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1. Elevated recapping behaviour and reduced Varroa destructor reproduction in natural Varroa resistant Apis mellifera honey bees from the UK

Author

Hawkins, GP and Martin, SJ

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Entomology, integumentary system, biology, media_common.quotation_subject, Zoology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Brood, respiratory tract diseases, 010602 entomology, 03 medical and health sciences, Honey Bees, 030104 developmental biology, Insect Science, Varroa destructor, parasitic diseases, Infestation, Mite, medicine, Varroa, Reproduction, media_common
Abstract

Abstract Varroa destructor mites remain a major threat to Apis mellifera honey bees, yet many populations across the world have naturally evolved survivorship to infestation. Here, we investigated the roles of recapping and mite reproduction in natural Varroa resistant (NVR) colonies in the UK. Recapping frequency was higher in NVR colonies and targeted mite-infested cells in which the recapped diameters were larger. Mite reproduction was lower in NVR colonies due to increased offspring mortality, although recapping is unlikely the primary mechanism responsible. In an additional small experiment, infested brood removal was immediately present in naïve colonies, and recapping increased rapidly following initial mite exposure. Targeted recapping behaviour is a common trait in NVR colonies and may provide a useful indicator for mite resistance. In addition, reduced mite reproduction is a key resistance mechanism in NVR colonies in the UK, as also found in Europe, S. Africa, Brazil and Mexico.

Published
2021

2. Cold case: The disappearance of Egypt bee virus, a fourth distinct master strain of deformed wing virus linked to honeybee mortality in 1970’s Egypt

Author

de Miranda, JR, Brettell, LE, Chejanovsky, N, Childers, AK, Dalmon, A, Deboutte, W, de Graaf, DC, Doublet, V, Gebremedhn, H, Genersch, E, Gisder, S, Granberg, F, Haddad, NJ, Kaden, R, Manley, R, Matthijnssens, J, Meeus, I, Migdadi, H, Milbrath, MO, Mondet, F, Remnant, EJ, Roberts, JMK, Ryabov, EV, Sela, N, Smagghe, G, Somanathan, H, Wilfert, L, Wright, ON, Martin, SJ, and Ball, BV

Subjects
600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::630 Landwirtschaft::630 Landwirtschaft und verwandte Bereiche, Varroidae, Honeybee, Short Report, Western blot, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Deformed wing virus, RECOMBINANTS, Zoologi, SEQUENCE, qx_565, Virology, Genetics, Animals, RNA Viruses, Genetik, PARASITE, Bioinformatic, Science & Technology, qx_4, screening, DNA Viruses, Biology and Life Sciences, RNA sequencing, Bees, READ ALIGNMENT, PICORNA-LIKE VIRUS, Infectious Diseases, qx_20, VARROA-DESTRUCTOR, APIS-MELLIFERA, Varroa destructor, Master strain, Bioinformatic screening, RNA, Egypt, Apis mellifera, Zoology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Egypt bee virus
Abstract

In 1977, a sample of diseased adult honeybees (Apis mellifera) from Egypt was found to contain large amounts of a previously unknown virus, Egypt bee virus, which was subsequently shown to be serologically related to deformed wing virus (DWV). By sequencing the original isolate, we demonstrate that Egypt bee virus is in fact a fourth unique, major variant of DWV (DWV-D): more closely related to DWV-C than to either DWV-A or DWV-B. DWV-A and DWV-B are the most common DWV variants worldwide due to their close relationship and transmission by Varroa destructor. However, we could not find any trace of DWV-D in several hundred RNA sequencing libraries from a worldwide selection of honeybee, varroa and bumblebee samples. This means that DWV-D has either become extinct, been replaced by other DWV variants better adapted to varroa-mediated transmission, or persists only in a narrow geographic or host range, isolated from common bee and beekeeping trade routes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01740-2.

