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The identification of each cell type is essential for understanding multicellular communities. Antibodies set as biomarkers have been the main toolbox for cell-type recognition, and chemical probes are emerging surrogates. Herein we report the first small-molecule probe, CDgB, to discriminate B lymphocytes from T lymphocytes, which was previously impossible without the help of antibodies. Through the study of the origin of cell specificity, we discovered an unexpected novel mechanism of membrane-oriented live-cell distinction. B cells maintain higher flexibility in their cell membrane than T cells and accumulate the lipid-like probe CDgB more preferably. Because B and T cells share common ancestors, we tracked the cell membrane changes of the progenitor cells and disclosed the dynamic reorganization of the membrane properties over the lymphocyte differentiation progress. This study casts an orthogonal strategy for the small-molecule cell identifier and enriches the toolbox for live-cell distinction from complex cell communities., This research was supported by the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) (IBS-R007-A1), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (no. 2020R1A2C2009776), the Ministry of Education (no. 2020R1A6A1A03047902), and the intramural fund of POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology).

[Background & Aims]: Owing to the lack of genetic animal models that adequately recreate key clinical characteristics of cirrhosis, the molecular pathogenesis of cirrhosis has been poorly characterized, and treatments remain limited. Hence, we aimed to better elucidate the pathological mechanisms of cirrhosis using a novel murine model. [Methods]: We report on the first murine genetic model mimicking human cirrhosis induced by hepatocyte-specific elimination of microspherule protein 1 (MCRS1), a member of non-specific lethal (NSL) and INO80 chromatin-modifier complexes. Using this genetic tool with other mouse models, cell culture and human samples, combined with quantitative proteomics, single nuclei/cell RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we investigated mechanisms of cirrhosis. [Results]: MCRS1 loss in mouse hepatocytes modulates the expression of bile acid (BA) transporters – with a pronounced downregulation of Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) – concentrating BAs in sinusoids and thereby activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) via the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which is predominantly expressed in human and mouse HSCs. Consistently, re-expression of NTCP in mice reduces cirrhosis, and genetic ablation of FXR in HSCs suppresses fibrotic marks in mice and in vitro cell culture. Mechanistically, deletion of a putative SANT domain from MCRS1 evicts histone deacetylase 1 from its histone H3 anchoring sites, increasing histone acetylation of BA transporter genes, modulating their expression and perturbing BA flow. Accordingly, human cirrhosis displays decreased nuclear MCRS1 and NTCP expression. [Conclusions]: Our data reveal a previously unrecognized function of MCRS1 as a critical histone acetylation regulator, maintaining gene expression and liver homeostasis. MCRS1 loss induces acetylation of BA transporter genes, perturbation of BA flow, and consequently, FXR activation in HSCs. This axis represents a central and universal signaling event in cirrhosis, which has significant implications for cirrhosis treatment., E.K is a recipient of fellowships from the National Research Foundation (NRF) from the Korean Ministry of Education (2020R1A6A3A03037725) and the CNIO-friends, supported by Severo Ochoa-CNIO funds. This work was funded by grants to N.D. from the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD) award supported by EFSD/JRDF/Lilly programme (EASD 96103), from the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (S2017/BMD-3817) and, from the State Research Agency (AEI, 10.13039/501100011033) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (projects SAF2016-76598-R, SAF2017-92733-EXP, RTI2018-094834-B-I00 and RED2018-102723-T), cofunded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and from the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC) (project PRYGN211184DJOU). This work was developed at the CNIO funded by the Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. G.P.V. was supported by a grant from the State Research Agency from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (projects PID2019-105173RB-I00). B.I. was supported by the National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute (R37CA258829, R21CA263381). R.F.S was funded by NIH grants (1R01DK128955, 5R01DK124104 and 1R01CA262424).

