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Objective To assess whether pandemic-related restrictions with video-based interviewing increased geographic clustering of urology applicants matching at a residency program near where they were raised or attended medical school. Materials and Methods We utilized publicly available data from the urology match to compare dispersal patterns between applicants matching during the COVID-19 application cycle (2021) and those matching in the 5 prior application cycles (2016-2020). Variables included home state, undergraduate institution, medical school, and residency. Latitudes and longitudes were obtained for each institution and home state. The primary endpoint was distance (miles, as the most direct path) between medical school and residency program. We also assessed dispersal patterns by American Urological Association section. Results Of the 1965 applicants matching to a urology program between 2016 and 2021, medical school was identified for 1956 (99.7%) applicants, undergraduate program for 1551 (79%) applicants, and home state for 1351 (69%) applicants. Comparing the COVID-19 application cycle to the 5 prior application cycles, there was no significant difference in the median distance between medical school and residency, undergraduate university and residency, or home state and residency. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the proportion of applicants matching at their home institution, matching from medical schools without a home urology program, matching from medical schools with a historically low volume of urology applicants ( Conclusion Virtual interviewing and the loss of in-person clinical rotations did not significantly alter dispersal patterns or hamper an applicant's ability to match at program outside their geographic region.

The roles digital media-technologies play in raising public issues relating to emerging technologies and their potential for engaging publics with science and policy assessments is a lively field of inquiry in Science and Technology Studies (STS). This paper presents an analysis of controversies over proposals for the large-scale removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CDR). The study combines a digital method (web-querying) with document analysis to map debates about two CDR approaches: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation. In the first step, we locate actors using the web to engage with BECCS and afforestation and map their alignments in relation to competing framings of CDR. In a second step, we examine the devices deployed by UK-based actors to evidence and contest the feasibility of BECCS and afforestation. Our analysis shows that policy distinctions between “natural” and “engineered” CDR are used flexibly in practice and do not map neatly onto actor engagement with BECCS and afforestation. We highlight the predominance of cross-cutting techno-economic expertise and argue that framings of CDR as a solution to governing climate change may contribute to public disengagement from climate policy processes. The paper reflects on methods for studying controversies, publics, and issues emerging around processes of technoscientific assessment.

Numerous studies in different science fields have examined the various aspects of educational interventions designed to facilitate learning outcomes in students with dyslexia. The aim of this study was to present an overview of empirical research related to interventions aimed at primary school students with dyslexia. Mapping was conducted to identify studies on this topic published from 2015 to 2019 and included in the Scopus database. The descriptive data from 57 studies were analyzed to present a classification scheme of research design, type of educational intervention, implementation of technology in educational interventions, and aim of the intervention. The results indicated an increasing trend in the last 5 years in the publication of papers in researched areas related to educational interventions for students with dyslexia, with uneven representation among countries. The analyzed empirical studies were mostly analytic, using different designs, with a slightly higher prevalence of (quasi) experimental versus descriptive designs. As expected, the goal of most educational interventions was directed toward the development of (pre)reading skills, with a wider prevalence of structured language- based programs, followed by software specialized to support learning, whereas adaptations of instructional materials and innovative information and communication technology (ICT) were less used. Mapping indicated the frequent use of ICT in all educational interventions, and more evidence is needed for complex rigorous experimental designs and interventions related to teaching in the classroom, as well as interventions aimed at facilitating the self- regulation of students with dyslexia.

Coastal storms are an important driver of geomorphic change along Great Lakes shorelines. While there is abundant anecdotal evidence for storm impacts in the region, only a handful of studies over the last few decades have quantified them and addressed system morphodynamics. Annual to seasonal lake-level fluctuations and declining winter-ice covers also influence coastal response to storms, yet relationships between hydrodynamics and geomorphology are poorly constrained. Given this, the Great Lakes region lags behind marine coasts in terms of predictive modeling of future coastal change, which is a necessary tool for proactive coastal management. To help close this gap, we conducted a year-long study at a sandy beach-dune system along the western shore of Lake Michigan, evaluating storm impacts under conditions of extremely high water level and absent shorefast ice. Drone-derived beach and dune topography data were used to link geomorphic changes to specific environmental conditions. High water levels throughout the year of study facilitated erosion during relatively minor wave events, enhancing the vulnerability of the system to a large storm in January 2020. This event occurred with no shorefast ice present and anomalously high winter water levels, resulting in widespread erosion and overwash. This resulted in 20% of the total accretion and 66% of the erosion documented at the site over the entire year. Our study highlights the importance of both antecedent and present conditions in determining Great Lakes shoreline vulnerability to storm impacts.

OBJECTIVE To determine if prevalent approaches in acetabular fracture surgery provide enhanced anterior and cranial exposure in a cadaveric model. METHODS A Kocher-Langenbeck (K-L) approach (followed by a Gibson approach on the contralateral hip) was performed in the lateral position on 8 cadavers. A Steinmann pin was used to create holes outlining the bony surfaces available for instrumentation before and after a trochanteric osteotomy. All soft tissue was then removed from the pelvis, and a calibrated digital picture was taken. The surface area of the pelvis visualized through each approach was calculated and compared with the contralateral side to assess for a difference in exposure between the Gibson approach and the K-L approach. An increase in exposure of greater than 10% was considered significant. The extent of anterior exposure (with and without a trochanteric osteotomy) was then measured from the greater sciatic notch. RESULTS In 2 of 8 cadavers (25%), the Gibson approach yielded an increase in exposure when compared with a K-L approach. The addition of a trochanteric osteotomy yielded on average 1.6 cm (range, 0.7-2.6 cm) of increased anterior exposure in the K-L approaches and 1.5 cm (range 0.9-3.1 cm) in the Gibson approaches. CONCLUSION The Gibson approach did not reliably provide increased anterior exposure compared with a K-L approach in a cadaver model. A trochanteric osteotomy can be expected to add 1-2 cm of increased anterior exposure in both approaches.

