the penis are among the most common birth defects in humans. However, in the special literature, the issues of malformations of the penis are insufficiently covered. Many of these anomalies, especially rare ones, are not fully understood. Materials and methods. The degree and complexity of these anomalies require a very careful and correct approach to timely treatment and reduction of negative medical, psychological and social consequences. Taking these circumstances into account, key data on the most common congenital anomalies of the penis were summarized in the form of a lecture material based on modern scientific advances. Results. The following malformations of the penis are considered as the main types: agenesis of the penis; doubling of the penis; micropenis; hidden penis; megalopenis; rotation of the penis; chordee of the penis; penile cysts; penoscrotal transposition; hemangioma of the penis; lymphedema of the penis; anomalies of the foreskin. Moreover, all types of anomalies are presented with illustrations of real clinical examples. Conclusions. The information from this work can be successfully used not only in the daily work of practicing doctors of various profiles, but also in scientific and pedagogical activities in various areas: when teaching students of medical universities, postgraduate training of doctors in residency, postgraduate studies and in the courses of advanced training and professional retraining, as well as during scientific research.

This review analyses of the results of using buccal mucosa graft for the management of ureteral strictures. The authors identified sixteen original studies presenting the results of ureteral reconstruction using buccal grafts. Of them, twelve, three and one studies used the open, robotic and laparoscopic technique, respectively. Open surgery was performed 44 times in 42 patients (2 patients underwent bilateral ureteroplasty) with an average ureteral stricture length of 6.0 (2.5-11) cm. Ureteral patency was restored in 93.2% (41/44) of patients with an average follow-up of 26 (3-85) months. The robotic technique was used in 18 patients with an average ureteral stricture length of 3.25 (1.5-6) cm. Positive results after similar operations were achieved in 88.9% (16/18) of patients with an average follow-up of 15 (4-30) months. The laparoscopic technique was used only once for a ureteral stricture measuring 3 cm in length and was characterized as successful at a follow-up of 9 months. All surgical modalities were associated with minimal risk of early and late postoperative complications. The review results suggest that buccal substitution ureteroplasty can be regarded as an advantageous alternative to more complicated surgical procedures associated with greater complication rates (ileal ureteral substitution and kidney autotransplantation) used for long ureteral strictures.