This article is the ninth in the series of Fungal Diversity Notes, where 107 taxa distributed in three phyla, nine classes, 31 orders and 57 families are described and illustrated. Taxa described in the present study include 12 new genera, 74 new species, three new combinations, two reference specimens, a re-circumscription of the epitype, and 15 records of sexual-asexual morph connections, new hosts and new geographical distributions. Twelve new genera comprise Brunneofusispora, Brunneomurispora, Liua, Lonicericola, Neoeutypella, Paratrimmatostroma, Parazalerion, Proliferophorum, Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis, Septomelanconiella, Velebitea and Vicosamyces. Seventy-four new species are Agaricus memnonius, A. langensis, Aleurodiscus patagonicus, Amanita flavoalba, A. subtropicana, Amphisphaeria mangrovei, Baorangia major, Bartalinia kunmingensis, Brunneofusispora sinensis, Brunneomurispora lonicerae, Capronia camelliae-yunnanensis, Clavulina thindii, Coniochaeta simbalensis, Conlarium thailandense, Coprinus trigonosporus, Liua muriformis, Cyphellophora filicis, Cytospora ulmicola, Dacrymyces invisibilis, Dictyocheirospora metroxylonis, Distoseptispora thysanolaenae, Emericellopsis koreana, Galiicola baoshanensis, Hygrocybe lucida, Hypoxylon teeravasati, Hyweljonesia indica, Keissleriella caraganae, Lactarius olivaceopallidus, Lactifluus midnapurensis, Lembosia brigadeirensis, Leptosphaeria urticae, Lonicericola hyaloseptispora, Lophiotrema mucilaginosis, Marasmiellus bicoloripes, Marasmius indojasminodorus, Micropeltis phetchaburiensis, Mucor orantomantidis, Murilentithecium lonicerae, Neobambusicola brunnea, Neoeutypella baoshanensis, Neoroussoella heveae, Neosetophoma lonicerae, Ophiobolus malleolus, Parabambusicola thysanolaenae, Paratrimmatostroma kunmingensis, Parazalerion indica, Penicillium dokdoense, Peroneutypa mangrovei, Phaeosphaeria cycadis, Phanerochaete australosanguinea, Plectosphaerella kunmingensis, Plenodomus artemisiae, P. lijiangensis, Proliferophorum thailandicum, Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis kaveriana, Pseudohelicomyces menglunicus, Pseudoplagiostoma mangiferae, Robillarda mangiferae, Roussoella elaeicola, Russula choptae, R. uttarakhandia, Septomelanconiella thailandica, Spencermartinsia acericola, Sphaerellopsis isthmospora, Thozetella lithocarpi, Trechispora echinospora, Tremellochaete atlantica, Trichoderma koreanum, T. pinicola, T. rugulosum, Velebitea chrysotexta, Vicosamyces venturisporus, Wojnowiciella kunmingensis and Zopfiella indica. Three new combinations are Baorangia rufomaculata, Lanmaoa pallidorosea and Wojnowiciella rosicola. The reference specimens of Canalisporium kenyense and Tamsiniella labiosa are designated. The epitype of Sarcopeziza sicula is re-circumscribed based on cyto- and histochemical analyses. The sexual-asexual morph connection of Plenodomus sinensis is reported from ferns and Cirsium for the first time. In addition, the new host records and country records are Amanita altipes, A. melleialba, Amarenomyces dactylidis, Chaetosphaeria panamensis, Coniella vitis, Coprinopsis kubickae, Dothiorella sarmentorum, Leptobacillium leptobactrum var. calidus, Muyocopron lithocarpi, Neoroussoella solani, Periconia cortaderiae, Phragmocamarosporium hederae, Sphaerellopsis paraphysata and Sphaeropsis eucalypticola., Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for Young Staff 2019–2021 (grant number 2019FY0003), the Research Fund from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. Y71B283261), the Yunnan Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security (Grant No. Y836181261), and National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project code 31850410489 for financial research support. Kevin D. Hyde thanks the Foreign Experts Bureau of Yunnan Province, Foreign Talents Program (2018; Grant No. YNZ2018002), Thailand Research grants entitled Biodiversity, phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans (Grant No: RSA5980068), the future of specialist fungi in a changing climate: baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants, Rhododendron species and Dracaena species (Grant No: DBG6080013), Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion (Grant No: RDG6130001). Jianchu Xu thanks the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. QYZDY-SSW-SMC014). Peter E Mortimer would like to thank the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for financial support under the following grants: 41761144055, 41771063 and Y4ZK111B01. Olivier Raspé is grateful to the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-FNRS (Belgium) for travel grants. Samantha C. Karunarathna thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for funding his postdoctoral research (Grant No. 2018PC0006) and the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC, project code 31750110478). Dhanushaka N. Wanasinghe would like to thank CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for funding his postdoctoral research (Grant No. 2019PC0008). E.B. Gareth Jones is supported under the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program (DSFP), King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., Aniket Ghosh, Kanad Das, Priyanka Uniyal, Rajendra P. Bhatt, Tahir Mehmood, and Upendra Singh are grateful to the Head, Department of Botany & Microbiology & USIC Dept. HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal and thank to the Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata for providing all kinds of facilities during the present study and UGC for providing fellowship to Aniket Ghosh, Priyanka Uniyal and Tahir Mehmood. K. P. Deepna Latha acknowledge the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE) in the form of a PhD fellowship (Grant No. 001/FSHP/2011/CSTE) and the Principal Chief Conservator