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Airplanes are a universal means of transportation, with planes, we don't have to worry about the time when we want to go anywhere because with airplane transportation we can go anywhere in an efficient and short time. In this day and age, aircraft technology is very advanced. The aircraft component itself consists of several components, namely the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU). The APU functions to supply pneumatic and electrical energy for aircraft, where the electrical functions for electricity on the aircraft while pneumatic functions for engine starting, hydraulic pressure, air conditioning and others. This research method is descriptive research consisting of drafting, data collection, data processing and report preparation. In this step there are more stages which will later serve to get a conclusion in the study. Basically the trouble that often occurs when the APU starting process is on the starter motor component, Troubleshoot that often occurs in the starter motor component, namely the starter motor will continue to rotate when it reaches 50% rpm rotation caused by a starter motor problem, starter relay problem and electronical speed switch problem. Therefore, we must immediately repair or replace these components according to the aircraft maintenance manual so that the aircraft remains airworthy.

Tricalcium phosphate (TCP)-based materials, such as β-Ca3(PO4)2 doped with rare earth ions (RE), have shown applications as biomaterials, lighting emitting materials, scintillating materials, in vivo imaging probes, and thermoluminescent dosimeters. Their properties are found to be dependent on the distribution of RE3+ on Ca2+ sites that can be controlled by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron spin echo envelop modulation (ESEEM) experiments. The main spectroscopic parameters (spin Hamiltonian values) of Gd3+ and nitrogen impurity centers are quantitatively determined (g-factor, the fine structure parameters D and E, the hyperfine constants A) as well as dynamic characteristics: spin–lattice T1 and spin–spin T2 relaxation times. Based on the analysis of the EPR datasets, the interatomic distance between Gd3+ and 31P was estimated in the dipole–dipole approximation. Two structurally nonequivalent Gd3+ positions in the β-TCP structure have been identified. The obtained valuable results demonstrate applicability of modern EPR techniques to characterize Gd-TCP systems despite the powder structure of the material and high electron spin S = 7/2 of Gd3+ ions.

The frequencies of electron–nuclear interactions with 13C and 29Si nuclei on remote coordination spheres are determined in triplet spin centers in the form of neutral VSi–VC divacancies in a silicon carbide crystal of the hexagonal polytype 6H–SiC enriched tenfold in the 13C isotope. High-frequency electron–nuclear double resonance and optically detected magnetic resonance under conditions of optical alignment of spins are used. Oscillations of the electron spin density on 29Si and 13C nuclei are found. Nuclear magnetic resonance transitions at Larmor and close-to-Larmor frequencies of 13C and 29Si cause giant changes in the populations of spin sublevels with the transformation of these resonances into electron paramagnetic resonance and optical signals.

Microbiological testing in general and in the setting of central nervous system (CNS) infection in particular are often excessive, leading to superfluous laboratory work and costs. In this regard, restrictive criteria, named Reller criteria, have been developed to reduce unnecessary CSF herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) PCR testing when suspecting encephalitis.

Coherent coupling of defect spins with surrounding nuclei along with the endowment to read out the latter, are basic requirements for an application in quantum technologies. We show that negatively charged boron vacancies (VB-) in electron-irradiated hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) meet these prerequisites. We demonstrate Hahn-echo coherence of the VB- electron spin with a characteristic decay time Tcoh = 15 us, close to the theoretically predicted limit of 18 us for spin defects in hBN. Modulation in the MHz range superimposed on the Hahn-echo decay curve are shown to be induced by coherent coupling of the VB- spin with the three nearest 14N nuclei through a nuclear quadrupole interaction of 2.11 MHz. Supporting DFT calculation confirm that the electron-nuclear coupling is confined to the defective layer. Our findings allow an in-depth understanding of the electron-nuclear interactions of the VB- defect in hBN and demonstrate its strong potential in quantum technologies.

This paper discusses the institutional structure of humanitarian cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Kyrgyz Republic. Humanitarian cooperation involves the following areas of bilateral relations: education, science, culture, sport, tourism, youth policy, and media. The authors display and discuss the institutions, which put in practice the Russian-Kyrgyz interaction, their scope and symmetry. The study involved such sources of information, as bilateral diplomatic documents, reports of state and non-state organisations, field research, and media news archives. In the paper, the authors consequently study state and non-state institutions of cooperation. The paper concludes that the institutional structure of cooperation between Russia and Kyrgyzstan, including both state and non-state organisations, covers all humanitarian areas. The most diverse is the structure of the bilateral contacts in education and culture. Institutions of different nature interact in the process of cooperation. Meanwhile, the structure of cooperation is asymmetrical, as the number of Russian institutions (both state and non-state) is larger, and their contribution is larger, too. However, the Kyrgyz side, even possessing less resources, is evidently interested in cooperation. The vast humanitarian potential of the diasporas is a specific factor of the relationship. The multiple organisations of Russians in Kyrgyzstan are a significant resource for cooperation, and require more financial and organisational support from Russia. There are many Kyrgyz communities in Russia, too, and they also participate in cultural activities, so this institution can be further involved in bilateral cooperation. People-to-people exchanges between non-state institutions can be successful and should be further developed. Generally, Russia needs to maintain and enhance its humanitarian activities in Kyrgyzstan, raise the intensity of the institutional contacts, and develop successful partnerships, while the risk of the increasing impact of other leading powers in Kyrgyzstan can destabilize the Kyrgyz society and the long-term Russian-Kyrgyz partnership.