In the past decade, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become a major research topic in robotics, despite their existence since 1915. UAVs can perform various activities efficiently and effectively; therefore, involving a group of UAVs in performing a certain task has become a growing research trend. Research involving multiple UAVs has been carried out in various areas such as force protection, warfare in the military, remote sensing, disaster response activities, and surveillance. While performing critical tasks, efficiency and robustness are important considerations that can be achieved by involving heterogeneous UAV teams with effective communication and coordination techniques. Communication among heterogeneous UAVs is an interesting and critical research area that needs to be thoroughly explored. In this research, an evidence-based approach is adopted to explore research carried out on multiple heterogeneous UAVs and their communication patterns while performing various activities. A mapping study research technique is employed to systematically collect, analyze, and assess the evidence available on the topic under discussion. The time period defined for this study was set from 2005 to 2019, and 46 primary studies were considered for thematic analysis. The findings show that research studies fall under the category of validation research by constructing simulations to provide a proof-of-concept implementation of the proposed solutions. The communication patterns among heterogeneous UAVs involve various components of UAV communication, networking, formation, and path planning. The application areas that were largely focused on were search, rescue, monitoring, and surveillance missions. The overall trend showed that interest in multiple heterogeneous UAV usage increases over time with a focus on UAV networks, formations, and path planning while considering communication as an implicit part of all these structures. This research has conducted an in-depth analysis of existing research on heterogeneous UAVs and provides classification and trends of various themes emerging within this research area.

To deeply investigate the pivotal roles of Auxin (mainly indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), it is essential to obtain the contents of IAA in different locations of plants. It is still a challenge to quantify the levels of IAA in different sites of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves because of the small sizes. In this study, a simple paper-based electroanalytical device coupled with microsampling was used to differentiate the IAA amounts in different locations of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. For the micro real sampling, the different areas of the thaliana leaves were retrieved by the Harris Uni-Core TM Miltex® with diameters: 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.0 mm. The results showed that the contents of IAA can be detected from circle samples with the diameter from 1.0 to 4.0 mm. With 1.5 mm diameter sampling, the levels of IAA could be obtained in different sites of cotyledon and the first true leaf of Arabidopsis thaliana at the seedling stage. Our results suggested that the highest IAA levels were in the near petiole and lowest IAA levels in the leaf tip, which roughly agreed with those in tobacco leaves based on HPLC-MS reported before. In addition, the microsampling has a minor impact on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana in the following especially for circle samples with the diameter 1.5 mm. This study revealed the potential application of microsampling coupled with a simple paper-based electroanalytical device for the mapping study of IAA in small plants or small tissue samples.

Bu çalışmada Angoff ve Madde Tepki Kuramına (MTK) dayalı Madde Haritalama yöntemleri ile belirlenen kesme puanlarının karşılaştırması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma için ÖSYM tarafından 2000-2012 yılları arasında, yılda iki kez yapılan ve akademik kadrolara atanma aşamasında puanları ön koşul olarak kabul edilen ÜDS’nin 2005 yılı Sosyal Bilimler İngilizce testi arşiv verileri kullanılmıştır. Her iki yöntemin yürütülmesinde de yedi yargıcı ile çalışılmış ve bu yöntemlerle belirlenecek 3 kesme puanına ilişkin yeterlik düzeylerinin sınırında kalan adayların dil yeterlikleri Avrupa dil portfolyosu çerçevesi esas alınarak 15 kişilik bir uzman grubunun görüşleri doğrultusunda tanımlanmıştır. İki yönteme göre belirlenen kesme puanlarının “öğretim üyesi dışındaki öğretim elemanı kadrolarına atanabilme” düzeyi için anlamlı derecede farklı olduğu ancak “Doçentlik başvurusu yapabilme” ve “ İngilizce okutmanlığı başvurusu yapabilme” düzeyleri için benzer olduğu bulunmuştur. MTK’ya dayalı belirlemelere bir geçerlik kanıtı oluşturmak amacıyla yanıtlayıcı örneklemine ait verilerden elde edilen madde parametrelerine göre maddeler yeniden haritalanmış ve yargıcılarla ikinci bir madde haritalama çalışması yürütülmüştür. Bu iki uygulamada verilen kararların birbirleri ile uyumlu olması, yapılan işlemin geçerliği için kanıt olarak kabul edilmiştir. Angoff ve MTK’ya dayalı Madde Haritalama yöntemleri ile üç ayrı kesme puanının belirlenmesinde yargıcılar arası uyum araştırılmıştır. MTK’ya dayalı Madde Haritalama yönteminde yargıcıların birbirleri ile uyumlu kararlar verdikleri, Angoff yöntemi için yargıcılar tarafından verilen kararların birbirleri ile uyumlu olmadığı görülmüştür. Yargıcıların iş yükünü azaltma ve onlara ortak standardı yakalama konusunda yol göstererek daha tutarlı sonuçlar elde etmeyi sağlama gibi avantajları sebebiyle MTK’ya dayalı Madde Haritalama Yöntemi’nin daha güvenilir ve kullanışlı olduğu görülmüştür.

