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Soil urease inhibition slows down the urea hydrolysis and prolongs nitrogen (N) stay in soil, resulting in an increased N uptake by plants. Apart from several chemical urease inhibitors, the urease inhibition potential of plant extracts is rarely reported. In our previous study, the soil urease inhibition by Vachellia nilotica leaf extract was reported; however, its role in relation to growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under pot and field conditions remains unknown. The acetonic extracts of 10, 20, and 50 g Vachellia nilotica leaves were given code names viz. Vn.Fl-10, Vn.Fl-20 and Vn.Fl-50, respectively, and coated on 100 g of urea individually. The enhancements of growth (total number of tillers, number of productive tillers, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grains weight) and yield (biological yield, straw yield, and grain yield) parameters of wheat by Vn.Fl-20 and Vn.Fl-50 coated urea treatments were compared with uncoated urea in a pot experiment. The experiment indicated that the Vachellia nilotica extract coatings were effective at improving N persistence in soil, as reflected by increased grain and straw N concentrations as well as uptakes. The reproduction of the aforementioned results, at the half and full recommended dose of urea under field conditions, reconfirmed the effectiveness of Vachellia nillotica coatings. Moreover, the Vn.Fl-20 and Vn.Fl-50 coated urea, at the half as well as full recommended dose under field conditions, proved equally effective in terms of higher biological, straw, and grain yield, and grain N uptake. The increments in the total number of tillers, number of productive tillers, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, straw yield, grain yield, grain N concentration, grain N-, and straw N uptake along with nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) components, i.e. nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), partial nitrogen balance (PNB), and nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) of wheat highlighted the superiority of Vn.Fl-20 coating over the hydroquinone (Hq) coating on urea at the full recommended dose under field conditions. Given the findings of this study, Vachellia nilotica leaf extract coating (Vn.Fl-20) can be used as a natural urease inhibitor to reduce urea hydrolysis and enhance wheat productivity.

The ability to hide plays a vital role in effective secret communication. This is achieved by hiding information (Steganography). The science of concealing information is the science of concealing information in other information so that it appears that hidden information is not something to the human eye. There are many ways to hide information within an image, audio / video, document, etc. But hiding information in pictures has its own characteristics and is the most popular among others. This paper provides a review of several methods, such as image field and conversion field algorithms available to implement image information hiding (Steganography). In this paper, high-capacity information hidings schemes are analyzed for different file formats. Secret communication is done before Password encryption to protect information. The intended recipient will decrypt the information using this password.

Background: Calculus disease of biliary tract is a major public health problem in north Kashmir and pigment gall stones form a significant portion of gall stones in our region. In this study we prospectively studied 84 cases of pigment gall stones to examine the role of bacteria in the formation of these stones. Objective: To study the bacterial aetiology of pigment gall stones. Methods: A hospital based prospective study of 84 consecutive cases of pigment gall stones was done from December 2012 to November 2019 and the results of stone culture and bile culture were statistically analysed. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients in the study group. Results: A total of 84 cases studied included 32 (38.09%) male patients and 52(61.91%) females patients. The median age was 48.5 years and mean age was 46.2 years. Of 84 patients, 21(25.00%) had black pigment stones and 63 (75.00%) had brown pigment stones. 61 (72.62%) patients presented with biliary colic and 24(28.57%) patients had chronic cholecystitis . Bile culture was positive in 46 (54.76%) patients and stone culture was positive in 70(83.33%) patients. Conlusion: A strong association was observed between stone culture and bile culture results (showing similar beta-glucronidase producing bacteria) and pigment stone formation.

Background: Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is a commonly observed congenital anomaly of male children seen in patients presenting in general and pediatric surgical practice of our region. In this study, we prospectively studied 146 cases of undescended testis to statistically observe gross and microscopic changes in different such cases. Objective: To study the gross and microscopic changes in cryptorchid testis at varied locations. Methods: A hospital-based prospective study of 146 cases of undescended testis was done from November 2014 to December 2019 and the results of gross and microscopic changes in biopsy specimens were statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 146 cases studied included 45.19% presenting at the age of 4 to 8 years and 25.34% presenting at the age of 8 to 14 years. The study revealed mild testicular atrophy in 6.16% of the cases and moderate to severe atrophy in 36.97%. Epididymal and vassal anomalies were very rare in suprascrotal testis but common in high cryptorchid testis. Biopsy specimens showed the incidence of seminomas in 4.79% of intra-abdominal testis but the incidence was lesser in undescended testis at locations lower down. Conclusion: A strong association was observed between the location of cryptorchid testis and observed gross and microscopic changes including malignant transformation.

