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Ozone (O3) pollution threatens global public health and damages ecosystem productivity. Droughts modulate surface O3 through meteorological processes and vegetation feedbacks. Unraveling these influences is difficult with traditional chemical transport models. Here, using an atmospheric chemistry-vegetation coupled model in combination with a suite of existing measurements, we investigate the drought impacts on global surface O3 and explore the main driving processes. Relative to the mean state, accelerated photochemical rates dominate the surface O3 enhancement during droughts except for eastern U.S. and western Europe, where reduced stomatal uptakes make comparable contributions. During 1990-2012, the simulated frequency of O3 pollution episodes in western Europe decreases greatly with a negative trend of -5.5 ± 6.6 days per decade following the reductions in anthropogenic emissions if meteorology is fixed. However, such decreased trend is weakened to -2.1 ± 3.8 days per decade, which is closer to the observed trend of -2.9 ± 1.1 days per decade when year-to-year meteorology is applied because increased droughts alone offset 43% of the effects from air pollution control. Our results highlight that more stringent controls of O3 precursors are necessary to mitigate the higher risks of O3 pollution episodes by more droughts in a warming world., This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41975155) and Jiangsu Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (grant no. BK20200040). R.S. acknowledges grants RYC2020-029216-I and CEX2018-000794-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ESF Investing in your future”. We would like to thank the editor and four anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments which helped improve the quality of the paper.

A fully nonlinear, primitive equation hydrostatic numerical model is utilized to study coastal how along central California. combining a realistic atmospheric model, with a higher-order turbulence closure, with highly simplified background flow. Local terrain and surface forcing of the model are treated realistically, while the synoptic-scale forcing is constant in time and space. Several different simulations with different background wind directions were performed. The motivation is to isolate the main properties of the local flow dependent on the coastal mesoscale influence only and to facilitate a study of the structure of the coastal atmospheric boundary layer, the mean momentum budget, and the atmospheric forcing on the coastal ocean for simplified quasi-stationary but still typical conditions. The model results feature the expected summertime flow phenomena, even with this simplified forcing. A coastal jet occurs in all simulations, and its diurnal variability is realistically simulated. The coastal topography serves as a barrier, and the low-level coastal flow is essentially coast parallel. Among the conclusions are the following. (i) The boundary layer for a northerly jet is more shallow and more variable than that for a southerly jet. One reason is an interaction between waves generated by the coastal mountains and the boundary layer. A realistic inclusion of the Sierra Nevada is important, even For the nearsurface coastal atmosphere. (ii) The transition from southerly to northerly flow, when changing the background flow direction, is abrupt for a change in the latter from west to northwest and more gradual for a change cast to south. (iii) The low-level flow is in general semigeostrophic. The across-coast momentum balance is geostrophic, while the along-coast momentum balance is dominated by vertical stress divergence and the pressure gradient. Local acceleration and spatial variability close to the coast arise as a consequence of the balance among the remaining terms. For southeasterly background flow, the across-coast momentum balance is dominated by the background synoptic-scale and the mesoscale pressure gradients, sometimes canceling the forcing, thus making this case transitional. (iv) Smaller-scale flow transitions arise for some background flow directions, including an early morning jet reversal north of Monterey, California, and a morning-to-noon low-level eddy formation in the Southern Californian Eight. (v) The model turbulence parameterization provides realistic patterns of the atmospheric forcing on the coastal ocean. (vi) Characteristic signals measured in propagating wind reversals related to boundary layer depth and inversion structure here are seen to correspond to different quasi-stationary conditions.

The influence of the main large-scale wind directions on thermally driven mesoscale circulations at the Baltic southwest coast, southeast of Sweden, is examined. The aim of the study is to highlight small-scale alterations in the coastal atmospheric boundary layer. A numerical three-dimensional mesoscale model is used in this study, which is focused on an overall behaviour of the coastal jets, drainage flows, sea breezes, and a low-level eddy-type flow in particular. It is shown that synoptic conditions, together with the moderate terrain of the southeast of Sweden (max. height h(0) less than or equal to 206 m), governs the coastal mesoscale dynamics triggered by the land-sea temperature difference Delta T. The subtle nature of coastal low-level jets and sea breezes is revealed ; their patterns are dictated by the interplay between synoptic airflow, coastline orientation, and Delta T. The simulations show that coastal jets typically occur during nighttime and vary in height, intensity and position with respect to the coast ; they interact with downslope flows and the background wind. For the assigned land surface temperature (varying +/-8 K from the sea temperature) and the opposing constant geostrophic wind 8 m s(-1), the drainage flow is more robust to the opposing ambient flow than the sea breeze later on. Depending on the part of the coast under consideration, and the prevailing ambient wind, the sea breeze can be suppressed or enhanced, stationary at the coast or rapidly penetrating inland, locked up in phase with another dynamic system or almost independently self-evolving. A low-level eddy structure is analyzed. It is governed by 'tilting', 'divergence' and horizontal advection terms. The horizontal extent of the coastal effects agrees roughly with the Rossby radius of deformation.

Comunicación presentada en: Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites celebrado del 8 al 10 de junio de 2010 en Interlaken, Suiza.

Comunicación presentada en: Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites celebrado del 8 al 10 de junio de 2010 en Interlaken, Suiza.