of forests, Kerala State, for granting permission (No. WL10- 4937/2012, dated 03-10-2013) to collect agarics from the forests of Kerala. K. N. Anil Raj thanks the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India, in the form of an award of CSIR Research Associateship (09/043(0178) 2K17 dated: 31/03/2017). Mao-Qiang He and Rui-Lin Zhao thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project ID: 31470152 and 31360014) and the Foundation of Innovative Group of Edible Mushrooms Industry of Beijing (Project ID:BAIC05-2017). Mingkwan Doilom would like to thank the 5th batch of Postdoctoral Orientation Training Personnel in Yunnan Province and the 64th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation., Tatiana Baptista Gibertoni and Renato Lu´cio Mendes Alvarenga acknowledge Dr. Viacheslav Spirin for the taxonomic and morphological advises, CNPq for the Ph.D scholarship of RLMA (140283/ 2016-1), Po´s-Graduac¸a˜o em Biologia de Fungos (UFPE, Brazil), Capes (Capes-SIU 008/13), CNPq (PQ 307601/2015-3) and FACEPE (APQ 0375-2.03/15) for funding the research. Margarita Duen˜as, M. Teresa Telleria and Marı´a P. Martı´n acknowledge financial support from the Agreement ENDESA and San Ignacio de Huinay Foundations and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, CSIC (Projects No. 2011HUIN10, 2013CL0012, 2014CL0011), the AECID (Agencia Espan˜ola de Cooperacio´n Internacional para el Desarrollo) and Plan Nacional I ? D?i project no. CGL2015–67459–P; to Reinhard Fitzek (San Ignacio del Huinay Foundation, Chile) for his invaluable help during fieldwork, and M. Glenn (Seton Hall University, US) for revising the text and Miguel Jerez and Yolanda Ruiz Leo´n for SEM technical assistance. Sandra Nogal-Prata was supported by a Predoctoral Grant from the Ministerio de Economı´a y Competitividad (Spain) (BES-2016-077793). Armin Mesˇic´ and Zdenko Tkalcˇec thank Croatian Science Foundation for their partial support under the project HRZZ-IP-2018-01-1736 (ForFungiDNA) and are grateful to Milan Cˇ erkez for collecting specimens of coprinoid taxa for this study. Hyang Burm Lee was supported by the Graduate Program for the Undiscovered Taxa of Korea, and the Project on Survey and Discovery of Indigenous Fungal Species of Korea funded by NIBR and Project on Discovery of Fungi from Freshwater and Collection of Fungarium funded by NNIBR of the Ministry of Environment (MOE), and in part carried out with the support of Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (PJ013744), Rural Development Administration, and BK21 PLUS program funded by Ministry of Education, Republic of Korea., Mubashar Raza would like to thank the CASTWAS for the PhD Fellowship. Sanjay K. Singh, Paras Nath Singh, Shiwali Rana and Frank Kwekucher Ackah thank Director, MACS, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India for providing facilities. Shiwali Rana and Frank Kwekucher Ackah thank UGC (Junior Research Fellowship) and DST, Govt. of India (CV Raman Fellowship for African Researchers), respectively. Gen-Nuo Wang, Huang Zhang, Wei Dong and Xian-Dong Yu thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project ID: NSF 31500017). Bandarupalli Devadatha and V. Venkateswara Sarma thank The Ministry of Earth sciences, Govt. of India (Sanction order: MOES/36/OO1S/ Extra/40/2014/PC-IV dt.14.1.2015) for a funding of the project, T, District Forest Office, Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu and PCCF (Head of Forest Force), Chennai, Tamil Nadu Forest Department for providing permission to collect samples from Muthupet mangroves, and Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University is thanked for providing the facilities. Myung Soo Park, Seung-Yoon Oh and Young Woon Lim thank the Marine Bio Resource Bank Program of the Ministry of Ocean & Fisheries, Korea. Olinto Pereira thanks the CAPES, CNPq and FAPEMIG for financial support. Neven Matocˇec, Ivana Kusˇan and Margita Jadan express their gratitude to Livio Lorenzon, Enrico Bizio and Raffaella Trabucco (MCVE) for their kind help with loan of Sarcopeziza sicula type material; parts of their, research were financed by Public Institutions Sjeverni Velebit National Park and Paklenica National Park. Dong-Qin Dai and LiZhou Tang thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. NSFC 31760013, NSFC 31260087, NSFC 31460561), the Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education (2017ZZX186) and utilization of endophytes and the Thousand Talents Plan, Youth Project of Yunnan Provinces. Ting-Chi Wen, Chada Norphanphoun and Shi-Ke Huang are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31760014) and the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province (No. [2017]5788). Monika C. Dayarathne thanks to Thailand Research Fund (TRF) Grant No MRG6080089 for financial research support. Napalai Chaiwan thanks The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph. D. Program (PHD60K0147) under Thailand Research Fund, for financial research supports on project entitle ‘‘Fungi on limestone outcrops from southern Thailand to lower himalyas’’. Saranyaphat Boonmee and Sirinapa Konta would like to thank the National Research Council of Thailand (Grant No. 61215320023, 61215320013) and the Thailand Research Fund (Grant No. TRG6180001) for research financial support. Saisamorn Lumyong would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund (RTA 5880006) and Chiang Mai University for partially support this research work. Itthyakorn Promputtha would like to thank Chiang Mai University for partially supported this research work. Lei Cai acknowledges China-Thailand Joint Lab on Microbial Biotechnology (Most KY201701011) for financial support. PhD students from Mae Fah Laung and Chiang Mai Universities thank the Mushroom Research Foundation for research financial support and PhD Fellowships.

