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Background Spinal anesthesia (SA) is widely administered in cesarean sections (CS), and post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is the most unavoidable complication after the Dural or lumbar puncture (LP). Some factors are considered to be associated with the risk of recurrent PDPH. Aims To investigate the recurrent headaches after SA and their link to associated factors of age, Body Mass Index (BMI), Fast Blood Sugar (FBS), Blood Pressure (BP), time of immobilization in the supine position after SA, and a history of previous SA of PDPH of women candidates for CS, when the needle type and size were kept constant. Methods In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 80 women candidates for CS were recruited from Besat Hospital, Sanandaj, Iran. The association between age, BMI, FBS, BP, time of immobilization in the supine position after spinal anesthesia, and a history of previous SA and recurrent PDPH of women candidates for CS were investigated using statistical t-tests and chi-square test. Results The t-test and chi-square test showed no association between the quantitative and qualitative variables and PDPH after SA in women candidates for CS respectively. Conclusion The results of this study showed when the needle type and size were kept constant, the associated factors of age, BMI, FBS, BP, time of immobilization in the supine position after SA, and a history of previous SA and PDPH of women candidates for CS had no link to the recurrent headaches after SA.

The family of leukemia patients, due to their caring role, often feels psychological distress. A practical need-based program carefully considers the set of requirements of nursing service recipients. This paper illustrates the efficacy of a designed family-need-based program on relieving stress, anxiety, and depression of family caregivers of leukemia patients. In this controlled trial, sixty-four family caregivers of leukemia patients referring to a medical center in Iran were recruited by convenience sampling and randomly divided into study and control groups. The study group attended a designed need-based program. The control group did not receive the intervention. Stress, anxiety, and depression of both groups were simultaneously measured and compared in three time-points using the scale of stress, anxiety, and depression (DASS-42). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Before the program, the average scores of stress, anxiety, and depression were 31.16 ± 4.14, 21.37 ± 6.31, and 27.56 ± 4.24 for the study group and 31.09 ± 4.48, 20.34 ± 6.56, and 28.78 ± 4.72 for the control group. After the program, the average scores of stress, anxiety, and depression were 10.56 ± 3.37, 6.75 ± 2.99, and 7.37 ± 2.76 for the study group and 34.87 ± 2.51, 23.65 ± 4.96, and 32.56 ± 3.49 for the control group, respectively. Results of the independent t test indicated no considerable difference before the program (P > 0.05) and a significant difference after the program (P

Burn injuries can be associated with the incidence of disability and death, yet their management remains a costly difficult problem. We conducted this clinical trial to evaluate the period of wound healing with sea buckthorn dressings for the second-degree burns and compare the results with 1% silver sulfadiazine (SSD) dressings. This randomized triple-blind clinical trial was conducted in a hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Fifty-five patients suffering second-degree burns were recruited through convenient sampling and randomly divided into two groups and treated with either sea buckthorn cream or 1% SSD. Wound dressings were done until complete wound healing was attained. The process of healing burns was monitored using the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool; complete healing was determined by using the standard burn healing checklist. It was deduced that the period of healing second-degree burns in the group treated with sea buckthorn cream was shorter than the group treated with 1% SSD (p < 0.001). The results demonstrated the greater clinical efficacy of sea buckthorn cream over 1% SSD for healing second-degree burns. It was concluded that using sea buckthorn dressing by reducing the period of wound healing can shorten the course of treatment of second-degree burns as well as reduce the burden of care in health care services.

Gender dysphoria is dissatisfaction with biological sex. Since in some Muslim societies this trait is often regarded as a taboo subject, a lack of information about the experiences of transgender people with religious and spiritual values is noticed in those communities. This qualitative and phenomenological research was aimed to develop a deeper understanding of the religious and spiritual experiences of transgender individuals living in Islamic society, including their feelings, their goals, and whether they have any regrets about their beliefs. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted in a city in the south of Iran. Ten people, including four transmasculine and six transfeminine aged 17 to 38, were recruited through purposive sampling. The data were collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews and analyzed iteratively using theoretical coding based on the phenomenological approach. The main concepts obtained from the data classified into one central theme entitled “Pronounced tendency to spirituality and religion” and four general categories, including Turning to faith for healing, Wholehearted acceptance, Mixed blessing, and Eternal peace. The religious and spiritual experiences of transgender people living with Islamic ethics cover a wide range of principles. The participants in the study cited the feelings of insecurity and fear of loneliness as their main reasons for engrossing in the dominant religion and spirituality. It can be concluded that in addition to psychological and physical dimensions, the religious-spiritual dimension of transgender people’s lives must be carefully considered ensuring their individual and social health.

PurposeThe family of leukemia patients, due to their caring role, often feel psychological distress. This paper describes the efficacy of a designed family-need-based program on relieving depression, anxiety, and stress of family caregivers of leukemia patients by meeting the specific psychological needs of caregivers.MethodsIn this clinical trial, 64 family caregivers of leukemia patients referring to a medical center in Iran were recruited by convenience sampling and divided into study and control groups randomly. The study group attended a designed need-based program. The control group did not receive the intervention. Stress, anxiety, and depression before, right after, and one month after the intervention in family caregivers were compared using DASS-42. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics; the significance level adopted was 5%.ResultsBefore the intervention, the mean score of depression, anxiety, and stress scale in both study and control groups showed no considerable difference (P > 0.05). After the intervention, the mean score of DASS-42 revealed a significant difference between the two groups and the study group did better on outcomes (P

BACKGROUND: Elderly people often suffer from sleep disorders. Chamomile due to the many health benefits such as sedation may be effective in improving sleep quality in elderly people. This study aimed to determine the effect of Matricaria chamomilla extract on sleep quality in elderly people admitted to nursing homes of Isfahan in 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is a quasi-experimental clinical trial. The study population was 77 cases of elderly hospitalized in nursing homes. Participants were selected through random continuous sampling and divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received 400 mg oral capsules of chamomile twice daily, after lunch and after dinner for 4 weeks. The control group did not receive the intervention. Sleep quality in older adults before and after intervention were compared using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t- and independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance and liner regression analysis, using SPSS software version 17. RESULTS: Before intervention, the mean score of sleep quality both experimental and control groups showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). After intervention, the mean score of sleep quality was a significant difference between experimental and control groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of chamomile extract has sedative properties in sleep quality of hospitalized elderly patients in nursing homes. Therefore, it can be used in similar cases and nursing care.