Published
2022

3. Clinical validation of cutoff target ranges in newborn screening of metabolic disorders by tandem mass spectrometry: A worldwide collaborative project

Author

Mchugh, Dm, Cameron, Ca, Abdenur, Je, Abdulrahman, M., Adair, O., Al Nuaimi SA, Åhlman, H., Allen, Jj, Antonozzi, I., Archer, S., Au, S., Auray Blais, C., Baker, M., Bamforth, F., Beckmann, K., Pino, Gb, Berberich, Sl, Binard, R., Boemer, F., Bonham, J., Breen, Nn, Bryant, Sc, Caggana, M., Caldwell, Sg, Camilot, M., Campbell, C., Carducci, C., Cariappa, R., Carlisle, C., Caruso, U., Cassanello, M., Castilla, Am, Ramos, De, Chakraborty, P., Chandrasekar, R., Ramos, Ac, Cheillan, D., Chien, Yh, Childs, Ta, Chrastina, P., Sica, Yc, de Juan JA, Colandre, Me, Espinoza, Vc, Corso, G., Currier, R., Cyr, D., Czuczy, N., D Apolito, O., Davis, T., de Sain Van der Velden MG, Delgado Pecellin, C., Di Gangi IM, Di Stefano CM, Dotsikas, Y., Downing, M., Downs, Sm, Dy, B., Dymerski, M., Rueda, I., Elvers, B., Eaton, R., Eckerd, Bm, El Mougy, F., Eroh, S., Espada, M., Evans, C., Fawbush, S., Fijolek, Kf, Fisher, L., Franzson, L., Frazier, Dm, Garcia, Lr, Bermejo, Ms, Gavrilov, D., Gerace, R., Giordano, G., Irazabal, Yg, Greed, Lc, Grier, R., Grycki, E., Gu, X., Gulamali Majid, F., Hagar, Af, Han, L., Hannon, Wh, Haslip, C., Hassan, Fa, He, M., Hietala, A., Himstedt, L., Hoffman, Gl, Hoffman, W., Hoggatt, P., Hopkins, Pv, Hougaard, Dm, Hughes, K., Hunt, Pr, Hwu, Wl, Hynes, J., Ibarra González, I., Ingham, Ca, Ivanova, M., Jacox, Wb, John, C., Johnson, Jp, Jónsson, Jj, Karg, E., Kasper, D., Klopper, B., Katakouzinos, D., Khneisser, I., Knoll, D., Kobayashi, H., Koneski, R., Kozich, V., Kouapei, R., Kohlmueller, D., Kremensky, I., giancarlo la marca, Lavochkin, M., Lee, Sy, Lehotay, Dc, Lemes, A., Lepage, J., Lesko, B., Lewis, B., Lim, C., Linard, S., Lindner, M., Lloyd Puryear MA, Lorey, F., Loukas, Yl, Luedtke, J., Maffitt, N., Magee, Jf, Manning, A., Manos, S., Marie, S., Hadachi, Sm, Marquardt, G., Martin, Sj, Matern, D., Mayfield Gibson SK, Mayne, P., Mccallister, Td, Mccann, M., Mcclure, J., Mcgill, Jj, Mckeever, Cd, Mcneilly, B., Morrissey, Ma, Moutsatsou, P., Mulcahy, Ea, Nikoloudis, D., Norgaard Pedersen, B., Oglesbee, D., Oltarzewski, M., Ombrone, D., Ojodu, J., Papakonstantinou, V., Reoyo, Sp, Park, Hd, Pasquali, M., Pasquini, E., Patel, P., Pass, Ka, Peterson, C., Pettersen, Rd, Pitt, Jj, Poh, S., Pollak, A., Porter, C., Poston, Pa, Price, Rw, Queijo, C., Quesada, J., Randell, E., Ranieri, E., Raymond, K., Reddic, Je, Reuben, A., Ricciardi, C., Rinaldo, P., Rivera, Jd, Roberts, A., Rocha, H., Roche, G., Greenberg, Cr, Mellado, Jm, Juan Fita MJ, Ruiz, C., Ruoppolo, M., Rutledge, Sl, Ryu, E., Saban, C., Sahai, I., García Blanco MI, Santiago Borrero, P., Schenone, A., Schoos, R., Schweitzer, B., Scott, P., Seashore, Mr, Seeterlin, Ma, Sesser, De, Sevier, Dw, Shone, Sm, Sinclair, G., Skrinska, Va, Stanley, El, Strovel, Et, Jones, Al, Sunny, S., Takats, Z., Tanyalcin, T., Teofoli, F., Thompson, Jr, Tomashitis, K., Domingos, Mt, Torres, J., Torres, R., Tortorelli, S., Turi, S., Turner, K., Tzanakos, N., Valiente, Ag, Vallance, H., Vela