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Pneumococcal infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) together with influenza vaccination or pneumococcal vaccination alone in adults starting from 50 years vs. 65 years in Hong Kong.A hypothetical population of 100,000 older adults was included in a Markov model with age ranging from 50 to 85 years to calculate the cost and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained for vaccination strategies, including: (1) annual influenza vaccine and PPV23 at 50 and 65 years; (2) annual influenza vaccine and PPV23 at 65 years (similar with the current vaccination programme); (3) PPV23 at 50 and 65 years; (4) PPV23 at 65 years; and (5) no vaccination. We evaluated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and used Monte Carlo simulation for probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The cost-effectiveness threshold was extracted from previous literature.In comparison with no vaccination, all strategies were cost-effective with ICERs less than the threshold (US$24,302 per QALY gained). When compared with no vaccination, strategies 1-4 saved US$ 49.5, US$ 94.9, US$ 584.3, and US$ 1114.2 to gain one QALY respectively. In comparison with strategy 2, strategy 1 spent US$ 195.3 to gain one QALY, whilst strategies 3 and 4 showed less effectiveness with increased costs.All vaccination strategies were cost-effective, among which the strategy of PPV23 at 50/65 years with annual influenza vaccine was cost-effective even in comparison with current vaccination programme. These findings could help inform the design and implementation of vaccination strategies.

This systematic review and meta-analysis focused on the literature regarding ketamine-associated uropathy to summarise its clinical manifestations, the results of urological assessments, and current management.A literature search was conducted using keywords and MeSH terms related to ketamine abuse, urinary tracts, and urological examinations. Databases including Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to 26 June 2020.In total, 1365 articles were retrieved; 45 articles (4921 patients) were included in the analysis of patient demographics, clinical manifestations, examination results, and treatments. Frequency was the most common manifestation (pooled prevalence 77.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI]=56.9%-92.2%), followed by urgency (69.9%, 95% CI=48.8%-87.3%) and suprapubic pain (60.4%, 95% CI=35.3%-82.9%). Upper urinary tract involvement was less common; the pooled prevalence of hydronephrosis was 30.2% (95% CI=22.0%-39.2%). Further workup revealed a pooled functional bladder capacity of 95.23 mL (95% CI=63.57-126.88 mL), pooled voided volume of 113.31 mL (95% CI=59.44- 167.19 mL), and pooled maximum urine flow rate of 8.69 mL/s (95% CI=5.54-11.83 mL/s). Cystoscopic examinations and bladder biopsy revealed frequent urothelial denudation, inflammatory changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Treatments included oral medications for symptomatic relief, intravesical therapy, and surgery (eg, hydrodistension and bladder reconstruction), but ketamine abstinence was necessary for improvement.Ketamine-associated uropathy frequently involves frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain; upper urinary tract involvement is less common. Affected patients showed reductions in bladder capacity and urine flow rate. Endoscopic and histological analyses often revealed cystitis. Despite variations in treatment, ketamine abstinence is important for all patients with ketamine-associated uropathy.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-jrs-10.1177_0141076821992453 for The potential effectiveness of the WHO International Health Regulations capacity requirements on control of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of 114 countries by Martin CS Wong, Junjie Huang, Sunny H Wong and Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-jrs-10.1177_0141076821992453 for The potential effectiveness of the WHO International Health Regulations capacity requirements on control of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of 114 countries by Martin CS Wong, Junjie Huang, Sunny H Wong and Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-jrs-10.1177_0141076821992453 for The potential effectiveness of the WHO International Health Regulations capacity requirements on control of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of 114 countries by Martin CS Wong, Junjie Huang, Sunny H Wong and Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-jrs-10.1177_0141076821992453 for The potential effectiveness of the WHO International Health Regulations capacity requirements on control of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of 114 countries by Martin CS Wong, Junjie Huang, Sunny H Wong and Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-jrs-10.1177_0141076821992453 for The potential effectiveness of the WHO International Health Regulations capacity requirements on control of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of 114 countries by Martin CS Wong, Junjie Huang, Sunny H Wong and Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-5-jrs-10.1177_0141076821992453 for The potential effectiveness of the WHO International Health Regulations capacity requirements on control of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of 114 countries by Martin CS Wong, Junjie Huang, Sunny H Wong and Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jrs-10.1177_0141076821992453 for The potential effectiveness of the WHO International Health Regulations capacity requirements on control of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of 114 countries by Martin CS Wong, Junjie Huang, Sunny H Wong and Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-5-jrs-10.1177_0141076821992453 for The potential effectiveness of the WHO International Health Regulations capacity requirements on control of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of 114 countries by Martin CS Wong, Junjie Huang, Sunny H Wong and Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Background: Adherence to colonoscopy in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is at a low level and varies greatly across populations. No study has examined the influencing factors of colonoscopy adherence at a population level, and this remains to be an unaddressed knowledge gap. We therefore aimed to analyze the correlation between performance of initial CRC screening tests and subsequent adherence to colonoscopy base on an ecological evaluation. Methods: The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of initial CRC screening tests and subsequent adherence to colonoscopy in different populations were extracted from relevant studies published in English up to December 31, 2018. The age-standardized incidences (ASR) of CRC across populations in the year of screening were obtained from the Cancer Statistics data. Locally weighted regression smoothing was used to examine the relationship between adherence to colonoscopy and ASR of CRC. Cut-off points of adherence on ASR were identified by Joinpoint Regression and used in Regression Discontinuity as potential thresholds. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to calculate correlation coefficients. Findings: We identified 192 eligible articles. The median and interquartile range of adherence to colonoscopy was 82·5% (71·8%-90·5%). The adherence was significantly correlated with ASR of CRC in the study populations (r=0·187, p

