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La recente letteratura sulla “sovranità marina” suggerisce la necessità di considerare da una nuova prospettiva i modi di gestione e la governance dell’Oceano Pacifico, per far fronte ai cambiamenti ecologici degli ultimi decenni, ma anche per riconoscere la coesistenza di ontologie diverse. Questo articolo tenta di fare affiorare la densità di presenze e la poli-cronia che caratterizza l’ontologia acquatica dei Belema, gli abitanti delle isole Belep (Kanaky Nuova Caledonia). Per i Belema l’oceano è molto più di una superficie da attraversare per raggiungere altre terre o il contenitore di importanti risorse economiche. L’oceano è uno spazio denso: visibile e invisibile si intrecciano nella sua profondità opaca; passato e presente, vita e morte si toccano; umano e non umano si incontrano. La geografia acquatica (un’idro-grafia, scandita da villaggi e percorsi sottomarini), le genealogie (in cui i primi antenati sono animali marini) e le continuità e corrispondenze tra esseri acquatici e terrestri rivelano la forza plasmante dell’oceano. Esso dà forma alla società belema e contribuisce a farne una società più che umana. The recent literature on “marine sovereignty” encourages to consider the ways of management and governance of the Pacific Ocean from a new perspective, in order to face the ecological crisis and acknowledge the coexistence of different ontologies. In this paper I aim to convey the density and the poly-chrony that characterize the aquatic ontology of the Belema people, the inhabitants of the Belep Islands (Kanaky New Caledonia). For the Belema, the ocean is more than a surface to cross or the source of important economic resources. The ocean is a dense space: visible and invisible intertwine in its opaque depth; past and present, life and death mingle; human and non-human meet. The aquatic geography (a hydrography, punctuated by underwater villages and paths), the genealogies (in which the first ancestors are marine animals) and the continuities and correspondences between aquatic and terrestrial beings reveal the force of the ocean. It shapes the Belema society and contributes to making it a more-than-human society.

L’image – fixe, en mouvement ou virtuelle – est devenue un moyen de communication et de représentation qui s’impose dans tous les domaines, aussi bien scientifiques qu’artistiques. Sa permanente évolution technique pourrait paraître frapper d’obsolescence des formes traditionnellement mobilisées par l’ethnographie, comme le dessin. L’image graphique reste pourtant un outil fondamental pour les ethnologues-anthropologues. Cet article s’interroge sur la place et la force du dessin ethnographique dans le rendu des données issues de l’enquête de terrain et qui s’impose au cours de la recherche. Peut-il supplanter le discours, dépasser les mots, ou collaborer avec d’autres formes représentatives dont le but initial est de rendre l'objet présent ? Et qu’en est-il du dessin fait par l’informateur lui-même, à la demande de l’observateur, et de son interprétation ? C’est dans le cadre d’une anthropologie des techniques et maritime que l’auteur situe cette problématique particulière en s’appuyant sur une méthode utilisée sur son terrain – la communauté de pêcheur de Nazaré, au Portugal – où l´étude graphique domine. Cette expérience permet de mettre en évidence le rôle et les apports spécifiques de ces techniques de description et d'analyse, démontrant ainsi que l’image plastique – autrement dit la photographie et le film – ne peut être exclue des pratiques de mémorisation de l’objet dans l’histoire des sciences humaines. Images – still, moving or virtual – have become a means of communication and representation that can be applied, at the same time, in science and arts. The development of techniques of image production seem to make obsolete some traditional forms mobilized by ethnography, like drawing. The graphic image remains, however, a fundamental tool for ethnologists-anthropologists. This paper discusses the role and potential of ethnographic drawings as a tool for the collection and analysis of field research data. May ethnographic drawings evoke discourses, exceed the words, or collaborate with other types of representations which seek to give visibility to the objects of research? And what about the drawing made by the informant him/herself? The author discusses these question in view of an ethnographic study of fishing techniques of a fishing community from Nazaré, Portugal. It is suggested that the images should not be excluded from the object-memories within the history of the human sciences.

Treballs Finals de Grau Antropologia Social i Cultural, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2016-2017, Tutor: Carles Siches, El següent article consisteix en un estudi de l’activitat de la pesca al poble de l’Ametlla de Mar. Mostra la manera en que els participants de l’activitat, de manera directa i indirecta, s’organitzen per dur a terme l’ofici. De tal manera es mostren les xarxes socials, econòmiques, familiars i polítiques que s’articulen en l’ofici de la pesca. Partint d’un context on la lògica del mercat segueix polítiques capitalistes, de quina manera el sector de la pesca s’ha articulat entorn al control del mercat. I com l’existència del sector de la pesca al poble pot crear un imaginari que atreu al sector del turisme. Partint d’una etnografia de quatre mesos i el seu anàlisi, emmarcat en l’antropologia marítima i de la pesca.

This paper explores matrilineal kinship in the Buka area, in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, from the perspective of saltwater people on Pororan Island. In Bougainville and elsewhere in Melanesia, anthropological research has highlighted the importance of joint work in the gardens, of sharing and exchanging garden food, and of negotiations of access to land for kinship and relatedness in the region. Where does this leave saltwater people, who often have only small areas of land of their own, take little interest in gardening and depend on traded sweet potatoes or imported rice for meeting their subsistence needs? In the first part of this paper, I indicate “landed” bias in anthropological research on kinship, including matrilineal kinship. I then suggest complementary descriptive and analytic terms that may be useful for researchers who want to understand kin relations among saltwater people, based on my experiences among Pororan Islanders in Bougainville. Finally, I indicate the theoretical contribution that these terms can make to research on kinship in landed settings, as well.

Sobre el paper dels museus, en concret els dedicats a temes marítims

Dans cette thèse, je propose à la fois un examen minutieux des activités maritimes butonaises et un dialogue entre ce cas ethnographique et son contexte austronésien. Pour cela, je mobilise notamment l'approche phénoménologique (et principalement les travaux de Merleau-Ponty sur la perception) ainsi que l'approche historico-culturelle de la cognition développée par Vygotsky. Outre les données ethnographiques inédites concernant le monde butonais (zone linguistique cia-cia), l'analyse développée ici conduit à plusieurs contributions importantes concernant la reconstruction du monde austronésien, le débat universalisme-relativisme dans le cadre de l'anthropologie cognitive ainsi que l'usage de la méthode ethnographique - en mettant l'accent sur la transformation de l'ethnographe au cours du terrain comme objet de connaissance. / This thesis proposes a detailed analysis of Butonese maritime activities as well as a dialogue between this ethnographic case study and its Austronesian context. The analysis relies in particular on Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological analysis of perception and on Vygotsky's historico-cultural conception of cognition. Besides presenting a wealth of new data about the Butonese world (and more specifically the cia-cia linguistic area), the analysis developed here leads to major contributions about the reconstruction of the Austronesian world, the universalism-relativism debate within cognitive anthropology and the use of ethnographic methodology - emphasizing on the ethnographer's own transformation., Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales, info:eu-repo/semantics/published