Background Various bacterial and viral assemblages composing Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung microbiota contribute to long-term lung function decline over time. Yet, the impact of individual microorganisms on pulmonary functions remains uncertain in children with CF. Methods As part of the 'Mucoviscidosis, respiratory VIruses, intracellular Bacteria and fastidious organisms'' project, children with CF were longitudinally followed in a Swiss multicentric study. Respiratory samples included mainly throat swabs and sputa samples for bacterial culture and 16S rRNA metagenomics and nasopharyngeal swabs for respiratory virus detection by molecular assays. Percentage of predicted Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1%) and Lung Clearance Index (LCI) were recorded. Results Sixty-one children, of whom 20 (32.8%) presented with at least one pulmonary exacerbation, were included. Almost half of the 363 nasopharyngeal swabs tested by RT-PCR were positive for a respiratory virus, mainly rhinovirus (26.5%). From linear mixed-effects regression models, P. aeruginosa (-11.35, 95%CI [-17.90; -4.80], p = 0.001) was significantly associated with a decreased FEV1%, whereas rhinovirus was associated with a significantly higher FEV1% (+4.24 95%CI [1.67; 6.81], p = 0.001). Compared to conventional culture, 16S rRNA metagenomics showed a sensitivity and specificity of 80.0% and 85.4%, respectively for detection of typical CF pathogens. However, metagenomics detected a bacteria almost twice more often than culture. Conclusions As expected, P. aeruginosa impacted negatively on FEV1% while rhinovirus was surprisingly associated with better FEV1%. Culture-free assays identifies significantly more pathogens than standard culture, with disputable clinical correlation.

Space exploration is perhaps one of the most difficult tasks ever undertaken since the existence of mankind. International Space Station (ISS) is a unique instrument for advanced technology research that is not possible anywhere else. Tissue engineering in a space environment where “turnoff” gravity can be done is the most emerging field with high-value targets. The microgravity conditions allow the designing of novel biomaterials that cannot be produced on Earth but benefit Earth. Developing and manufacturing a biomaterial to address a space-based challenge could lead to novel biomaterials that will bring important applications in clinical medicine on Earth and/or for long-duration space missions. Up to today, there are only a handful of emerging biomaterials that have been tested in space, none of which have been used for their eventual function. This work is reporting on advances in space technology via the 3D magnetic assembler approach to have furthered the development of synthetic bone tissue constructs on board the ISS Russia Segment during the expeditions 61/62 with clear evidence of their function in preclinical conditions on Earth. The results have demonstrated both high levels of osteoinductive and - conductivity as well as a ultimate rate of tissue regeneration of space bone grafts.

The (1→3)-β- d -glucan (BDG) is a marker of invasive fungal infection that can be detected in serum by different commercial kits. In this study, we compared the performance of the Fungitell assay (FA), the Fungitell STAT assay (STAT), and the Wako β-glucan test (WA) for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC) in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) stores defensive compounds in glands covering its leaves and other tissues. The density and the chemical filling of these glands increase systematically in developing leaves in response to herbivory on older leaves. Cotton seedlings are known to respond more strongly to actual caterpillar herbivory than to mere physical damage. It is not clear whether this amplified response is linked to insect-derived elicitors or difference in damage properties. To investigate this, we assessed the effect of repeated artificial damage without and with application of regurgitant from Spodoptera exigua caterpillars. Repeated mechanical damage led to a systemic increase of gland density, gland size, and content of defensive terpenes, with no detectable additional elicitation upon regurgitant treatment. Dual choice feeding assays further showed that defense induction triggered by just physical damage made newly developing leaves far less palatable to S. exigua larvae as compared to leaves from undamaged seedlings, whereas they did not distinguish between leaves from damaged plants treated with or without regurgitant. Our study confirms that the systemic induction of cotton glands is an unspecific response to physical damage, although cotton is known to respond to caterpillar-associated elicitors for other defensive traits. Cotton glands induction can be readily visualized under modest magnification, making the experiments described in this study highly suited to teach chemical ecology and aspects of plant defense theory in practical classes.