Background: Recent studies showed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA may be found in faecal specimens of patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the s

BACKGROUND The electronic health record sharing system (eHRSS) was implemented as a new health care delivery platform to facilitate two-way communication between the public and private sectors in Hong Kong. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of and factors associated with the adoption of eHRSS among patients, the general public, and private physicians. METHODS Telephone interviews were conducted in 2018 by using a simple random sampling strategy from a list of patients who had enrolled in the eHRSS and a territory-wide telephone directory for nonenrolled residents. We completed 2000 surveys (1000 each for enrolled and nonenrolled individuals). Private physicians completed self-administered questionnaires, including 762 valid questionnaires from 454 enrolled physicians and 308 nonenrolled physicians. RESULTS Most participants (707/1000, 70.70%) were satisfied with the overall performance of the eHRSS. Regarding registration status, most nonenrolled patients (647/1000, 64.70%) reported that “no recommendation from their physicians and family members” was the major barrier, whereas more than half of the physicians (536/1000, 53.60%) expressed concerns on “additional workload due to use of eHRSS.” A multivariate regression analysis showed that patients were more likely to register when they reported “other service providers could view the medical records” (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.09, 95% CI 4.87-7.63; PP=.001). Physicians were more likely to register when they believed that the eHRSS could improve the quality of health care service (aOR 4.70, 95% CI 1.77-12.51; P=.002) and were aware that the eHRSS could reduce duplicated tests and treatments (aOR 4.16, 95% CI 1.73-9.97; P=.001). CONCLUSIONS Increasing the possibility of viewing patients' personal medical record, expanding the sharable data scope for patients, and highlighting the benefits of the system for physicians could be effective to enhance the adoption of the eHRSS.

BACKGROUND The Public Private Interface–Electronic Patient Record (PPI-ePR) system was implemented as a new electronic platform to facilitate collaboration between the public and private sectors in Hong Kong. However, its barriers to participate and benefits have not been comprehensively assessed. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the awareness, acceptance, perceived benefits, and obstacles to participation among private doctors and the general public. METHODS From December 2012 to January 2013, 2435 telephone interviews were performed by trained interviewers to survey randomly selected patients who were enrolled or not enrolled in the PPI-ePR system. In addition, self-administered surveys were sent by postal mail to 4229 registered doctors in Hong Kong. The questionnaires for both patients and doctors contained questions on subjects’ awareness, acceptance, and perceptions of the PPI-ePR, perceived benefits and obstacles of participating in the program, reasons for not using the system after enrolling, and perceived areas for service improvement of the system. RESULTS More than 53.1% (266/501) of enrolled patients believed that the PPI-ePR system would improve health care quality by reducing duplicate tests and treatments, while more than 76.8% (314/409) of enrolled doctors emphasized timely access to patients’ medical records as the biggest benefit of their enrollment. Among nonenrolled patients, unawareness of the project was the most popular obstacle to enrolling in the PPI-ePR system (483/1200, 40.3%). Regarding nonenrolled doctors, the complicated registration process hindered them from participating in the program the most (95/198, 48.0%). Television, newspaper, and magazine advertisements and medical profession newsletters or journals were suggested as the most effective means to encourage participation in the program among surveyed patients (1297/1701, 76.2%) and doctors (428/610, 70.2%), respectively. Lack of clinical indication requiring data extraction from other hospitals was the main reason for low level of PPI-ePR use. CONCLUSIONS This study comprehensively assessed the popularity, perceived benefits, and hindering factors of enrolling in the PPI-ePR system in Hong Kong. Low levels of awareness, few privacy concerns, and inactive use of the PPI-ePR system were among the key features for patients and physicians. Public promotions, simplified logistics, and a user-friendly online interface were suggested to improve the coverage and effectiveness of health information exchange between private and public health care sectors.

BACKGROUND Mobile phone apps capable of monitoring arrhythmias and heart rate (HR) are increasingly used for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of HR and rhythm disorders such as atrial fibrillation (AF). These apps involve either the use of (1) photoplethysmographic recording or (2) a handheld external electrocardiographic recording device attached to the mobile phone or wristband. OBJECTIVE This review seeks to explore the current state of mobile phone apps in cardiac rhythmology while highlighting shortcomings for further research. METHODS We conducted a narrative review of the use of mobile phone devices by searching PubMed and EMBASE from their inception to October 2018. Potentially relevant papers were then compared against a checklist for relevance and reviewed independently for inclusion, with focus on 4 allocated topics of (1) mobile phone monitoring, (2) AF, (3) HR, and (4) HR variability (HRV). RESULTS The findings of this narrative review suggest that there is a role for mobile phone apps in the diagnosis, monitoring, and screening for arrhythmias and HR. Photoplethysmography and handheld electrocardiograph recorders are the 2 main techniques adopted in monitoring HR, HRV, and AF. CONCLUSIONS A number of studies have demonstrated high accuracy of a number of different mobile devices for the detection of AF. However, further studies are warranted to validate their use for large scale AF screening.

Heart failure is a significant problem leading to repeated hospitalizations. Telemonitoring and hemodynamic monitoring have demonstrated success in reducing hospitalization rates, but not all studies reported significant effects. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine the effectiveness of telemonitoring and wireless hemodynamic monitoring devices in reducing hospitalizations in heart failure.PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched up to 1Telemonitoring and hemodynamic monitoring reduce hospitalization in both short- and long-term in heart failure patients.