Amieva, M., Vilarinho, L., Döbeln, U., Vincent, Mf, Vorster, Bc, Watson, Ms, Webster, D., Weiss, S., Wilcken, B., Wiley, V., Williams, Sk, Willis, Sa, Woontner, M., Wright, K., Yahyaoui, R., Yamaguchi, S., Yssel, M., Zakowicz, W. M., Mchugh, D, Cameron, Ca, Abdenur, Je, Abdulrahman, M, Adair, O, Al Nuaimi, Sa, Åhlman, H, Allen, Jj, Antonozzi, I, Archer, S, Au, S, Auray Blais, C, Baker, M, Bamforth, F, Beckmann, K, Pino, Gb, Berberich, Sl, Binard, R, Boemer, F, Bonham, J, Breen, Nn, Bryant, Sc, Caggana, M, Caldwell, Sg, Camilot, M, Campbell, C, Carducci, C, Cariappa, R, Carlisle, C, Caruso, U, Cassanello, M, Castilla, Am, Ramos, De, Chakraborty, P, Chandrasekar, R, Ramos, Ac, Cheillan, D, Chien, Yh, Childs, Ta, Chrastina, P, Sica, Yc, de Juan, Ja, Colandre, Me, Espinoza, Vc, Corso, G, Currier, R, Cyr, D, Czuczy, N, D'Apolito, O, Davis, T, de Sain Van der Velden, Mg, Delgado Pecellin, C, Di Gangi, Im, Di Stefano, Cm, Dotsikas, Y, Downing, M, Downs, Sm, Dy, B, Dymerski, M, Rueda, I, Elvers, B, Eaton, R, Eckerd, Bm, El Mougy, F, Eroh, S, Espada, M, Evans, C, Fawbush, S, Fijolek, Kf, Fisher, L, Franzson, L, Frazier, Dm, Garcia, Lr, Bermejo, M, Gavrilov, D, Gerace, R, Giordano, G, Irazabal, Yg, Greed, Lc, Grier, R, Grycki, E, Gu, X, Gulamali Majid, F, Hagar, Af, Han, L, Hannon, Wh, Haslip, C, Hassan, Fa, He, M, Hietala, A, Himstedt, L, Hoffman, Gl, Hoffman, W, Hoggatt, P, Hopkins, Pv, Hougaard, Dm, Hughes, K, Hunt, Pr, Hwu, Wl, Hynes, J, Ibarra González, I, Ingham, Ca, Ivanova, M, Jacox, Wb, John, C, Johnson, Jp, Jónsson, Jj, Karg, E, Kasper, D, Klopper, B, Katakouzinos, D, Khneisser, I, Knoll, D, Kobayashi, H, Koneski, R, Kozich, V, Kouapei, R, Kohlmueller, D, Kremensky, I, la Marca, G, Lavochkin, M, Lee, Sy, Lehotay, Dc, Lemes, A, Lepage, J, Lesko, B, Lewis, B, Lim, C, Linard, S, Lindner, M, Lloyd Puryear, Ma, Lorey, F, Loukas, Yl, Luedtke, J, Maffitt, N, Magee, Jf, Manning, A, Manos, S, Marie, S, Hadachi, Sm, Marquardt, G, Martin, Sj, Matern, D, Mayfield Gibson, Sk, Mayne, P, Mccallister, Td, Mccann, M, Mcclure, J, Mcgill, Jj, Mckeever, Cd, Mcneilly, B, Morrissey, Ma, Moutsatsou, P, Mulcahy, Ea, Nikoloudis, D, Norgaard Pedersen, B, Oglesbee, D, Oltarzewski, M, Ombrone, D, Ojodu, J, Papakonstantinou, V, Reoyo, Sp, Park, Hd, Pasquali, M, Pasquini, E, Patel, P, Pass, Ka, Peterson, C, Pettersen, Rd, Pitt, Jj, Poh, S, Pollak, A, Porter, C, Poston, Pa, Price, Rw, Queijo, C, Quesada, J, Randell, E, Ranieri, E, Raymond, K, Reddic, Je, Reuben, A, Ricciardi, C, Rinaldo, P, Rivera, Jd, Roberts, A, Rocha, H, Roche, G, Greenberg, Cr, Mellado, Jm, Juan Fita, Mj, Ruiz, C, Ruoppolo, Margherita, Rutledge, Sl, Ryu, E, Saban, C, Sahai, I, García Blanco, Mi, Santiago Borrero, P, Schenone, A, Schoos, R, Schweitzer, B, Scott, P, Seashore, Mr, Seeterlin, Ma, Sesser, De, Sevier, Dw, Shone, Sm, Sinclair, G, Skrinska, Va, Stanley, El, Strovel, Et, Jones, Al, Sunny, S, Takats, Z, Tanyalcin, T, Teofoli, F, Thompson, Jr, Tomashitis, K, Domingos, Mt, Torres, J, Torres, R, Tortorelli, S, Turi, S, Turner, K, Tzanakos, N, Valiente, Ag, Vallance, H, Vela Amieva, M, Vilarinho, L, von Döbeln, U, Vincent, Mf, Vorster, Bc, Watson, M, Webster, D, Weiss, S, Wilcken, B, Wiley, V, Williams, Sk, Willis, Sa, Woontner, M, Wright, K, Yahyaoui, R, Yamaguchi, S, Yssel, M, and Zakowicz, W. M.