2.1. Terpene chemistry and chemotyping of wild G. hirsutum populations A correlation analysis (Fig. 2) performed on the relative abundance of mono- and sesquiterpenes in the leaf solvent extracts revealed two distinct highly supported (approximately unbiased (AU) p < 0.05) groups of monoterpenes. One group comprised the monoterpenes γ- terpinene, limonene, α- thujene, α- terpinene, terpinolene, and p-cymene (the “γ- terpinene group”, designated chemotype class A), while the other consisted of the pinene-type compounds α- and β- pinene (the “α- pinene group”, designated chemotype class B). The sesquiterpene compounds α- humulene and β- caryophyllene were also strongly intercorrelated. These strong correlations suggest a shared or highly linked biosynthesis. A theorised pathway of the synthesis of these compounds highlights their shared biochemical precursors (Degenhardt et al., 2009, Fig. 3). Taking the relative abundance of only monoterpenes, a negative relationship was observed between the proportions of γ- terpinene and α- pinene groups with two clusters of plants identified (Fig. 4a). Representative chromatograms from plants belonging to chemotype classes A and B respectively can be seen in Fig. 4b. Chemotype class A was composed of plants where the γ- terpinene group compounds made up 4% or more of the total monoterpene concentration; chemotype class B comprised plants where the γ- terpinene group compounds made up less than 4% of total monoterpenes (Fig. 4c). The major difference is the strong reduction or absence of the γ- terpinene cassette of monoterpenes in chemotype class B. In a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) on relative abundances of monoterpenes, with samples separating based on their compositional similarity (using a Euclidean dissimilarity matrix), the chemotype classes separated along the first axis (Fig. 5), which explained ca. 65% of the variation. Plants belonging to chemotype class B group together, while plants in class A are spread along the first axis. Around 42% of overall variance in the monoterpene profiles of the plants was explained by chemotype class (adonis: R2 = 0.419, p = 0.001). Most modern varieties of G. hirsutum produce and store a range of mono- and sesquiterpenes, including α- and β- pinene, limonene, camphene, β- myrcene, α- humulene, and β- caryophyllene (Elzen et al., 1985; Minyard et al., 1965; Yang et al., 2013), and plants producing significant amounts of γ- terpinene are rare. Only one naturalised variety has been reported to emit γ- terpinene in large quantities (Loughrin et al., 1995). Although modern cultivated varieties came from diverse landraces, this could indicate that the main sources for domestication events of G. hirsutum were obtained from B chemotype wild plants, or that perhaps the artificial selection throughout the domestication process selected against chemotype A plants due to pleiotropic interactions or linkage with traits of interest. The large diversity of terpenoid compounds found in plants is due to terpene synthases (TPSs), which are a diverse family of enzymes that catalyse terpenoid compounds from single substrates (Karunanithi and Zerbe, 2019). The genes GhTPS1 and GhTPS2, identified and characterised in Gossypium hirsutum (cultivar CCRI12) (Huang et al., 2013), encode for active TPSs that are expressed in young developing leaves, and may be involved in the production of constitutive terpenoids that are stored in glands. It has been found that GhTPS1 mainly produces the sesquiterpenes β- caryophyllene and humulene at a ratio of ~4:1. GhTPS2 was found to mainly produce the monoterpenes α- pinene and β- pinene, at the ratio of ~6:1. These sets of compounds were highly correlated in our dataset, with β- caryophyllene and humulene being present at a ratio of 3.8:1 (SE =0.013), and α- pinene and β- pinene at a ratio of 5.3:1 (SE = 0.027). The highly similar product ratios between our dataset and those described in Huang et al. (2013), suggests that GhTPS1 and GhTPS2 contribute to the production of these compounds in wild G. hirsutum. Nonetheless, other TPSs may also be involved, as multiple G. hirsutum TPSs have been shown to produce several terpenes at varying levels (including the compounds that comprise the “γ -terpinene group” (Huang et al., 2018)). Eighty-five TPS genes have been putatively identified in G. hirsutum to date (Zhang et al., 2022). Our results suggest that one or more enzymes present or overexpressed in plants of chemotype A are multifunctional TPSs that synthesise the monoterpenes of the γ- terpinene group. 2.2. Association between chemotype and geographic location The correlation between geographic location of the sites and chemical distance was not very strong but significantly different from zero (Mantel test, r = 0.165, p = 0.001), indicating that as geographic distance increased, the chemical profiles of the plants became more dissimilar. An association between site location and γ- terpinene content was observed, with more plants in western sites containing low amounts of compounds belonging to the γ- terpinene group, and plants in eastern sites containing higher proportions of γ- terpinene group compounds (Fig. 6). Future studies could examine the genetic structuring of these populations to determine if these chemotypic differences are related to genetic differentiation (i.e., isolation among populations) and/or adaptation to their local environment. 2.3. Chemotypes of mature plants In addition to the plants grown from seed, we also assessed the chemical profiles of 165 mature plants from which a subset (34) were also maternal plants. Thirty-seven compounds were detected in the mature plants, with 20 compounds identified as MTs, 10 SQTs, 4 GLVs, 1 hydrocarbon, and 2 nitrogen-containing volatiles (see Table S3). Mature plants were classified using the same chemotyping process as described above. PcoA ordination of all mature plants harvested in situ shows grouping by chemotype class, separating along axis 1 (Fig. S1; variation explained by first two ordinations: 82.6% and 15%). More than twothirds of the variation was explained by chemotype group (adonis: R 2 =0.698, p =0.001). Terpenoid production is known to be affected by a variety of environmental stresses, including exposure to extreme temperatures, water stress (flooding, drought), and salinity, as well as herbivory (Gouinguene´and Turlings, 2002; Isah, 2019). A differential regulation in terpenoid production because of environmental pressures could explain why chemotype explained a higher percentage of total variation in the chemical profiles of the mature plants compared to plantlets; abiotic and biotic stress are known to affect the levels of VOCs in plants (Holopainen and Gershenzon, 2010). Plant ontogeny can also influence the terpenoid profile. Although the age of the mature plants was unknown, they had been surveyed for several years and were well established flowering plants. Meanwhile, offspring plants were seedlings with only four developed leaves (around one month old), and it is possible that mature G. hirsutum plants exhibit a more defined chemotype. For example, in Melaleuca alternifolia, six terpene chemotypes can be clearly differentiated in mature trees, however young plants only have four identifiable chemotypes, and two chemotypes with high terpinolene concentration are indistinguishable in young plants (Bustos-Segura et al., 2015). 