The eco-friendly phytomediated synthesis of Ag nanoparticles provides better efficient applications than synthetic methods. Ag nanoparticles are considered by researchers due to its specific properties. The phytochemical analysis of Allium Sativum flower extract provides the phytochemicals exist in it. Due to this, the efficient eco-friendly synthesis of Ag nanoparticles via Allium Sativum flower extract has performed. The X-ray diffraction pattern exposes the crystalline nature with the mean crystallite size at 25 nm. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrum displays the phytochemicals involved in the synthesis. The UV–Visible spectrum illustrates the formation of Ag nanoparticles with SPR band at 436 nm. The particle size analyzer demonstrates the size of formed Ag particles in 20–35 nm. The morphological, elemental and structural analyzes demonstrate the formation of spherical shaped Ag nanoparticles. The formation of Ag nanoparticles was confirmed by the appearance of Ag peak in Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction spectrum and mapping study. The antimicrobial activity explains the effective antimicrobial effect on human pathogens. The antioxidant activity reports the efficient scavenging property of synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The anti-inflammatory activity reveals the potential ability of protein denaturation on bovine serum albumin. The anti-diabetic activity exhibits much inhibition on α-Amylase. The anticancer activity reports the effective inhibition of synthesized Ag nanoparticles on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Internationalisation has so far been largely disconnected from major societal developments such as the rise of xenophobia, climate change or more recently the Corona crisis and research on internationalisation for society is scarce The article provides the definition of such internationalisation in higher education for society (IHES) as well as its characteristics developed in a mapping study for the German Academic Exchange Service and describes examples of IHES activities in universities around the world The author shows, that IHES as a special form of Internationalisation at Home (IaH) is still in its infant state, in contrast to classical internationalisation The article then connects IHES with the most important societal challenge of our time: Corona, outlining different kinds of IHES activities that could be developed to help people during the Corona crisis In a final excursion, the current movement towards online education as an answer to the Corona crisis is reflected upon from an IHES perspectives and possible applications are suggested Alternate abstract:Internacionalizace je zatim ve velke miře odpojena od zasadnich aspektů spolecenskeho vývoje, jako je zvysujici se xenofobie, klimaticke změny nebo v posledni době i krize okolo koronaviru Výzkumy internacionalizace pro spolecnost se přitom provadi jen velmi zřidka Tento clanek poskytuje definici takoveto internacionalizace ve vyssim vzdělavani pro spolecnost (IHES) i jeji vlastnosti odhalene v mapovaci studii pro Německe služby akademicke výměny a popisuje přiklady aktivit IHES na univerzitach v různých castech světa Autor ukazuje, že IHES jako specialni forma domaci internacionalizace (Internationalisation at Home - IaH) je v porovnani s klasickou internacionalizaci stale jestě v plenkach Clanek spojuje IHES s nejvýznamnějsi spolecenskou výzvou nasi doby - koronavirem - a nacrtava různe druhy aktivit IHES, ktere by mohly být na pomoc lidem během koronavirove krize vyvinuty V zavěrecnem zhodnoceni problematiky je provedena reflexe aktualniho posunu směrem k online vzdělavani jako odpovědi na koronavirovou krizi z perspektivy IHES a jsou navržena možna využiti

Introduction Stochastic trajectory analysis of ranked signals (STAR) mapping has recently been used to ablate persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) with high rates of AF termination and long-term freedom from AF in small, single-arm studies. We hypothesized that rapidity and organization markers would correlate with early sites of activation (ESA). Methods Patients undergoing persistent AF ablation as part of the STAR mapping study were included. Five-minute unipolar basket recordings used to create STAR maps were used to determine the minimum-cycle length (Min-CL) and CL variability (CLV) at each electrode to identify the site of the fastest Min-CL and lowest CLV across the left atrium (LA). The location of ESA targeted with ablation was compared with these sites. Dominant frequency was assessed at ESA and compared with that of neighboring electrodes to assess for regional gradients. Results Thirty-two patients were included with 83 ESA ablated, with an ablation response at 73 sites (24 AF termination and 49 CL slowing ≥30 ms). Out of these, 54 (74.0%) and 56 (76.7%) colocated to sites of fastest Min-CL and lowest CLV, respectively. Regional CL and frequency gradients were demonstrable at majority of ESA. ESA colocating to sites of fastest Min-CL and lowest CLV were more likely to terminate AF with ablation (odds ratio, 34 and 29, respectively, P = .02). These showed a moderate sensitivity (74.0% Min-CL and 75.3% CLV) and specificity (66.7% Min-CL and 76.9% CLV) in predicting ESA with an ablation response. Conclusions ESA correlate with rapidity and organization markers. Further work is needed to clarify any role for spectral analysis in prioritizing driver ablation.

This mapping study is the first bibliometric analysis of literature on Guillain–Barre Syndrome (GBS). By identifying core journals, analyzing cited references, categorizing journals into Zones, and...

Gastric distension is known to affect normal slow-wave activity and gastric function, but links between slow-wave dysrhythmias and stomach function are poorly understood. Low-resolution mapping is unable to capture complex spatial properties of gastric dysrhythmias, necessitating the use of high-resolution mapping techniques. Characterizing the nature of these dysrhythmias has implications in the understanding of postprandial function and the development of new mapping devices. In this two-phase study, we developed and implemented a protocol for measuring electrophysiological responses to gastric distension in porcine experiments. In vivo, serosal high-resolution electrical mapping (256 electrodes; 36 cm

This article reports article reports on a mapping study to investigate the C-ROADS Day 1 C-ITS application Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA). In the study, 64 publications between 2006 and 2019 where reviewed and classified according to a schema developed using thematic analysis of the selected publications. Among the findings were that the typical publication evaluates through simulation benefits for the equipped vehicle, leaving considerable gaps in investigations of societal effects. Additionally, there is a lack of investigation on driver behaviour, both for the equipped vehicle and for fellow road users—the ability to accurately model such behaviour is necessary for reliable simulation results. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.

Additive manufacturing has been gaining ground both in the industry and in the academic world due to its flexibility, easy operation, and the possibility of making products in the most varied formats. Also, it can be observed that magnets are largely produced using a sintering process, although it results in high (BH)max, this process is very limited in relation to the shapes of the magnets, thus, additive manufacturing can be used to produce complex shaped magnets. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the state of the art regarding the applied methods to produce permanent magnets and materials for magnet production. Considering this, a literature review was conducted using the methodology called mapping study to select the articles to be used, thus, demonstrating that the main compound used as the magnetic particle is NdFeB alloy powder. Finally, it can be concluded that the magnets produced by additive manufacturing have lower (BH)max than those produced by sintering processes, which despite having high filling capacity of magnetic particles increases the magnet’s magnetic capacity, limits their shape, those by manufacturing magnets can be produced with complex shapes, the heating temperature may reduce the maximum energy, and the coercive force improves it.