This paper presents an experimental study conducted on model piled rafts in partially saturated sandy soil. The aim of the experimental program is to study the effect of matric suction on the load carrying capacity of piled rafts embedded within partially saturated sandy soil .The influence of number of piles are presented and discussed in this study. The piled raft is arranged in different configurations of piles (single, double and triple piled raft with spacing 3.5D c/c) with the same area ratio (raft area to the cross section area of piles) to avoid different contact pressure area and to show the effect of different piles number and its group action. The influence of matric suction (i.e., capillary stresses) in partially saturated zone is typically not taken into account in the conventional design of both shallow and deep foundations so that the present research study the determination and contribution of matric suction towards the load carrying capacity of piled raft. The experimental work consist of 3 models of footing "single piled raft (8.3 x 5) cm, double piled (16.6 x 5) cm and triple piled raft (25 x 5) cm". All these models are loaded and tested under both of fully saturated condition (i.e., matric suction equals to 0kPa) and unsaturated conditions (i.e., matric suction value equals to 6kPa , 8kPa and 10kPa), which are achieved by predetermined lowering of water table. The relationship between matric suction and depth of ground water table was measured in suction profile set by using three Tensiometers (IRROMETER). The soil, water characteristic curve (SWCC) estimated by applying fitting methods through the program (SoilVision). The results of experimental work demonstrate that the load carrying capacity of piled raft increases with increasing all values of matric suction as the number of piles supporting the raft increases. And the matric suction has a significant influence on the load carrying capacity of all tested models. The increasing value of the ultimate bearing capacity for single, double and triple piled raft under unsaturated conditions is approximately (2.1-4.47), (2-4.44) and (1.5-3.54) times higher than that at saturated condition respectively

The rises of capillary water above the water table level in soil layers and make the soil partially saturated that is considered one of the most challenging problems that a geotechnical engineer may encounter. Partially saturated soils contain large percentages of voids between the structural soil particles that are filled by water instead of air. Physical and mechanical properties of partially saturated soils are different than the other soils (i.e. dry or saturated) such as effective stress, shear strength and seepage. In present work, pile models manufactured from steel with different geometry (H-pile, hallow square pile, and closed-ended pipe pile) of the same surface area embedded in partially saturated sand soils to investigate the uplift capacity. Poorly graded fine sand obtained from Baghdad city was used throughout this research. Partially saturated soils were obtained by lowering water level below soil surface to a depth of (i.e. 150 and 450 mm). Test results showed from the suction profiles of the soil that the matric suction increases with the lowering of water table. The ultimate uplift pile capacity was different in values based on the matric suction values. A comparison was made between the behaviors of steel pipe pile with other shapes of pile models used in terms of uplift capacities. The results showed that the degree of improvement in values of uplift capacity for first lowering of water level 150mm were (2.36, and 1.11) times than that of H-pile, and square piles, respectively. While the improvement in uplift capacity for a pipe pile when the water table level was lowering to a depth of 450mm, were greater than those of H-pile, and square steel piles by (2.22, and 1.10), respectively.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely synthesized at high temperatures via floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) method. It is important to reduce the synthesis temperature of CNTs to allow better control of the reactor's conditions and to eliminate the formation of carbon by-products. The main objective of this work was to synthesize carbon nanotubes at low temperatures. Temperature in-situ monitoring unit was used to monitor the temperature profile in the reactor. Benzene and ferrocene were used as the carbon source and catalyst precursor, respectively. The minimum pyrolysis temperature of benzene was successfully estimated, and the investigation of temperature profile in the reactor was achieved. In this work, multi-walled CNTs were successfully synthesized for synthesis temperatures between 540°C and 600°C. Based on the analyses, the qualities of CNTs produced were profoundly improved with the increase of synthesis temperatures.