2.4. Heritability of chemotypes Most of the progeny had the same chemotype as their parent plant. Offspring of plants with chemotype class A matched their maternal plant 80% of the time (63/79 plants), and plants in chemotype class B matched their maternal plant almost 93% of the time (64/69). In wild G. hirsutum populations, both self-pollination and cross-pollination have been described by Wegier et al. (2011). Vel´azquez-L´opez et al. (2018) reported an outcrossing rate of 0.72 for a metapopulation of wild G. hirsutum plants from the Yucatan Peninsula, indicating that although the level of self-pollination is important, there is also a large contribution from cross-pollination to the next generation. Thus, as we only knew the chemotype of the maternal plant and not the paternal plant, this could explain why there was some disparity between maternal and offspring chemotypes. Broad sense heritability estimated with the animal model was 0.85 (CI = 0.75, 0.95). In concordance with what we observed, chemotype is generally considered to be heritable in plants (Hare, 2011). In the tree species Eucalyptus globulus, O’ Reilly-Wapstra et al. (2011) found moderate to high broad-sense heritability of foliar terpenes, and Karban et al. (2014) found that in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) chemotypes are highly heritable between parent and offspring. 2.5. Concentration of leaf terpenoids To determine the degree to which biological and geographic factors can explain the variation in the concentration of compound classes, we used generalised linear mixed models. Approximately a quarter of the total variance (from 21 to 29%) in concentrations of total volatiles, total monoterpenes, total sesquiterpenes, and total green leaf volatiles was significantly explained by ‘genotype’ (Table 2), whereas ‘population’ explained only a small fraction of the variance and was not statistically significant. Concentrations of total volatiles and total monoterpenes were significantly higher in plants belonging to chemotype Class A (VOCs: χ 2 (1) = 4.9101, p = 0.027, MTs: χ 2 (1) = 8.298, p = 0.004). No significant difference was observed in total concentrations of sesquiterpenes or green leaf volatiles between chemotypes (SQTs: χ 2 (1) = 1.5618, p = 0.2114, GLVs: χ 2 (1) =1.646, p = 0.1995). At the time of harvesting, all leaves were at a similar developmental stage (4th leaf fully unfurled). However, leaf area showed considerable variation with a bimodal distribution (excess mass test, p = 0.004, Fig. S2); therefore, all analyses on concentration included leaf area as a covariate. Plants with smaller leaves contained significantly higher summed concentrations of all compounds found (summed GLVs, MTs and SQTs; χ 2 (1) = 184.9882, p < 0.001). Total monoterpene and sesquiterpene concentrations were significantly higher in smaller leaves (MTs: χ 2 (1) = 585.716, p < 0.001, SQTs: χ 2 (1) = 339.2854, p < 0.001), whereas total concentrations of green leaf volatiles were higher in larger leaves (GLVs: χ 2 (1) =51.733, p < 0.001). Opitz and colleagues had found that accumulation of terpenoids in glands in cotton was strongly influenced by leaf area and developmental stage, with the two youngest/ smallest leaves having the highest total terpenoid concentration (Opitz et al., 2008). They also showed that younger leaves have a much higher gland density than older leaves, but contain less total terpenoids per gland. Eisenring et al. (2017) made the observation that smaller leaves have a higher density of glands than larger leaves of the same age. We found that smaller leaves contained higher concentrations of MTs and SQTs and lower concentrations of GLVs in relation to larger leaves. 2.6. Ecological implications of chemical diversity in G. hirsutum The chemotype of a plant plays an important role in the outcome of environmental adaptation, and volatile-mediated plant-insect and plant-plant interactions. For instance, in Artemisia tridentata (sagebrush), plants with the same chemotype respond more strongly to volatiles emitted by each other than to volatiles from individuals with a different chemotype (Karban et al., 2014). Moreover, when Tanacetum vulgare (tansy) plants were challenged by insect herbivores from two feeding guilds, distinct chemotypes responded differently. Following caterpillar feeding, some chemotypes exhibit a stronger volatile response when also pre-treated with aphids, while the opposite was observed for other chemotypes (Clancy et al., 2020). In Thymus vulgaris (thyme), phenolic chemotypes show reduced tolerance to freezing compared to non-phenolic chemotypes (Thompson et al., 2013) and occur more frequently in a region that has undergone regional warming (where occurrence of extreme winter freezing events has dwindled). Accordingly, the observed geographic gradient in the frequency of the two identified chemotypes across wild G. hirsutum populations calls for further work testing whether the terpene chemotypes are associated with a pattern of local adaptation to biotic (herbivores and/or pathogens) or abiotic factors. There have been numerous investigations concerned with describing the volatile terpenoids found in G. hirsutum. While chemotypes have not, to our knowledge, been described in wild cotton to date, differences in the amounts of herbivory-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) released by different cultivars have been recorded (Hagenbucher et al., 2016). Magalh˜aes et al. (2020) investigated VOC differences between seven G. hirsutum genotypes and found few qualitative and quantitative differences. R&Dot;ose and colleagues (R&Dot; ose and Tumlinson, 2005) showed that cotton plants respond in specific ways to herbivory by systemically releasing distinct blends of volatile compounds, and suggest that plants that emit higher amounts of induced defence chemicals are better at defending themselves. Loughrin et al. (1995) showed that upon feeding damage by beet armyworm larvae (Spodoptera exigua), the naturalised variety TX2259 was found to emit much greater quantities of HIPVs than five other cultivated lines (almost sevenfold higher). Moreover, this variety released higher amounts of γ- terpinene. Thus, it would be interesting to explore if wild (and naturalised) cotton emits higher amounts of HIPVs than cultivated plants of G. hirsutum, and whether the constitutive terpene chemotype is also linked to quantitative differences in the volatile emissions. HIPVs in G. hirsutum have also been implicated in interactions with the third trophic level. Campoletis sonorensis and Microplitis croceipes (two parasitoid species) were found to respond to volatiles from undamaged cotton plants (Elzen et al., 1987), yet volatiles emitted by caterpillar-damaged plants seem to provoke a considerably stronger response (De Moraes et al., 1998; Turlings et al., 1995). Importantly, cotton volatiles are also involved in plant-plant signalling; studies have shown that cotton plants exposed to the volatiles of a nearby damaged plant are more resistant to herbivory (Llandres et al., 2018; Renou et al., 2011). Therefore, chemotypic variation could be a factor that not only affects the attraction of natural enemies of herbivores to damaged or undamaged plants but also be a key determinant of the effectiveness of airborne signalling between plants. 