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Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) comprises a histologic pattern of glomerular injury with different underlying diseases. Here we report on a 47-year-old female with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) on top of a previously diagnosed idiopathic MPGN after receiving the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine. After aggressive immunosuppression her serum creatinine returned to normal values, along with reduction of proteinuria. Recently, numerous publications have reported an association of glomerular diseases with COVID-19 vaccination. Our case presents to the best of our knowledge the first occurrence of possible association of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination with a crescentic form of MPGN.

Background: Factor H-related-5 (FHR-5) is a member of the complement Factor H protein family. Due to the homology to Factor H, the main complement regulator of the alternative pathway, it may also be implicated in pathomechanism of kidney diseases where Factor H and alternative pathway dysregulation play a role. Here, we report the first observational study on CFHR5 variations along with serum FHR-5 levels in immune-complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (IC-MPGN) and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) patients together with the clinical, genetic, complement and follow-up data.Results: 120 patients with a histologically-proven diagnosis of IC-MPGN/C3G were enrolled in the study. FHR-5 serum levels were measured in ELISA, the CFHR5 gene was analyzed by Sanger-sequencing, and selected mutants were studied as recombinant proteins in ELISA and SPR.Eight relevant CFHR5 variations in 14 patients (11.7%) were observed, 5 of them identified as pathogenic for C3G. The FHR-5G278S and FHR-5R356H mutations altered the interaction of FHR-5 with C3b, when compared to the FHR-5WT. Serum FHR-5 levels were lower in patients compared to controls. Low serum FHR-5 concentration at presentation associated with better renal survival during the follow-up period, furthermore, it showed clear association with signs of hypocomplementemia and clinically meaningful clusters.Conclusions: Our observations support the hypothesis that FHR-5 protein and its genetic alterations play a role in the pathogenesis of IC-MPGN/C3G.

Atypical HUS (aHUS) is a disorder most commonly caused by inherited defects of the alternative pathway of complement, or the proteins that regulate this pathway, and life-threatening episodes of aHUS can be provoked by pregnancy. We retrospectively and prospectively investigated 27 maternal and fetal pregnancy outcomes in 14 women with aHUS from the Vienna Thrombotic Microangiopathy Cohort. Seven pregnancies (26%) were complicated by pregnancy-associated aHUS (p-aHUS), of which three appeared to be provoked by infection, bleeding, and curettage, and three individuals were considered to have preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome before the definitive diagnosis of p-aHUS was made. Mutations in genes that encode the complement alternative pathway proteins or the molecules that regulate this pathway were detected in 71% of the women, with no relationship to pregnancy outcome. Twenty-one pregnancies (78%) resulted in a live birth, two preterm infants were stillborn, and four pregnancies resulted in early spontaneous abortions. Although short-term renal outcome was good in most women, long-term renal outcome was poor; among the 14 women, four had CKD stage 1-4, five had received a renal allograft, and three were dialysis-dependent at study end. We prospectively followed nine pregnancies of four women and treated six of these pregnancies with prophylactic plasma infusions (one pregnancy resulted in p-aHUS, one intrauterine fetal death occurred, and seven pregancies were uneventful). Our study emphasizes the frequency of successful pregnancies in women with aHUS. Close monitoring of such pregnancies for episodes of thrombotic microangiopathy is essential but, the best strategy to prevent these episodes remains unclear.

This study set out to clarify if isolated hyperglycaemia may directly induce acute endothelial and/or platelet activation as diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases with thromboembolic complications. 12 healthy volunteers were investigated in a prospective randomised, double blind, three-way cross-over trial with a wash-out period of 21 days. Normoglycemic (4.72 mmol/L), moderate (11.1 mmol/L) or high grade (16.7 mmol/L) glucose clamps were maintained for 6 hours by infusion of glucose, insulin and somatostatin. Volunteers were observed for 24 hours. An increase in soluble (s)P-selectin and von Willebrand Factor (VWF) concentrations, of 26+/-15% and 21+/-7%, respectively was observed 24 hours after euglycaemic treatment, of 20+/-7% and 19+/-5%, respectively after moderate hyperglycaemia and of 22+/-13% and 18+/-7%, respectively after high grade hyperglycaemia at 24 hours (p

GH secretion declines by 14%/decade of adult life, leading to the suggestion that people over the age of 60 years are functionally GH deficient. Recently, rivastigmine, a novel cerebral selective cholinesterase-inhibitor (ChEI), was shown to be a powerful drug to enhance GH release to repeated GHRH stimulation in healthy elderly human subjects. The present study was designed as a randomised controlled trial to evaluate long term effects of donepezil, a cerebral selective ChEI, on basal GH and IGF-1 levels and on GH response to GHRH (1 microg/kg i.v., GHRH test) before and after an 8-week donepezil treatment period. Donepezil was given orally 5 mg per day for 4 weeks and 10 mg per day for another 4 weeks. Twenty four healthy male volunteers (n=2 x 12, placebo group vs. donepezil group, age: 61-70 years) were studied. Donepezil treatment group: basal GH levels taken at 08:30 a.m. doubled from 0.4+/-0.3 to 0.8+/-0.4 ng/ml (p=0.008). GHRH-test: GH-AUC was 318+/-227 ng/ml/h and increased by 53% to 485+/-242 ng/ml/h (p=0.009). Total serum IGF-1 levels, taken simultaneously with the basal GH levels, showed a considerable increase, too: the baseline IGF-1 levels increased by 31% from 84+/-19 to 110+/-21 ng/ml (p=0.007). This study demonstrated that the age-related down-regulation of the GH/IGF-1 axis is reversed considerably by donepezil in the elderly male. Future investigation will reveal whether such a new therapeutic intervention can delay the onset or even reverse some manifestations of the somatopause in the long term and evaluate its benefit/risk ratio concerning new treatment implications.