Subjects
Analyte, Percentile, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, International Cooperation, tandem mass spectrometry, amino acids, newborn screening, inborn errors of metabolism, acylcarnitines, Tandem mass spectrometry, Sensitivity and Specificity, Neonatal Screening, Metabolic Diseases, Reference Values, Carnitine, Range (statistics), Humans, Medicine, Cutoff, Clinical significance, Genetics (clinical), mass spectrometry, Newborn screening, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Biochemistry, False positive rate, business, Software, metabolic disorders, newborn screening
Abstract

Purpose: To achieve clinical validation of cutoff values for newborn screening by tandem mass 215 spectrometry through a worldwide collaboration. Methods: Cumulative percentiles of amino 216 acids and acylcarnitines in dried blood spots of approximately 30 million normal newborns and 217 10,615 true positive cases are compared to assign clinical significance, which is achieved when 218 the median of a disease range is either >99%ile or

Published
2011

6. Quality Improvement Measures Adopted by the Italian National Health Service

Author

Martin Sj and Langiano T

Subjects
Teamwork, Process management, Quality management, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Environmental resource management, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine (miscellaneous), Bioengineering, General Medicine, Service provider, Biomaterials, Resource (project management), Health care, Quality (business), Prospective payment system, business, health care economics and organizations, media_common, Accreditation
Abstract