3. Conclusions In brief, we demonstrate that wild G. hirsutum plants from 16 naturally occurring populations along the Yucatan peninsula could be grouped into two chemotypes based on differences in their stored monoterpene profiles. The identification of chemotypes in wild G. hirsutum could have implications for cotton direct defences against herbivory, and indirect defences through the attraction of natural enemies or plant-plant signalling. We recommend performing experiments exploring the consequences of the reported terpene variation on the different levels of plant defence and its effects on the outcome of associated interactions. In combination with functional characterisation of terpene synthases in wild cotton chemotypes such research would provide valuable information into the chemical ecology of cotton and may reveal opportunities to enhance the control of cotton pests without the current excessive use of pesticides. 4. Experimental 4.1. Plant material Gossypium hirsutum Cav. (Malvaceae) is a perennial shrub that is native to Mexico and is distributed throughout the Caribbean Basin and Central America (d’ Eeckenbrugge and Lacape, 2014). It grows up to 2 m tall under natural conditions. Wild populations of the species can be found growing in coastal shrubland along the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula coast. Seeds from 16 populations of wild G. hirsutum plants located around the Yucatan Peninsula (Fig. 1) were collected in 2019 and 2020. From each population, approximately 100 seeds from six maternal plants were harvested at each site. Offspring from the same mother are either full or half-siblings and referred to here as a genotype. The seeds were shipped to the University of Neuchˆatel, Switzerland, where the experiment was performed between July–November 2020., Published as part of Clancy, Mary V., Mamin, Marine, Flückiger, Galien, Quijano-Medina, Teresa, P, Biiniza, erez-Nino ˜, Abdala-Roberts, Luis, Turlings, Ted C. J. & Bustos-Segura, Carlos, 2023, Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, pp. 113454 in Phytochemistry (113454) (113454) 205 on pages 2-7, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113454, http://zenodo.org/record/8160599, {"references":["Elzen, G. W., Williams, H. J., Bell, A. A., Stipanovic, R. D., Vinson, S. B., 1985. Quantification of volatile terpenes of glanded and glandless Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivars and lines by gas chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 33, 1079 - 1082. https: // doi. org / 10.1021 / jf 00066 a 015.","Minyard, J. P., Tumlinson, J. H., Hedin, P. A., Thompson, A. C., 1965. Isolation and identification, constituents of cotton bud terpene hydrocarbons. J. Agric. Food Chem. 13, 599 - 602.","Yang, C. - Q., Wu, X. - M., Ruan, J. - X., Hu, W. - L., Mao, Y. - B., Chen, X. - Y., Wang, L. - J., 2013. Isolation and characterization of terpene synthases in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). 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Plants 15, 176 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. tplants. 2010.01.006.","Bustos-Segura, C., Kulheim, C., Foley, W., 2015. Effects of terpene chemotypes of Melaleuca alternifolia on two specialist leaf beetles and susceptibility to myrtle rust. J. Chem. Ecol. 41, 937 - 947. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10886 - 015 - 0628 - 0.","Wegier, A., Pi´neyro- Nelson, A., Alar´on, J., G´alvez-Mariscal, A., Alvarez-Buylla´, E. R., Pinero´, D., 2011. Recent long-distance transgene flow into wild populations conforms to historical patterns of gene flow in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at its centre of origin. Mol. Ecol. 20, 4182 - 4194. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2011.05258. x.","Hare, J. D., 2011. Ecological role of volatiles produced by plants in response to damage by herbivorous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 161 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev-ento- 120709 - 144753.","O' Reilly-Wapstra, J. M., Freeman, J. S., Davies, N. W., Vaillancourt, R. E., Fitzgerald, H., Potts, B. M., 2011. Quantitative trait loci for foliar terpenes in a global eucalypt species. Tree Genet. Genomes 7, 485 - 498. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11295 - 010 - 0350 - 6.","Karban, R., Wetzel, W. C., Shiojiri, K., Ishizaki, S., Ramirez, S. R., Blande, J. D., 2014. Deciphering the language of plant communication: volatile chemotypes of sagebrush. New Phytol. 204, 380 - 385.","Opitz, S., Kunert, G., Gershenzon, J., 2008. Increased terpenoid accumulation in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) foliage is a general wound response. J. Chem. Ecol. 34, 508 - 522.","Eisenring, M., Meissle, M., Hagenbucher, S., Naranjo, S. E., Wettstein, F., Romeis, J., 2017. Cotton defense induction patterns under spatially, temporally and quantitatively varying herbivory levels. Front. Plant Sci. 8.","Clancy, M. V., Haberer, G., Jud, W., Niederbacher, B., Niederbacher, S., Senft, M., Zytynska, S. E., Weisser, W. W., Schnitzler, J. - P., 2020. Under fire-simultaneous volatilome and transcriptome analysis unravels fine-scale responses of tansy chemotypes to dual herbivore attack. BMC Plant Biol. 20, 1 - 18.","Thompson, J., Charpentier, A., Bouguet, G., Charmasson, F., Roset, S., Buatois, B., Vernet, P., Gouyon, P., 2013. Evolution of a genetic polymorphism with climate change in a Mediterranean landscape. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110, 2893 - 2897. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1215833110.","Hagenbucher, S., Birgersson, G., Chattington, S., Anderson, P., 2016. Domestication influences choice behavior and performance of a generalist herbivore. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Systemat. 23, 63 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ppees. 2016.09.001.","Magalhtaes, D. M., Borges, M., Laumann, R. A., Caulfield, J. C., Birkett, M. A., Blassioli- Moraes, M. C., 2020. Inefficient weapon - the role of plant secondary metabolites in cotton defence against the boll weevil. 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L., Almohamad, R., Br´evault, T., Renou, A., T´er´eta, I., Jean, J., Goebel, F. - R., 2018. Plant training for induced defense against insect pests: a promising tool for integrated pest management in cotton. Pest Manag. Sci. 74, 2004 - 2012.","Renou, A., T´er´eta, I., Togola, M., 2011. Manual topping decreases bollworm infestations in cotton cultivation in Mali. Crop Protect. 30, 1370 - 1375. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cropro. 2011.05.020.","d' Eeckenbrugge, G. C., Lacape, J. - M., 2014. Distribution and differentiation of wild, feral, and cultivated populations of perennial upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean. PLoS One 9."]}