Summary. Platelet polymorphisms (Kozak, VNTR and HPA-2) within glycoprotein (GP)Ibα may be associated with an increased risk of arterial thrombosis. However, the functional role of these polymorphisms has not been clarified. Their influence on platelet plug formation under high shear rates was, therefore, examined in 233 healthy individuals. Collagen–adrenaline-induced closure time was shorter in carriers of the C/D versus C/C VNTR allele and in homozygotes with the (−5)T/T versus (−5)C/T Kozak genotype as determined by novel polymerase chain reaction methods. The HPA-2 genotype had no effects, and the density of GPIbα molecules was not influenced by GPIbα genotypes.

Background: The number of indications for recombinant human hirudin lepirudin therapy has increased in recent years, and now includes acute coronary syndromes and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Hence, point of care monitoring appears desirable for therapy with lepirudin. As CoaguChek Plus (CCP) provides a rapid bedside test to monitor therapy with other anticoagulants, we aimed to determine its suitability for lepirudin therapy. Methods: Forty-four healthy volunteers received a 2 ng/kg endotoxin infusion (to induce coagulation) together with clinically relevant doses of lepirudin or heparin in a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomised fashion. Measurements of CCP-partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were compared to laboratory STA-aPTT. Results: As expected, baseline values of CCP-aPTT were shorter than STA-aPTT. Lepirudin increased CCP-aPTT 3-fold, and STA-aPTT 2-fold 1 h after bolus infusion. During lepirudin infusion, the correlation between CCP-aPTT and STA-aPTT was excellent (r=0.86–0.92). Both methods were equally sensitive to over-anticoagulation with heparin. Acute systemic inflammation had little effects on CCP-aPTT. Conclusion: CCP-aPTT is suitable for longitudinal point of care monitoring of lepirudin therapy. As baseline values of CCP-aPTT are shorter than STA-aPTT, it is recommended not to indiscriminately change between methods in the follow-up of individual patients.

Several lines of evidence suggest that coagulation may induce the release of thrombopoietin (TPO) into plasma and that TPO levels are higher in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Therefore we set out to illuminate the mechanism of TPO release in the setting of experimental endotoxemia, which induces activation of coagulation and platelets. Endotoxin (lipopolysachharide [LPS], 2 ng/kg) was infused into a total of 54 healthy men in two subsequent studies. Volunteers received infusions of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, lepirudin, or placebo in a randomized, placebo-controlled fashion after bolus injection of LPS. TPO levels increased on average by 27% to 38% in all groups at 6 hours (P.05 vs baseline), although all active drugs effectively blocked coagulation. Platelet counts dropped by about 15% at 1 hour after LPS infusion, recovered after 2 days, and exceeded baseline values by 8% to 18% after 7 days (P.001 vs baseline for all groups). Yet lepirudin blunted the LPS-induced increase in circulating P-selectin by one half (P.005 vs placebo), whereas both heparins did not diminish the increase in this platelet or endothelial activation marker as compared with placebo. Endotoxemia enhances TPO plasma levels independent of the degree of coagulation induction, which eventually results in increased platelet numbers. Of potential clinical interest is the observation that the direct thrombin inhibitor lepirudin, in contrast to heparins, mitigated LPS-induced platelet activation.

Limited epidemiological data are available on predictors of new-onset kidney disease.In this longitudinal cohort study, 17 375 apparently healthy volunteers of the general Viennese population (46.4% women, age range 20-84 years, men 20-89 years) performed a baseline examination at some time within the study period (1990-2005) and completed a median of two follow-up examinations [interquartile range (IQR) 1 to 4]; the median follow-up period was 7 years (IQR 4 to 11). The outcome of interest was the development of kidney disease, defined as a decrease of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) at the follow-up examinations [calculated by the abbreviated modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation]. Logistic generalized estimating equations were used to analyse the relationship between the covariates and the outcome variable.The following parameters [odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals] predicted new-onset kidney disease: Age (increase by 5 years), OR = 1.36 (1.34-1.40); National Kidney Foundation-chronic kidney disease (NKF-CKD) stage 1 with proteinuria (+), OR = 1.39 (1.10-1.75); NKF-CKD stage 1 with proteinuria (/=++), OR = 2.07 (1.11-3.87); NKF-CKD stage 2 with proteinuria (+), OR = 2.71 (2.10-3.51); NKF-CKD stage 2 with proteinuria (/=++), OR = 3.80 (2.29-6.31); body mass index, OR = 1.04 (1.02-1.06); current-smoker, OR = 1.20 (1.01-1.43); performing no sports, OR = 1.57 (1.27-1.95); uric acid (increase by 2 mg/dl), OR = 1.69 (1.59-1.80); HDL-cholesterol (decrease by 10 mg/dl), OR = 1.12 (1.07-1.17); hypertension stage 1, OR = 1.35 (1.08-1.67); hypertension stage 2, OR = 2.01 (1.62-2.51); diabetes mellitus, OR = 1.44 (1.07-1.93).Cardiovascular risk factors as well as NKF-CKD stages 1 and 2 and proteinuria, the more the higher and an entirely novel finding, performing no sports, predicted new-onset kidney disease.