“Hands-on activities” with emergent technology is being integrated into the curriculum of Electrical Engineering education. This mapping study carry out an overview of the evidence of the Making movement using emergent technology in Electrical Engineering education. Primary studies in the literature were selected, classified and analysed according to the type of technology used and, the design-based research (DBR) intervention. 20 primary studies were identified. Making related to activities with Robotics is the application most used at the undergraduate level. The most of the studies reported an intervention focused on the instructional approach of the curriculum unit and, that students improved motivation.

Purpose This paper aims to characterize and identify the existing research on risk management in the export development of high-tech products. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a systematic mapping study to identify and analyze related literature. The authors identified 96 primary studies, dated from 2000 to 2018 and classified them with respect to research focus, types of research and contribution. Findings A total of 32 studies were identified and mapped, synthesizing the available evidence on risk management in the export development of high-tech products. “Currency risk” with 13 articles is the dominant research focus. Regarding the research type, “Solution proposal” is the most frequently used research type. “Case study”, “Regression analysis” and “Survey”, respectively, were the most used research methods. However, “FANNIS”, “FAHP” and “Discussion paper” were used less often. “Solution proposal” was the most common research type between 2000 and 2018. Further, the number of publications has declined between 2010 and 2012. Originality/value This mapping study provides the first systematic exploration of the state-of-art on risk management research in the export development of high-tech products. The existing body of knowledge is limited to a few high-quality studies.

INTRODUCTION Electronatomical mapping allows direct and accurate visualization of myocardial abnormalities. This study investigated whether high-density endocardial bipolar voltage mapping of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) during sinus rhythm may guide catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-four patients (18 males, mean age: 38.1 ± 13.8 years) with idiopathic RVOT VAs and negative cardiac magnetic resonance imaging underwent a stepwise mapping approach for the identification of the site of origin (SOO). High-density electronatomical mapping (1096.6 ± 322.3 points) was performed during sinus rhythm and identified at least two low bipolar voltage areas less than 1 mV (mean amplitude of 0.20 ± 0.10 mV) in 39 of 44 patients. The mean low-voltage surface area was 1.4 ± 0.8 cm2 . Group 1 consisted of 28 patients exhibiting low-voltage areas and high-arrhythmia burden during the procedure. Pace match to the clinical VAs was produced in one of these low-voltage areas. Activation mapping established the SOO at these sites in 27 of 28 cases. Group 2 comprised 11 patients exhibiting abnormal electroanatomical mapping, but very low-arrhythmia burden during the procedure. Pace mapping produced a near-perfect or perfect match to the clinical VAs in one of these areas in 9 of 11 patients which was marked as potential SOO and targeted for ablation. During the follow-up period, 25 of 28 patients from group 1 (89%) and 7 of 9 patients from group 2 (78%) were free from VAs. CONCLUSIONS Small but detectable very low-voltage areas during mapping in sinus rhythm characterize the arrhythmogenic substrate of idiopathic RVOT VAs and may guide successful catheter ablation.

Atomic catalysts (AC) as the frontier in atomic catalyst have attracted tremendous attention in recent electrocatalyst research. The performance of ACs strongly depends on the electronic interaction between the atoms and support. To supply a direct strategy for discovering more promising electrocatalysts, we propose a comprehensive mapping study of anchoring transition metals on the graphdiyne (GDY). The electron transfer ability and zero-valence stability are quantified based on the redox process between surface metal and GDY support. The different electron transfer number and directions between the transition metals and GDY are also compared, in which the initial one-electron transfer is the most difficult. Among all the TMs, Co, Pd and Pt have displayed the exceptional stability of zero-valence catalyst based on the evident energy barrier difference between losing electrons and gaining electrons. Experimental results support the remarkable performance of our screened candidates, which have opened a new possibility to achieve novel high-performance zero-valence ACs. Moreover, we outlook the introduction of the deep-learning algorithm in the future advanced mapping strategy for achieving more complicated ACs. This work not only supplies innovative electrocatalyst candidates but also exhibits an innovative approach for studying the electrocatalysts that can further apply to more material systems.

Learning analytics processes have an increased relevance in the digitization and virtualization of learning and teaching due to COVID-19, this analytical practice may mean improvements in K-12 levels in Spain. The work aims to expose the principal scientific publications regarding Learning analytics at these educational levels through a systematic mapping study. The authors set the hypothesis that there is limited research in such an educational context. Results validate the hypothesis and foster to continue the work through a deeper systematic review.

Javascript is one of the most famous mainstream programming languages nowadays. It has gained considerable practical relevance over the last years, with applications in several areas, such as games, 3D rendering, and, mainly, web development. Like any other software system, systems developed in Javascript need to keep their ability to evolve to remain useful and relevant over time. Empirical evidence has shown that bad smells are possible indicators of problems hindering software evolvability. In this context, this paper presents a mapping study investigating if and to what extent bad smells have been defined for the Javascript language and how the interest in this topic has evolved. Our study identified 26 different types of bad smells investigated in the context of Javascript in 8 different works published between 2013 and 2020. This result suggests that although Javascript has gained practical relevance in recent years, there is still room for further empirical studies defining and evaluating the impact of bad smells on Javascript-based software systems.

Safety and security are important properties of any software system, particularly in safety-critical domains, such as embedded, automotive, or cyber-physical systems. Moreover, particularly those domains also employ highly-configurable systems to customize variants, for example, to different customer requirements or regulations. Unfortunately, we are missing an overview understanding of what research has been conducted on the intersection of safety and security with configurable systems. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic mapping study based on an automated search, covering ten years (2011--2020) and 65 relevant (out of 367) publications. We classified each publication based on established security and safety concerns (e.g., CIA triad) as well as the connection to configurable systems (e.g., ensuring security of such a system). In the end, we found that considerably more research has been conducted on safety concerns, but both properties seem under-explored in the context of configurable systems. Moreover, existing research focuses on two directions: Ensuring safety and security properties in product-line engineering; and applying product-line techniques to ensure safety and security properties. Our mapping study provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art as well as open issues, helping practitioners identify existing solutions and researchers define directions for future research.