Clancy, Mary V., Mamin, Marine, Flückiger, Galien, Quijano-Medina, Teresa, P, Biiniza, erez-Nino˜, Abdala-Roberts, Luis, Turlings, Ted C.J., Bustos-Segura, Carlos (2023): Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Phytochemistry (113454) 205: 113454, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113454, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113454

The concept of optically addressable spin states of deep level defects in wide band gap materials is successfully applied for the development of quantum technologies. Recently discovered negatively charged boron vacancy defects (VB) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) potentially allow a transfer of this concept onto atomic thin layers due to the van der Waals nature of the defect host. Here, we experimentally explore all terms of the VB spin Hamiltonian reflecting interactions with the three nearest nitrogen atoms by means of conventional electron spin resonance and high frequency (94 GHz) electron-nuclear double resonance. We establish symmetry, anisotropy, and principal values of the corresponding hyperfine interaction (HFI) and nuclear quadrupole interaction (NQI). The HFI can be expressed in the axially symmetric form as Aperp = 45.5 MHz and Apar = 87 MHz, while the NQI is characterized by quadrupole coupling constant Cq = 1.96 MHz with slight rhombisity parameter n = (Pxx - Pyy)/Pzz = -0.070. Utilizing a conventional approach based on a linear combination of atomic orbitals and HFI values measured here, we reveal that almost all spin density (84 %) of the VB electron spin is localized on the three nearest nitrogen atoms. Our findings serve as valuable spectroscopic data and direct experimental demonstration of the VB spin localization in a single two dimensional BN layer.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui 1) tingkat keterampilan proses sains dan hasil belajar peserta didik setelah diajarkan dengan menggunakan LKPD berbasis guided discovery, 2) tingkat keterampilan proses sains dan hasil belajar peserta didik setelah diajarkan menggunakan LKPD konvensional, dan 3) pengaruh LKPD berbasis guided discovery terhadap keterampilan proses sains dan hasil belajar IPA. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian quasi experiment dan desain penelitian Nonequivalent Control Group Design dengan populasi seluruh peserta didik kelas VIII SMP Negeri 4 Makassar yang terdiri dari 10 kelas dengan jumlah peserta didik sebanyak 335 orang dipilih secara purposive sampling yaitu kelas eksperimen 14 orang dan kelas kontrol 13 orang. Keterampilan proses sains peserta didik diperoleh nilai rerata pada kelas eksperimen 70,22 kategori kurang dan kelas kontrol 67,61 kategori kurang. Hasil belajar peserta didik diperoleh skor rerata pada kelas eksperimen 13,9 kategori sedang dan kelas kontrol 13,2 tergolong kategori sedang. Berdasarkan hasil analisis inferensial menggunakan uji-t keterampilan proses sains dan hasil belajar diperoleh