Platelet polymorphisms (Kozak, VNTR and HPA-2) within glycoprotein (GP)Ib alpha may be associated with an increased risk of arterial thrombosis. However, the functional role of these polymorphisms has not been clarified. Their influence on platelet plug formation under high shear rates was, therefore, examined in 233 healthy individuals. Collagen-adrenaline-induced closure time was shorter in carriers of the C/D versus C/C VNTR allele and in homozygotes with the (-5)T/T versus (-5)C/T Kozak genotype as determined by novel polymerase chain reaction methods. The HPA-2 genotype had no effects, and the density of GPIb alpha molecules was not influenced by GPIb alpha genotypes.

Background: The growth hormone (GH) secretion declines by 14% with each decade of adult life. Several attempts have been made to reverse the manifestations of the senile GH deficiency, termed somatopause, but GH substitution treatment in old age has not yet developed an established regimen. Cholinesterase inhibitors like pyridostigmine are able to elicit GH secretion when administered alone and to enhance the GH response to growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), but its clinical use is limited due to the strong peripheral cholinergic side effects. Objective: The aims of our experiments were to find out whether the GH response to GHRH can be augmented by rivastigmine, a new orally applicable and well-tolerated selective inhibitor of cerebral acetylchoinesterase. Methods: Eight healthy volunteers (age range 65–69 years) were studied. After an overnight fast, GHRH tests were done: 1 µg/kg GHRH was injected as an intravenous bolus. Blood samples for an immunoradiometric GH assay were taken at the time of GHRH injection (time 0) and after 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min. First, the baseline experiment was done: it consisted of two subsequent GHRH tests which were carried out within an interval of 120 min. Four weeks later the rivastigmine experiment was done identically, but 60 min before performing the second GHRH test, rivastigmine (4.5 mg) was administered orally. The GH secretory responses were expressed as areas under the curve (AUC; median, interquartile range), Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test was used for statistical comparisons. Results: Baseline experiment: The GH AUC of the first GHRH test was 1,040 (range 420–1,250) ng/ml/h. The repeated GHRH stimulation after 120 min (second GHRH test) showed a 13-fold decrease to 80 (range 60–130) ng/ml/h. Rivastigmine experiment: The GH AUC of the first GHRH test was 950 (range 540–1,430) ng/ml/h and, therefore, similar to that of the baseline experiment. 60 min after ingestion of the single oral dose of rivastigmine (4.5 mg), the following GHRH stimulation (second GHRH test) nearly doubled the GH AUC to 1,580 (range 860–3,330) ng/ml/h. Comparing the ΔGH AUC values (ΔGH AUC = GH AUC of the first GHRH test minus GH AUC of the second GHRH test), baseline experiment versus rivastigmine experiment, there was a 20-fold (p = 0.018) increase in GH AUC after rivastigmine pretreatment. Conclusions: Rivastigmine is a powerful drug to enhance GH release to repeated GHRH stimulation in healthy elderly human subjects. Future investigations are necessary to find out whether rivastigmine can restore the senile decline of the circadian GH secretion in the long term and, therefore, has new implications for patient treatment.

Background —Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major trigger of sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) via the tissue factor (TF)/factor VIIa–dependent pathway of coagulation. Experimental endotoxemia has been used repeatedly to explore this complex pathophysiology, but little is known about the effects of clinically used anticoagulants in this setting. Therefore, we compared with placebo the effects of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) on LPS-induced coagulation. Methods and Results —In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 30 healthy male volunteers received LPS 2 ng/kg IV followed by a bolus-primed continuous infusion of UFH, LMWH, or placebo. In the placebo group, activation of coagulation caused marked increases in plasma levels of prothrombin fragment F 1+2 ( P P 1+2 and TpP levels only slightly increased; TF expression on monocytes was also markedly reduced by UFH. TF pathway inhibitor values increased after either heparin infusion ( P 50% at 50 minutes after initiation of either heparin infusion ( P Conclusions —This experimental model proved the anticoagulatory potency of UFH and LMWH in the initial phase of experimental LPS-induced coagulation. Successful inhibition of thrombin generation also translates into blunted activation of coagulation factors upstream and downstream of thrombin.