The reform process underway within the Italian National Health System is aimed at making decision makers responsible for appropriate and efficient resource utilisation and at ensuring quality of care, eliminating conflict between fairness, quality and cost control. The risk for the quality of the services provided entailed by resource rationalisation is avoidable and controllable. This article explains how the Italian NHS has managed the reform process assuring quality improvement, and describes the policy and the tools adopted. As well as involving all players and the system as a whole in constant improvement, the Italian NHS's policy in pursuing quality of care is based on the adoption of a wide range of measures: measurement of health care and of clinical outcomes, systematic data collection, team work and protocols. The tools adopted, currently under implementation, to support quality control are: an integrated system of indicators for measuring efficiency and quality of NHS structures (demand and accessibility indicators, resource related indicators, activity indicators and result indicators); compulsory accreditation as a prerequisite for health care providers; a system to monitor and control the effects of the new prospective payment system; clinical guidelines (each related to a specific clinical problem); a menu of services (Carta dei Servizi) released by all NHS accredited service providers with full information and warranties regarding the services provided and their quality.

Published
1998

8. Thermal stability of ribosomal ribonucleic acid from baby hamster kidney cells

Author

Martin Sj

Subjects
Chromatography, Sucrose, Chemistry, Applied Mathematics, General Mathematics, Extraction (chemistry), RNA, Articles, Ribosomal RNA, 18S ribosomal RNA, Sedimentation coefficient, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sephadex, Baby hamster kidney cell
Abstract

1. RNA has been prepared from baby hamster kidney cells by extraction with a phenol-EDTA mixture and further purified by passing through a column of Sephadex G-25 that had been equilibrated with water. 2. Aging of the total RNA extracts at 4 degrees or heating at 95 degrees followed by rapid cooling caused a conversion of 28s RNA into material sedimenting in sucrose gradients at approx. 18s. 3. When heated RNA was re-extracted with phenol the sedimentation profile was not returned to that of the unheated RNA. 4. The 28s and 18s RNA fractions were collected separately from sucrose gradients by precipitation with 2vol. of ethanol and passed through a Sephadex G-25 column equilibrated with water. 5. Heat treatment of purified 28s RNA at 95 degrees caused the sedimentation coefficient to increase to approx. 40s, whereas similar treatment of 18s RNA caused no significant increase. If the RNA was heated before the Sephadex G-25 treatment the sedimentation coefficient of the 28s and 18s RNA decreased to approx. 12s and 8s. 6. Heating mixtures of purified 28s and 18s RNA at 95 degrees caused some aggregation of 18s material with the 28s fraction.