While most research shows positive effects of gamification, the focus on its adverse effects is considerably smaller. Having this in mind, we conducted a systematic mapping study of the negative effects of game design elements on education/learning systems. The study revealed 77 papers reporting undesired effects of game design elements. We found that badges, competitions, Ieaderboards, and points are the game design elements most often reported as causing negative effects. The most cited negative effects were lack of effect, lack of understanding, irrelevance, motivational issues, and worsened performance. The ethical issue of cheating was also often reported. As part of our results, we map the relations between game design elements and the negative effects that they may cause. Our mapping study can help gamification designers make more informed decisions when selecting game design elements to be included in education/learning systems, raising awareness on potential negative effects.

Software traceability plays a critical role in software maintenance and evolution. We conducted a systematic mapping study with six research questions to understand the benefits, costs, and challenges of using traceability in maintenance and evolution. We systematically selected, analyzed, and synthesized 63 studies published between January 2000 and May 2020, and the results show that: traceability supports 11 maintenance and evolution activities, among which change management is the most frequently supported activity; strong empirical evidence from industry is needed to validate the impact of traceability on maintenance and evolution; easing the process of change management is the main benefit of deploying traceability practices; establishing and maintaining traceability links is the main cost of deploying traceability practices; 13 approaches and 32 tools that support traceability in maintenance and evolution were identified; improving the quality of traceability links, the performance of using traceability approaches and tools are the main traceability challenges in maintenance and evolution. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of deploying traceability practices in software maintenance and evolution phase, and can be used by researchers for future directions and practitioners for making informed decisions while using traceability in maintenance and evolution.

This article presents a systematic mapping study in order to obtain a general description of the area of knowledge called Software Quality, and to identify the amount (frequency) and type of research carried out in the last decade. The study raises the analysis of aspects such as innovation in terms of methods, techniques and methodologies related to software quality, the quality factors addressed, the context in which they have been carried out, the phases of the software process in which they have focused, as well as the evaluation mechanisms used in the context of empirical research. The study carried out to conclude that research in the field of software quality is still current.

Effective assessment of cyber risks in the increasingly dynamic threat landscape must be supported by artificial intelligence techniques due to their ability to dynamically scale and adapt. This article provides the state of the art of AI-supported security risk assessment approaches in terms of a systematic mapping study. The overall goal is to obtain an overview of security risk assessment approaches that use AI techniques to identify, estimate, and/or evaluate cyber risks. We carried out the systematic mapping study following standard processes and identified in total 33 relevant primary studies that we included in our mapping study. The results of our study show that on average, the number of papers about AI-supported security risk assessment has been increasing since 2010 with the growth rate of 133% between 2010 and 2020. The risk assessment approaches reported have mainly been used to assess cyber risks related to intrusion detection, malware detection, and industrial systems. The approaches focus mostly on identifying and/or estimating security risks, and primarily make use of Bayesian networks and neural networks as supporting AI methods/techniques.

Background: High numbers of women experience a traumatic birth, which can lead to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) onset, and negative and pervasive impacts for women, infants and families. Policies, suitable service provision, and training are needed to identify and treat psychological morbidity following a traumatic birth experience, but currently there is little insight into whether and what is provided in different contexts. The aim of this study was to map policy, service and training provision for women following a traumatic birth experience in different European countries. Methods: A survey was distributed as part of the COST Action “Perinatal mental health and birth-related trauma: Maximizing best practice and optimal outcomes”. Questions were designed to capture ‘country level data’; ‘care provision’ (i.e., national policies or guidelines for the screening, treatment and/or prevention of a traumatic birth, service provision), and nationally mandated pre-registration and post-registration ‘training’ for maternity professionals. Results: Eighteen countries participated. Only one country had national policies regarding the screening, treatment and prevention of a traumatic birth experience/PTSD. Service provision was provided formally in six countries (33%), or informally in the majority (78%). In almost all countries (89%), women could be referred to specialist perinatal or mental health services. Services tended to be provided by midwives, although some multidisciplinary practice was apparent. Thirty-nine percent of the countries offered ‘a few hours’ professional/pre-registration training but none offered nationally mandated post-registration training. Conclusions: A traumatic birth experience is a key public health concern. Evidence highlights important gaps regarding formalized care provision and training for care providers.

An autonomous car is a driverless vehicle for the purpose of navigating autonomously and safely over the earth's surface. Interest in this type of transport has increased significantly in recent years and it is possible that the number of these vehicles on the streets will increase, changing the daily lives of cities. In this context, this work aims to understand the technological limitations and impacts of using autonomous cars, observing the feasibility, adaptation, traffic legislation, and perceived benefits. Following the method of systematic literature review proposed by Kitchenham, 69 primary studies from relevant bases in the area of Technology were analyzed. These studies showed some evidence by indicating, for example, that there will be a change in the way people relate to cars, particularly in terms of sharing them, in addition to impacts on urban mobility.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute heart failure syndrome characterized by transient systolic dysfunction, widespread myocardial edema and not trivial rate of in-hospital complications. Tissue mapping by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging provides measure of myocardial interstitial expansion. Few studies to date comprehensively examined native T1, T2 and extracellular volume (ECV) quantification by CMR in TTS. Purpose to describe T1 and T2 mapping findings by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in a cohort of TTS patients and control subjects. Methods we performed CMR imaging with native T1 and T2 mapping assessment as well as ECV and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging in n = 14 TTS patients at a median of 4 (3, 7) days after the acute event. Control group consisted of n = 14 healthy individuals with no known prior acute cardiac events. Extracellular-volume (ECV) fraction estimate was derived from native and post-contrast T1 of myocardium and blood pool corrected for hematocrit as reported in literature. All mapping measurements were performed in the interventricular septum from the mid-short-axis view. Results median age of the study population was 72 years, 84% female. Typical apical ballooning was present in 72% of the patients, atypical in 28%, with median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 45%; mid interventricular septum was involved in all patients based on the presence of wall motion abnormalities at hospital admission. Median native T1, T2 and ECV were 1078 msec vs 965 msec, 55 msec vs 47 msec and 29% vs 25% in TTS and controls respectively (p Conclusions myocardial edema, as signified by increased T2, is a prominent feature of TTS, likely driving interstitial expansion and increase of native T1 and ECV in the acute phase. Correlation of T2 with LVEF on admission suggests that CMR-based parametric assessment of myocardial edema could contribute to better characterize disease severity in TTS.

