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The current level of development of the global economy and the closer ties between countries make economies more interconnected but more vulnerable. In recent years, the continuous manifestations and accumulations of economic instabilities have shown the need to conduct additional studies. A thorough analysis of the characteristics, causes, and consequences of crises around the world has become an integral part of professional discussions. Usually, economic crises have both common elements and different characteristics. This article summarizes the types of economic crises, classifies them according to different criteria, and presents the impact of global instabilities on different groups of countries.

A better understanding of expulsion as an act, a process, and an educational intervention leads to an entirely different understanding of student behavior and disciplinary consequences.

The effectiveness of after-school programming and parent education and support as a prevention approach for students who are at risk for substance abuse is addressed here. The after-school program played a “protective function” for those students who participated; they showed a maintenance of key resilience variables such as bonding to school, perception of parent supervision, and teacher-rated behavior. In addition, student and parent participation was positively related to changes in school bonding, perceived parental supervision, and teacher ratings of behavior.