High quality bilingual dictionaries are rarely available for lower-density language pairs, especially for those that are closely related. Using a third language as a pivot to link two other languages is a well-known solution, and usually requires only two input bilingual dictionaries to automatically induce the new one. This approach, however, produces many incorrect translation pairs because the dictionary entries are normally are not transitive due to polysemy and the ambiguous words in the pivot language. Utilizing the complete structures of the input bilingual dictionaries positively influences the result since dropped meanings can be countered. Moreover, an additional input dictionary may provide more complete information for calculating the semantic distance between word senses which is key to suppressing wrong sense matches. This paper proposes an extended constraint optimization model to inducing new dictionaries of closely related languages from multiple input dictionaries, and its formalization based on Integer Linear Programming. Evaluations indicated that the proposal not only outperforms the baseline method, but also shows improvements in performance and scalability as more dictionaries are utilized.

This study seeks to assess the needs of faculty members at the University of Baku Applied inthe use of statistical analysis software and activate it to improve performance, through pollingon how to activate the use of these programs in the academic field and assess the needs fortraining, to provide an opportunity for studies to come through which to work on thedevelopment of training programs well and on a scientific basis.A questionnaire was built has been distributed to more than 200 faculty members at theUniversity of Baku Applied who are registered in the register of the university in the secondsemester of the academic year 2011-2012 as: professor, assistant professor, associateprofessor, lecturer, teacher, and after analyzing 175 questionnaires obtained by theresearcher, the results showed that the use of members of the statistical analysis programs intotal is low. Has been using a set of tests conducted to identify the extent and the effect of theindependent variables on the axes of the study like gender, years teaching experience, andacademic rank, and use of sample for statistical analysis applications and assess their needsfor training. Also a set of recommendations was added. The most important ones were theneed for future studies in this area , and the need for planning for training programs in thefield of statistical analysis in order to improve the performance of faculty members, and sothey can use these applications in all areas, both in the academic field, or in the field ofscientific research.

Protein structure prediction is one of the most challenging problems in computational biology and remains unsolved for many decades. In a simplified version of the problem, the task is to find a self-avoiding walk with the minimum free energy assuming a discrete lattice and a given energy matrix. Genetic algorithms currently produce the state-of-the-art results for simplified protein structure prediction. However, performance of the genetic algorithms largely depends on the encodings they use in representing protein structures and the twin removal technique they use in eliminating duplicate solutions from the current population. In this paper, we present a new efficient encoding for protein structures. Our encoding is nonisomorphic in nature and results into efficient twin removal. This helps the search algorithm diversify and explore a larger area of the search space. In addition to this, we also propose an approximate matching scheme for removing near-similar solutions from the population. Our encoding algorithm is generic and applicable to any lattice type. On the standard benchmark proteins, our techniques significantly improve the state-of-the-art genetic algorithm for hydrophobic-polar (HP) energy model on face-centered-cubic (FCC) lattice.

The present study was designed to show the applicability of Mixture designs in Agricultural Research System and to fit an appropriate mixture regression model making response variables as functions of the proportions of the mixture components. Data on four components namely neem oil, garlic oil, clove oil and tobacco extract (ml) were collected from field experiment conducted by Honeybee Research Institute, NARC. The main goal of the experiment was to check whether blending two components have any synergistic effect on honey yield. The results of the mixture regression showed that the positive interaction coefficients of blending components neem oil*garlic oil (1.10) and neem oil*tobacco extract (6.73) were smaller than their individual coefficients which indicated that combining these components will not have significant impact on honey yield. Negative interaction coefficients of neem oil*clove oil (-5.11) and garlic oil*clove oil (-15.86) signaled no significance meaning that they were antagonistic towards one another and will not contribute in increasing honey yield. The positive interaction coefficient of the blending component clove oil*tobacco extract (16.99) shows synergistic effect of these components on honey yield implying that honey yield can increase when clove oil and tobacco extract are blended.