Limited literature is available regarding anatomic patterns of articular injuries in comminuted patellar fractures. The present study aimed to map the location and frequency of fracture lines on the coronal and sagittal planes of the articular surface in AO/OTA 34C3 fractures. The directions of the fracture lines from the CT scans of 66 multifragmentary patellar fractures were highlighted in the coronal plane of the articular surface and in the midsagittal plane. The images of all fractures were then oriented to fit and superimposed over a single template. The primary horizontal fracture lines were identified in 63 patients (95.4%) using coronal articular surface fracture mapping. The average value of the primary horizontal fracture line was located between the middle and inferior facets. The secondary horizontal fracture lines ran frequently on the inferior border of the articular facet (83.3%). The secondary vertical fracture lines created satellite fragments and were mostly located on the periphery of the bilateral facet. Sagittal fracture mapping of the primary and secondary horizontal fracture lines with the main coronal fracture line revealed a predominantly X-shaped fracture map. The presence of the free articular type of coronal split fragment was significantly related to inferior pole fractures (OR: 8.15, P = 0.01).

Smart meters and the smart grid will allow utility companies and customers to monitor their electricity and utility usage in fine-grained detail instead of the previously common monthly or yearly measurements. With this fine-grained detail comes serious privacy concerns. One of the most promising solutions for measuring and preserving privacy loss is differential privacy. Both differential privacy and the smart grid are relatively young developments that will require more research before they can be confidently implemented worldwide. With this systematic mapping study, we will provide an overview of the current literature and attempt to determine the future directions the research may take.

Deep Learning (DL) is being used nowadays in many traditional Software Engineering (SE) problems and tasks. However, since the renaissance of DL techniques is still very recent, we lack works that summarize and condense the most recent and relevant research conducted at the intersection of DL and SE. Therefore, in this paper, we describe the first results of a mapping study covering 81 papers about DL & SE. Our results confirm that DL is gaining momentum among SE researchers over the years and that the top-3 research problems tackled by the analyzed papers are documentation, defect prediction, and testing., 8 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication at ACM SAC 2021

Wheat grain yield (GY) improvement using genomic tools is important for achieving yield breakthroughs. To dissect the genetic architecture of wheat GY potential and stress-resilience, we have designed this large-scale genome-wide association study using 100 datasets, comprising 105,000 GY observations from 55,568 wheat lines evaluated between 2003 and 2019 by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and national partners. We report 801 GY-associated genotyping-by-sequencing markers significant in more than one dataset and the highest number of them were on chromosomes 2A, 6B, 6A, 5B, 1B and 7B. We then used the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the consistently significant markers to designate 214 GY-associated LD-blocks and observed that 84.5% of the 58 GY-associated LD-blocks in severe-drought, 100% of the 48 GY-associated LD-blocks in early-heat and 85.9% of the 71 GY-associated LD-blocks in late-heat, overlapped with the GY-associated LD-blocks in the irrigated-bed planting environment, substantiating that simultaneous improvement for GY potential and stress-resilience is feasible. Furthermore, we generated the GY-associated marker profiles and analyzed the GY favorable allele frequencies for a large panel of 73,142 wheat lines, resulting in 44.5 million datapoints. Overall, the extensive resources presented in this study provide great opportunities to accelerate breeding for high-yielding and stress-resilient wheat varieties.

Impairments in feedback processing, often associated with risk-taking behavior, may have implications for development of substance abuse in adolescents. The most commonly used substances by adolescents include tobacco and cannabis, with some individuals using both substances, potentially heightening risk. Our objective was to examine feedback processing and impulsivity in adolescents who smoke cigarettes and use cannabis daily (N = 21), comparing them with adolescents who smoke cigarettes daily and use cannabis occasionally (N = 18) and non-smoking (N = 27) adolescents. To do this, the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) with concurrent EEG was used to measure risk-related feedback processing, and impulsivity was measured using the Barratt's impulsiveness scale (BIS-11). It was found that adolescent daily tobacco/cannabis smoking was associated with higher BIS-11 scores, shortened feedback-related-negativity (FRN) latencies and reduced P300 amplitudes. In addition, FRN latencies during win conditions were inversely associated with tobacco-use severity, indicated by scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and with BIS-11 scores. Adolescents with concurrent tobacco and cannabis use show altered feedback processing and higher impulsivity. Future work should disentangle whether the effect reflects risk, consequences of use or both.

Objection: Among the many studies on the proximal humerus, few have focused on cortical bone distribution around the surgical neck region and its relationship with the epiphysis. Materials and methods: Ninety-five surgical neck fracture patients with available plain X-rays and CT scans were enrolled. In addition, 38 normal subjects were also included to illustrate the cortical thickness of the diaphysis, cortical change region and greater tuberosity.Results: The fracture lines were mainly distributed in the cortical change region. Significant differences were found in cortical thickness between the diaphysis, surgical region and greater tuberosity in men and women. The thickest cortex was noted in the diaphysis, and the thinnest cortex was noted in the greater tuberosity. No significant differences were observed in the width of the cortical change region in man and women.Conclusion: The surgical neck region had decreased cortical thickness. It was concluded that the epiphysis connection region had an effect and acted on the proximal humeral fracture pattern in adults; therefore, the surgical neck fracture was identified as an epiphyseal relative fracture.