Published
1966

9. Essential versus accessory aspects of cell death: recommendations of the NCCD 2015

Author

Lorenzo Galluzzi, Thomas Rudel, Hans-Uwe Simon, Vishva M. Dixit, Erwin F. Wagner, Marie-Lise Gougeon, Andreas Linkermann, J M Bravo-San Pedro, Rosario Rizzuto, Cecília M. P. Rodrigues, Gian Maria Fimia, Hidenori Ichijo, Mathieu J.M. Bertrand, Kodi S. Ravichandran, Francis Ka-Ming Chan, Stephen W.G. Tait, Jochen H. M. Prehn, Richard A. Lockshin, Valina L. Dawson, Andreas Villunger, Sharad Kumar, Emily H. Cheng, Carlos López-Otín, Theocharis Panaretakis, Lucia Altucci, Gabriel A. Rabinovich, Michelangelo Campanella, Peter Vandenabeele, Marcus E. Peter, Francesco Cecconi, Noboru Mizushima, Ilio Vitale, Frank Madeo, Mikhail V. Blagosklonny, Zahra Zakeri, Stuart A. Aaronson, Gabriel Núñez, Eric H. Baehrecke, Nektarios Tavernarakis, Gyorgy Szabadkai, Eleonora Candi, Brent R. Stockwell, Dale E. Bredesen, Seamus J. Martin, Thomas Kaufmann, Sonia Melino, Dieter Adam, John M. Abrams, Katiuscia Bianchi, Yufang Shi, Emad S. Alnemri, Klas Blomgren, Pascal Meier, Catherine Brenner, Michael O. Hengartner, Philipp J. Jost, J M Hardwick, Eileen White, T Vanden Berghe, N. Di Daniele, Nicolas G. Bazan, H. L. Tang, Mauro Piacentini, V De Laurenzi, Beth Levine, Margherita Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli, Josef M. Penninger, Walter Malorni, Ted M. Dawson, Carmen Garrido, David W. Andrews, Douglas R. Green, György Hajnóczky, Jerry E. Chipuk, Wafik S. El-Deiry, Christoph Borner, Stuart A. Lipton, John A. Cidlowski, Klaus-Michael Debatin, Junying Yuan, Jan Paul Medema, Bertrand Joseph, Aaron Ciechanover, Ute M. Moll, Hinrich Gronemeyer, Paolo Pinton, Gerry Melino, Daniel J. Klionsky, Simone Fulda, John J. Lemasters, Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo, Hamsa Puthalakath, Navdeep S. Chandel, R De Maria, Jean-Christophe Marine, Richard A. Flavell, Brian David Dynlacht, W. G. Wood, Henning Walczak, David C. Rubinsztein, Guido Kroemer, Oliver Kepp, Richard A. Knight, Andrew Oberst, Enrico Lugli, J-C Martinou, Boris Zhivotovsky, Yoshihide Tsujimoto, Galluzi, L, Bravo-San, Pedro JM, Vitale, I, Aaaronson, SA, Kumar, S, Kroemer, Guido, Galluzzi, L, Bravo San Pedro, J. M, Aaronson, S. A, Abrams, J. M, Adam, D, Alnemri, E. S, Altucci, L, Andrews, D, Annicchiarico Petruzzelli, M, Baehrecke, E. H, Bazan, N. G, Bertrand, M. J, Bianchi, K, Blagosklonny, M. V, Blomgren, K, Borner, C, Bredesen, D. E, Brenner, C, Campanella, M, Candi, E, Cecconi, F, Chan, F. K, Chandel, N. S, Cheng, E. H, Chipuk, J. E, Cidlowski, J. A, Ciechanover, A, Dawson, T. M, Dawson, V. L, De Laurenzi, V, De Maria, R, Debatin, K. M, Di Daniele, N, Dixit, V. M, Dynlacht, B. D, El Deiry, W. S, Fimia, Gian Maria, Flavell, R. A, Fulda, S, Garrido, C, Gougeon, M. L, Green, D. R, Gronemeyer, H, Hajnoczky, G, Hardwick, J. M, Hengartner, M. O, Ichijo, H, Joseph, B, Jost, P. J, Kaufmann, T, Kepp, O, Klionsky, D. J, Knight, R. A, Lemasters, J. J, Levine, B, Linkermann, A, Lipton, S. A, Lockshin, R. A, López Otín, C, Lugli, E, Madeo, F, Malorni, W, Marine, J. C, Martin, S. J, Martinou, J. C, Medema, J. P, Meier, P, Melino, S, Mizushima, N, Moll, U, Muñoz Pinedo, C, Nuñez, G, Oberst, A, Panaretakis, T, Penninger, J. M, Peter, M. E, Piacentini, M, Pinton, P, Prehn, J. H, Puthalakath, H, Rabinovich, G. A, Ravichandran, K. S, Rizzuto, R, Rodrigues, C. M, Rubinsztein, D. C, Rudel, T, Shi, Y, Simon, H. U, Stockwell, B. R, Szabadkai, G, Tait, S. W, Tang, H. L, Tavernarakis, N, Tsujimoto, Y, Vanden Berghe, T, Vandenabeele, P, Villunger, A, Wagner, E. F, Walczak, H, White, E, Wood, W. G, Yuan, J, Zakeri, Z, Zhivotovsky, B, Melino, G, Kroemer, G., Bravo San Pedro, Jm, Aaronson, Sa, Abrams, Jm, Alnemri, E, Altucci, Lucia, Baehrecke, Eh, Bazan, Ng, Bertrand, Mj, Blagosklonny, Mv, Bredesen, De, Chan, Fk, Chandel, N, Cheng, Eh, Chipuk, Je, Cidlowski, Ja, Dawson, Tm, Dawson, Vl, Debatin, Km, Dixit, Vm, Dynlacht, Bd, El Deiry, W, Fimia, Gm, Flavell, Ra, Gougeon, Ml, Green, Dr, Hardwick, Jm, Hengartner, Mo, Jost, Pj, Klionsky, Dj, Knight, Ra, Lemasters, Jj, Lipton, Sa, Lockshin, Ra, Marine, Jc, Martin, Sj, Martinou, Jc, Medema, Jp, Penninger, Jm, Peter, Me, Prehn, Jh, Rabinovich, Ga, Ravichandran, K, Rodrigues, Cm, Rubinsztein, Dc, Simon, Hu, Stockwell, Br, Tait, Sw, Tang, Hl, Wagner, Ef, and Wood, Wg