Study design: The study design was cross-sectional. Objective: Assessment of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of primary caregivers of people with tetraplegia owing to traumatic SCI. Setting: A total of 48 samples were selected conveniently for this study from the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), spinal cord injury unit, at Savar. Methods: Data was collected by using a questionnaire, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed by the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire. Descriptive statistics using SPSS software version 16.0 were used for data analysis, which focused on columns, pie charts, and doughnuts. Results: Among 48 caregivers evaluated, 39 (81.2%) were female and 9 (18.8%) were male, where 22 people (45.8%) were either husbands or wives and 15 people (31.2%) were parents of people with tetraplegia. It was found that most of the caregivers (62.5%) spend about 13–18 hrs/day caring for individuals with tetraplegia. The participants reported lower scores on social functioning and emotional well-being than the other dimensions of SF-36. Conclusion: Primary caregivers of spinal-cord injury patients had low scores on all SF-36 aspects, including social functioning and emotional well-being. Sponsorship: This does not include funding from grants or other sources.

The ab initio calculations of a heterostructure based on the ferroelectric phase of barium titanate and dielectrics lanthanum manganese (LaMnO

Petroleum asphaltenes are considered the most irritating components of various oil systems, complicating the extraction, transportation, and processing of hydrocarbons. Despite the fact that the paramagnetic properties of asphaltenes and their aggregates have been studied since the 1950s, there is still no clear understanding of the structure of stable paramagnetic centers in petroleum systems. The paper considers the possibilities of various electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques to study petroleum asphaltenes and their solubility fractions using a carbon-centered stable free radical (FR) as an intrinsic probe. The dilution of asphaltenes with deuterated toluene made it possible to refine the change in the structure at the initial stage of asphaltene disaggregation. From the measurements of samples of bitumen, a planar circumcoronene-like model of FR structure and FR-centered asphaltenes is proposed. The results show that EPR-based approaches can serve as sensitive numerical tools to follow asphaltenes' structure and their disaggregation.

Manganese-substituted tricalcium phosphates (TCPs), Ca3(PO4)2, containing 0–1.49 wt % manganese have been prepared by heterophase synthesis using mechanical activation. The percentage of manganese has been determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The compounds have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ceramic coatings have been produced using an arc plasma source. The coatings have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM with the use of energy dispersive X-ray analysis. They have been shown to consist of α-TCP and hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). Manganese ions have been shown to be incorporated into the crystal lattice of TCP. After holding in physiological solution at pH 7.4 for 90 days, neither manganese nor phosphorus was detected in the coatings. After holding in physiological solution, the coatings consisted of calcium carbonate, as was demonstrated by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The coatings produced on titanium implants are promising for use in orthopedics and dentistry.

In the high-frequency ENDOR experiments, the hyperfine (HF) interaction between the unpaired electron of the shallow donor or shallow acceptor and the nuclear spins of the Coulombic center and the surrounding atoms is determined, which is then translated into the spin density of the electronic wave function at the various atomic positions. The results of studying the spatial distribution of wave functions for shallow donors in ZnO, AgCl, AlN, and SiC crystals, ZnO-based nanostructures, and shallow boron acceptors in SiC will be presented. The change of the electronic wave function of a shallow donor in ZnO quantum dots (QDs) when entering the regime of quantum confinement by using the nuclear as probes has been observed. The model, based on the effective mass approximation (EMA), that describes a 1s-like wave function with the Bohr radius of ~ 1.5 nm for distant shells was tested. The EMA does not yield an appropriate description of the electronic wave function when the radius of the QD is reduced below the Bohr radius. The direct reconstruction of the wave function of the intrinsic shallow electronic center (SEC) and self-trapped excitons in AgCl was presented. The SEC was suggested to be an electron that is shallowly trapped by two adjacent silver ions on a single cationic site (split-interstitial position), so-called “latent image” in silver halides. The shallowly trapped electron of the STE is shown to behave like a hydrogen 1s electron, centered on the Ag+ lattice position, with a Bohr radius r0 = 1.51 nm that is in agreement with Bohr radius of SEC (r0 = 1.66 nm). For SEC in AgBr, r0 = 2.48 nm. It was demonstrated that dynamic nuclear polarization of nuclear spins due to hyperfine interactions with ligand nuclei can be achieved in ZnO (and based QDs) and AgCl by saturating the high-frequency EPR transition of a shallow donor at low temperatures corresponding to a high Boltzmann factor. Several types of shallow donors were indicated in AlN crystals: (i) affected by the DX-relaxation and (ii) with normal behavior. The strong HF interaction for light-induced SD in AlN support the assignment to the impurity in anionic sublattice (e.g. oxygen in N position). At the same time, a shallow donor with normal behavior can belong to Si or C in the Al position. The electronic structure of shallow donors and shallow acceptors in silicon carbide was investigated by the ENDOR method. The spin density of the N donor corresponding to the observed ENDOR lines was established to be p like in character and located mainly on the Si atoms for the k site in 4H-SiC, whereas for the three sites in 6H-SiC the spin density is s-like in character and located mainly on the C atoms. An explanation for the difference in the electronic wave function of the N donor in 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC can be found in the large difference in the band structure of the two polytypes and in the position of the minima in the Brillouin Zone. The electronic density for shallow B acceptor substituting Si in the k position is distributed in an ellipsoidal shape with the main symmetry axis making an angle of 70° with the c axis, i.e., along the direction of the B–C with main spin density.

