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Additional file 1. Supplementary studies on the mechanisms of ALKBH5 on BTB integrity and list of antibodies used in this study.

Additional file 16. Supplementary materials and methods.

Aging drives the accumulation of senescent cells (SnCs) by secreting factors that cause the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), including stem cells in the bone marrow, which contribute to aging-related bone degradation. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a serious chronic injury disease, and increasing age is a major risk factor. The accumulation of SnCs may accelerate the development of OA, and the accumulation of SnCs may benefit from its resistance to apoptotic stimuli. Therefore, local elimination of SnCs could be a promising treatment for OA. Apoptosis inhibitor protein (IAP) is an important antiapoptotic protein in vivo. AT-406 is a small molecule inhibitor of the IAP genes and also regulates the transcription of several genes. Here, we show that SnCs upregulate the antiapoptotic proteins c-IAP1, c-IAP2 and XIAP.The combined inhibition of c-IAP1, c-IAP2 and XIAP using siRNA or AT-406 specifically induce the apoptosis of SnCs.In addition, XIAP and STX17 bind to each other to regulate the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes in SnCs, which in turn, affects the fate of SnCs. It is worth noting that the clearance of SnCs attenuated the secretion of SASP and created a proregenerative environment. Most importantly, local clearance of SnCs significantly attenuated the progression of osteoarthritis in rats without significant toxic effects. Thus, local elimination of SnCs may be a potential treatment for OA. This is the first report of inhibition of IAPs for clearing SnCs and suggests that eradication of SnCs may be a new strategy for the treatment of age-related diseases.

Rosaceae fruit trees are characterized by gametophytic self-incompatibility, with their production typically requiring artificial pollination or pollination tree is required in production. Both of these solutions cause reductions in production efficiency, and self-incompatibility has become a major issue in agricultural biology, and as such, has been extensively studied. In this review, we discuss the relationship between S-RNase content in the style and self-incompatibility, and the role of the SLF gene in stamen-determining factor. Considering mutations in self-compatibility-related genes and self-compatibility in polyploid fruit trees, we discuss the potential mechanisms of self-incompatibility. Based on a preliminary study of the role of pollen tube Ca2+ gradients in self-incompatibility in Pyrus, we propose a new mechanistic model of self-incompatibility taking into account the effect of Ca2+. We also discuss the potential for hormone regulation to be used to control self-incompatibility in Rosaceae fruit trees.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage legume in farming and animal husbandry systems. In this study, MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was applied to assess the relationship between bacterial and fungal community structures and alfalfa growth characteristics and soil physical and chemical properties induced by different cultivars alfalfa (Victoria, Kangsai, Aohan) in the grey desert soil. The results showed that the diversity of bacterial and fungal in Victoria was higher, and the bacterial diversity was significantly lower for alfalfa with Aohan than for the others, and the fungal diversity was lower for alfalfa with Kangsai than for the others. Heatmap showed that total nitrogen, fresh weight, pH and organic have significantly affect fungal community structure, whereas pH and organic carbon also significant effects on bacterial community structure. LefSe analysis showed that the growth adaptability of introduced alfalfa is mainly related to fungal and bacterial species, and the beneficial microorganisms with significant differences and relative high abundance are significantly enriched in Victoria. Pathogens with high relative abundance are mainly concentrated in Aohan alfalfa soil. Based on our findings, Victoria is the high-yield alfalfa suitable for planting in gray desert soil, while planting Kangsai and Aohan alfalfa needs probiotic for adjuvant.