Subjects
Biochemical Manifestations of Cell Death, ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY, Apoptosis, Review, Transduction (genetics), 0302 clinical medicine, CASPASE INHIBITION SWITCHES, Animals, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Signal Transduction, 610 Medicine & health, Caspase, TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR, 0303 health sciences, Settore BIO/17, biology, Settore BIO/11, Neurodegeneration, Settore BIO/13, APOPTOSIS, 3. Good health, Medicina Básica, cell death, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Morphologic Aspects of Cell Death, Signal transduction, DOMAIN-LIKE PROTEIN, Intracellular, Human, Necroptosi, CYTOCHROME-C RELEASE, OUTER-MEMBRANE PERMEABILIZATION, Programmed cell death, CIENCIAS MÉDICAS Y DE LA SALUD, Settore BIO/06, Inmunología, CELL DEATH, NO, Q-VD-OPH, 03 medical and health sciences, Settore MED/04 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE, ddc:570, APOPTOSIS-INDUCING FACTOR, MIXED LINEAGE KINASE, medicine, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Settore BIO/10, 030304 developmental biology, Animal, Cell growth, Apoptosi, Biology and Life Sciences, medicine.disease, MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY TRANSITION, Immunology, biology.protein, Neuroscience
Abstract

Cells exposed to extreme physicochemical or mechanical stimuli die in an uncontrollable manner, as a result of their immediate structural breakdown. Such an unavoidable variant of cellular demise is generally referred to as ?accidental cell death' (ACD). In most settings, however, cell death is initiated by a genetically encoded apparatus, correlating with the fact that its course can be altered by pharmacologic or genetic interventions. "Regulated cell death" (RCD) can occur as part of physiologic programs or can be activated once adaptive responses to perturbations of the extracellular or intracellular microenvironment fail. The biochemical phenomena that accompany RCD may be harnessed to classify it into a few subtypes, which often (but not always) exhibit stereotyped morphologic features. Nonetheless, efficiently inhibiting the processes that are commonly thought to cause RCD, such as the activation of executioner caspases in the course of apoptosis, does not exert true cytoprotective effects in the mammalian system, but simply alters the kinetics of cellular demise as it shifts its morphologic and biochemical correlates. Conversely, bona fide cytoprotection can be achieved by inhibiting the transduction of lethal signals in the early phases of the process, when adaptive responses are still operational. Thus, the mechanisms that truly execute RCD may be less understood, less inhibitable and perhaps more homogeneous than previously thought. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death formulates a set of recommendations to help scientists and researchers to discriminate between essential and accessory aspects of cell death Fil: Rabinovich, Gabriel Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina Fil: Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death. Equipe 11 Apoptose, Cancer et Immunité. Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Francia

Published
2015

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