The aim of this paper is to provide the basis for development of the Bridging Document between China National Standard of “Classifications for mineral resources and mineral reserves (GB/T 17766-2020)” and “United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC-2019)”. This paper analyses GB/T 17766-2020 and UNFC-2019 updated recently. Based on the existing bridging document, this paper sets up correspondences between categories of the two systems from the view of definitions. The correspondences are tested by a case study. The mapping study shows that the mineral resources and mineral reserves in GB/T 17766-2020 can correspond respectively to the Viable Projects and Potentially Viable Projects classes. As the application scope of UNFC-2019 is different from that of GB/T 17766-2020, it will be key point to mapping in depth the categorization of G axes between the two classification systems. This paper provides correspondences on categories between GB/T 17766-2020 and UNFC-2019, and laid a good foundation to develop the bringing document between the two classification systems.

We conducted a mapping study to investigate how the scientific community uses Ambient intelligence technologies to assist visually impaired people. Our initial search identified a total of 807 publications; after applying our selection criteria, we accepted 65 publications. We seek to show which technologies, methodologies, techniques, architectures, features, and evaluations are most used. Results indicated that only 15.53% have a specific focus on people who are visually impaired. Most of the results were published in 2015. Most authors used their own architectures. Many results used techniques such as Detection and recognition, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and others.

espanolContext: Measurement enables organizations to gain knowledge about its processes and projects, also to reach predictable performance and high capability processes, which places organizations in better positions to make appropriate decisions. Measuring the software development process supports organizations in its endeavor to understand, evaluate, manage, and improve its development processes and projects. In the last decades, the software development process has evolved to meet the market needs and to keep abreast of modern technologies and infrastructures that have influenced the product development and its use. These changes in the development processes have increased the importance of the measurement and caused changes in the measurement process and the used measures. Objective: This thesis aims to contribute to the software process measurement domain in two main aspects; first, propose a novel solution to support the identification and the operational definition of the measurement concepts and objectives. The second is defining a measurement lifecycle and integrate it into the process lifecycle. Method: We have carried out a survey and mapping study to understand the current state of the art, and to identify existing gaps. After that, we have proposed a theoretical solution to support the software process measurement, and finally, we have developed this solution to allow its practical use in real environments, enabling its application and evaluation in a real project. Results: The proposed solution consists of three main components: (i) Measurement lifecycle; which define the measurement activities throughout the process lifecycle, (ii) Measurement metamodels; these metamodels support the measurement lifecycle and its integration into the process lifecycle, (iii) Transformation process; which allow the derivation of the necessary measurement models, artifacts, and activities throughout the process lifecycle. Conclusion: The solution presented in this dissertation allows organizations to manage and improve their processes and projects; the proposed information model supports the unification of the measurement concepts vocabulary, coherently connects them, and ensures the traceability between these concepts. The defined measurement process lifecycle provides a clear and comprehensive guide for the organizations to establish the measurement objectives and carry out the necessary activities to achieve them. The proposed measurement definition metamodel support and guide the engineers to define the measurement concepts and their relationships completely and operationally. Moreover, the proposed transformations use this metamodel to support the measurement process and to derive the necessary measurement artifacts and activities throughout the process lifecycle. EnglishContexto: la medicion permite a las organizaciones obtener conocimiento sobre sus procesos y proyectos, tambien alcanzar un rendimiento predecible y procesos de alta capacidad, lo que pone las organizaciones en mejores posiciones para tomar decisiones apropiadas. La medicion del proceso de desarrollo de software apoya a las organizaciones en su esfuerzo para comprender, evaluar, gestionar y mejorar sus procesos y proyectos de desarrollo. Objetivo: Esta disertacion propone una solucion novedosa para respaldar la identificacion y la definicion de los conceptos y objetivos de medicion en una forma operativa. Ademas, busca definir un ciclo de vida de la medicion e integrarlo en el ciclo de vida del proceso. Metodo: Hemos llevado a cabo una encuesta y estudios de mapeo para comprender el estado del arte e identificar brechas existentes. Posteriormente, hemos propuesto una solucion teorica para respaldar la medicion del proceso del software y, finalmente, hemos desarrollado esta solucion para permitir su uso practico en entornos reales, permitiendo su aplicacion y evaluacion en un proyecto real. Resultados: La solucion propuesta consta de tres componentes principales: (i) Ciclo de vida de la medicion; que define las actividades de medicion a lo largo del ciclo de vida del proceso, (ii) Metamodelos de medicion; estos metamodelos apoyan el ciclo de vida de la medicion y su integracion en el ciclo de vida del proceso, (iii) Proceso de transformacion; que permite la derivacion de los modelos de medicion, artefactos y actividades necesarios a lo largo del ciclo de vida del proceso. Conclusion: la solucion presentada en este trabajo permite a las organizaciones gestionar y mejorar sus procesos y proyectos; El modelo de informacion propuesto apoya la unificacion del vocabulario de los conceptos de medicion, los conecta de forma coherente y garantiza la trazabilidad entre estos conceptos. El ciclo de vida del proceso de medicion proporciona una guia clara y completa para que las organizaciones establezcan los objetivos de medicion y realicen las actividades necesarias para lograrlos. El metamodelo de definicion de la medicion apoya y guia a los ingenieros para definir los conceptos de medicion y sus relaciones de manera completa y operativa; ademas, las transformaciones propuestas utilizan este metamodelo para respaldar el proceso de medicion y derivar los artefactos y las actividades de medicion necesarios durante el ciclo de vida del proceso.