A novel tungsten carbide (WC)- and ceria (CeO2)-reinforced cobalt (Co) matrix composite coating was synthesized through a one-step co-electrodeposition method. The growth mechanism of the coating and the formation mechanism of the protrusion and gully structure on the coating surface were explored. Furthermore, the mechanism of the influence of ceria concentration on the deposition rate and content of tungsten carbide is discussed. The results revealed that the coating fabricated at 6 g/l ceria achieved a dense structure, a fine grain size, a high content of tungsten carbide (19.9 wt.%) and a high deposition rate (78.2 μm/h). The average thickness of the coating was 118.48 μm, and the composite coating had a preferred orientation of cobalt (101) texture. In addition, the maximum microindentation hardness of the coating deposited at 6 g/l ceria was obtained as 627 HV. The electrodeposits possessed a superior anti-wear behavior, which was mainly ascribed to the synergistic effect of tungsten carbide and ceria in improving the mechanical properties of the cobalt matrix composite coating.

Phase transitions in small spherical particles of multiferroics were investigated in the framework of the Ginzburg-Landau phenomenological theory. Using the expression of free energy for magnetizat...

The effect of green (514 nm) and ultraviolet (257 nm) pulsed laser light on Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3/LaMnO3 heterostructure electrical resistance was studied. In 80 ÷ 200 K range illumination induced a trans...

A study of the electrical and photoelectric properties of the heterostructure of barium strontium titanate film on a silicon substrate was performed. The conductivity of the heterostructure signifi...

We investigate the properties of quasi-two-dimensional electron gas at the interface between ferroelectric oxide and insulating oxide in Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3/LaMnO3 heterostructure after applying magneti...

We measured the time dependence behavior of the dielectric permittivity of lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) transparent ceramic sample and a single-crystal lead magnoniobate (PMN) from the ...

The study of Ba

Cultivated plants of Gossypium hirsutum Cav. (cotton) consistently emit low levels of volatile organic compounds, primarily mono- and sesquiterpenoids, which are produced and stored in pigment glands. In this study, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of the terpene profiles of wild G. hirsutum plants sourced from sites located throughout natural distribution of this species, thus providing the first in-depth assessment of the scope of its intraspecific chemotypic diversity. Chemotypic variation can potentially influence resistance to herbivory and diseases, or interact with abiotic stress such as extreme temperatures. Under controlled environmental conditions, plants were grown from seeds of sixteen G. hirsutum populations collected along the coastline of the Yucatan Peninsula, which is its likely centre of origin. We found high levels of intraspecific diversity in the terpene profiles of the plants. Two distinct chemotypes were identified: one chemotype contained higher levels of the monoterpenes γ-terpinene, limonene, α-thujene, α-terpinene, terpinolene, and p-cymene, while the other chemotype was distinguished by higher levels of α- and β-pinene. The distribution of chemotypes followed a geographic gradient from west to east, with an increasing frequency of the former chemotype. Concurrent analysis of maternal plants revealed that chemotypes in wild G. hirsutum are highly heritable.

The article reflects the results of many years of research on the study of the root system of naked licorice (Glycyrrhiza glаbra L.). The formation of this valuable plant occupies significant areas of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain. The work was carried out in order to establish the regularities of the formation and accumulation of roots in local populations of licorice in order to diagnose their reserves with subsequent scientific substantiation of technological regulations for the industrial production of licorice, which guarantee self-restoration of cenopopulations. Based on the totality of morphological and ecological features, the diversity of adaptability of architectonics, the root system of licorice can be regarded as ecologically universal and, in some respects, unique. The multivariance of its structure for a number of typical habitats of this plant is explained by the influence of different regimes of surface waters during floods and subsurface waters during the growing season, in conditions of a wide variety of alluvial deposits along the profile of the soil aeration zone, their physical and chemical characteristics. The floodplain formation of naked licorice includes a large number of communities of various species composition, which, with varying degrees of its participation, are among the seven most frequently encountered associations. The most productive are clean malt houses formed in the central (insular) part of the lower floodplain and delta under conditions of annual flood moistening of soils. Licorice acquires the most intensive productive development, settling on non-saline floodplain alluvial meadow and meadow dark-colored granular soils of light granulometric composition, as well as on alluvial meadow sandy loam soils formed on middle flood relief elements. In these habitats, the root mass (total, wet) in the soil layer of 0.40 m can reach 22 ... 25 tons per hectare in some areas. Most often, the root mass of licorice naked along the soil profile is distributed as follows: 90% of all roots and rhizomes - in a layer of 1.0 ... 1.2 m, including 60% - in a layer of 0 ... 0.3 m, 20% - in layer 0.3 ... 0.5 m

This article discusses the current areas of international cooperation in the fight against or crime based on the example of the International Organization of Criminal Police - Interpol. In research we use dialectical dispositions, general scientific methods and special methods. Not correcting the study, also used private scientific methods: formal-legal, formal-logical, systemic and comparative. The results will show that international cooperation in forensic activities must be carried out with an agile management, which brings together the national interests of two States and various instruments of regulation of the interaction. In order to understand two objectives, functions, principles and means of mutual activities through Interpol, it will provide the police and judicial authorities of two member states to obtain greater efficiency from their cooperation.

The article considers the search for technical solutions and the choice of the basic design of the sensitive element, based on the calculated ratios obtained from research work and measurements of experimental samples. The calculations were confirmed on the design of bending sensitive elements made on the basis of film technology for small-sized impact sensors.