Energy Communities are finding their way into the local energy systems as new regulations surge. However, they often lack resources due to their limited size, and depend heavily on subsidies for providing competitive offerings. In parallel, new technologies support the development of smart services for the energy market and provide chances for increasing the competitiveness of energy communities. This paper utilizes the multi-criteria mapping (MCM) method to discuss with stakeholders from energy communities in Germany the relevance and priorities for realizing specific smart services. A general ranking, as well as four perspective-based rankings, are analyzed by discussing contrasts and uncertainties. The results provide relevant insights on potentials from each service and a basis for the design of new information systems and architectures for energy communities.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): This study was supported by a Clinical Training Research Fellowship (K. Knott) from the British Heart Foundation and directly and indirectly from the Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals and Barts Heart Centre. Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) with automated inline perfusion mapping permits rapid fully automated non-invasive myocardial blood flow (MBF, ml/g/min). Understanding the microvascular component of MBF would help optimize epicardial coronary artery disease detection and potentially serve as an independent diagnostic / therapeutic target. Purpose To explore MBF influences at stress and rest in patients with unobstructed epicardial coronary arteries. Methods 242 participants (mean age 56.9 years) from 5 European centers with unobstructed epicardial coronary arteries and no myocardial scar underwent adenosine vasodilator perfusion mapping at stress and rest. The factors influencing MBF were determined using univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results Mean rest perfusion was 0.91+/-0.24ml/g/min. Rest perfusion was higher in females (0.97+/-0.22ml/g/min vs 0.83 +/- 0.24ml/g/min) and lower in patients on beta blockers. Mean stress MBF was 2.53+/-0.82ml/g/min. Factors independently associated with reduced stress MBF were increasing age, diabetes, increasing left ventricular mass (LVMi) and the use of beta blockers. The predicted stress MBF can be obtained from the equation MBF = 2.66–0.015(age-60)–0.013(LVMi-57)-0.405(diabetes)–0.365(beta blocker). This means stress MBF falls 10% over 19 years and that diabetes drops the MBF by the equivalent of being 27 years older. These changes are large: for example, a 70-year-old diabetic would have 30% lower stress MBF than a 35 year-old non-diabetic. Conclusions In the absence of obstructive epicardial coronary disease, stress MBF falls with age, diabetes, increased LV mass and beta-blockers. These data may help develop normal reference ranges, input to other modelling (eg CT FFR), and they advance perfusion mapping as a measure of microvascular function. Abstract Figure. Summary of the determinants of perfusion

Infra-red maps and profiles with high spatial resolution were obtained for two single crystal diamonds with pronounced CO2 IR absorption peaks. Detailed examination allows unambiguous assignment of the spectral features to solid CO2-I phase. It is shown that the distribution of IR band positions, intensities and widths in the sample follows regular patterns and is not chaotic as was suggested in previous works where spectra of a few individual spots were analysed. Consequently, pressure effects alone fail to explain all observed features and shifts of the CO2 bands. Experimental data can be explained by presence of impurities (such as water, N2, etc.) in the trapped CO2. This implies that spectroscopic barometry of CO2 microinclusions in diamond may be subject to poorly controlled bias. However, barometry is still possible if Davydov splitting of the CO2-I ν2 band is unequivocally observed, as this indicates high purity of the CO2 ice.

Data visualization is an arrangement that presents data in manners that enable the utilization of human subjective and visual capacities. It is the method used to convert crude information into some visual structure. It uses designs and visuals to help with the psychological burden of comprehending big data. The burden put on general well-being because of the coronavirus is exacerbated by the ceaseless rise of new strains and unanswered inquiries concerning viral spread inside the host. Observations regarding the course of coronaviruses in people have been step by step expanded and extended to numerous regions worldwide. These observation programs have created an enormous amount of genomic information regarding coronaviruses, which encourages the investigation of the infection by computational strategies that are proficient and cost effective.

The use of IT is aimed at creating a competitive advantage in business. However, there are many organizations that do not have adequate control of these technologies and do not allow them to achieve their desired objectives, for this reason it is important to properly manage and control IT through an IT governance framework. Through a framework, it will allow to achieve the alignment of IT with the Corporate Governance of the company, companies need a guide on how to adapt the strategic objectives stipulated by the Senior Management. The objective of this article is to show the most important studies that use the standards or framework related to IT Governance, in order to have a comprehensive approach to how the IT area is aligned with Corporate Governance. The methodology used was the search and review of the different IT governance studies implemented in the organizations, for which the literature review guide was used. In the collection of articles, a total of 383 articles were obtained, of which 18 were selected and used for the mapping study. The result of this research is the identification of two frameworks/standards. COBIT 5 and ISO 38500 that are most used in the implementation of ITG in organizations.

This is a mapping study conducted to evaluate the characteristics of where content that engages in perspectives or attitudes on female dog spaying is published. Three databases, CAB Direct, PubMed, and Scopus, were systematically searched. There were 84 out of 642 papers identified and screened for relevance on attitudes or perceptions on female canine spaying. These 84 articles were then examined for recurring authors, institutional representation, and publisher information. Additionally, information regarding the population being addressed, veterinarian or client, was noted with most literature addressing the veterinary perspective. Many important articles were published in a wide array of journals from many countries, which suggests the importance of not only browsing journals but also searching for relevant literature in databases like CAB Abstracts and MEDLINE.

The market size of e-commerce continued to grow in recent years. Amazon, a leading technology company that provides reliable online marketplaces had attracted more than two million active sellers with over 600 million active products listed on it in a snapshot in 2019. The Amazon Best Sellers Rank (BSR) is an important indicator of how well the listed product is sold and it is a common interest to all sellers. This research investigates the algorithm for setting BSR on Amazon by developing a python-based web scrapper to collect hourly data on Amazon Web Services (AWS) server. A BSR to sales mapping study is performed using a machine learning regression algorithm. The study would help Amazon sellers to understand the mechanism of BSR and its impact on future sales.

Interest in gender norms is rising within the field of global health and among its funders. With more resources available for norms change work, international institutions seek to develop thoughtful strategic and programmatic responses to a variety of issues, including violence against children. Yet changing deeply rooted gender norms requires sensitivity to local context. This can present a challenge for mid- to large sized organisations, as well as funders, who are typically required to develop strategies that encompass multiple contexts. This paper presents practical lessons learned from a mapping study of UNICEF's existing work to change discriminatory gender norms. As the world's leading children's rights organisation, preventing violence against children (0-9) and adolescents (ages 10-19) is a key component of UNICEF's work. This mapping formed the foundation of the institution's efforts to build out a coordinated strategy and programme of work around 'positive gender socialisation.' The mapping was unique in that it accounted for differences across and within regions and sought to develop an institutional programme of work based on local experience and existing priorities. The lessons learned are relevant to other organisations and practice-oriented research programmes embarking on work to change norms that lead to violence against children.