The magnetic switchbacks observed recently by the Parker Solar Probe have raised the question about their nature and origin. One of the competing theories of their origin is the interchange reconnection in the solar corona. In this scenario, switchbacks are generated at the reconnection site between open and closed magnetic fields, and are either advected by an upflow or propagate as waves into the solar wind. In this paper we test the wave hypothesis, numerically modeling the propagation of a switchback, modeled as an embedded Alfvén wave packet of constant magnetic field magnitude, through the gravitationally stratified solar corona with different degrees of background magnetic field expansion. While switchbacks propagating in a uniform medium with no gravity are relatively stable, as reported previously, we find that gravitational stratification together with the expansion of the magnetic field act in multiple ways to deform the switchbacks. These include WKB effects, which depend on the degree of magnetic field expansion, and also finite-amplitude effects, such as the symmetry breaking between nonlinear advection and the Lorentz force. In a straight or radially expanding magnetic field the propagating switchbacks unfold into waves that cause minimal magnetic field deflections, while a super-radially expanding magnetic field aids in maintaining strong deflections. Other important effects are the mass uplift the propagating switchbacks induce and the reconnection and drainage of plasmoids contained within the switchbacks. In the Appendix, we examine a series of setups with different switchback configurations and parameters, which broaden the scope of our study. © 2021. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved., N.M. was supported by a Newton International Fellowship of the Royal Society. D.U. is thankful for the support received through FWF project P27800. This research has received financial support from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 824135 (SOLARNET) enabling D.U. a visit to Sheffield University. R.E. is grateful to Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC, grant number ST/M000826/1) UK and the Royal Society for enabling this research. R.E. also acknowledges the support received by the CAS Presidents International Fellowship Initiative grant No. 2019VMA052 and the warm hospitality received at USTC of CAS, Hefei, where part of the contribution was made. V.M.N. acknowledges the STFC consolidated grant ST/T000252/1 and the BK21 plus program through the National Research Foundation funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea.In order to keep the main body of this paper more transparent, simulations with different switchback parameters and conditions are presented in this Appendix. These additional simulations are carried out in a nonexpanding uniform magnetic field. The results strengthen our conclusions on the property of switchbacks propagating through a gravitationally stratified corona, namely the significant deformations these undergo, and still display the other effects described in Section 3. With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

The exfoliation of layered magnetic materials generates atomically thin flakes characterized by an ultrahigh surface sensitivity, which makes their magnetic properties tunable via external stimuli, such as electrostatic gating and proximity effects. Another powerful approach to engineer magnetic materials is molecular functionalization, generating hybrid interfaces with tailored magnetic interactions, called spinterfaces. However, spinterface effects have not yet been explored on layered magnetic materials. Here, the emergence of spinterface effects is demonstrated at the interface between flakes of the prototypical layered magnetic metal Fe3GeTe2 and thin films of Co-phthalocyanine. Magnetotransport measurements show that the molecular layer induces a magnetic exchange bias in Fe3GeTe2, indicating that the unpaired spins in Co-phthalocyanine develop antiferromagnetic ordering and pin the magnetization reversal of Fe3GeTe2 via magnetic proximity. The effect is strongest for a Fe3GeTe2 thickness of 20 nm, for which the exchange bias field reaches −840 Oe at 10 K and is measurable up to ≈110 K. This value compares very favorably with previous exchange bias fields reported for Fe3GeTe2 in all-inorganic van der Waals heterostructures, demonstrating the potential of molecular functionalization to tailor the magnetism of van der Waals layered materials., This work was supported by “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434), under the agreement LCF/BQ/PI19/11690017, by the Spanish MICINN under Project PID2019-108153GA-I00, RTI2018-094861-B-100 and under the María de Maeztu Units of Excellence Program (MDM-2016-0618). This work was also supported by the FLAG-ERA grant MULTISPIN, by the Spanish MCIN/AEI with grant number PCI2021-122038-2A. B.M.-G. thanks Gipuzkoa Council (Spain) in the frame of Gipuzkoa Fellows Program. J.J. acknowledges the support of Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2020R1A6A3A03039086).

Although the bulk hexaferrites are known to exhibit strong magnetoelectric (ME) effects near room temperature, the same effects are not realized in a thin film form. Herein, the growth of nearly epitaxial Co2Z-type hexaferrite Ba0.3Sr2.7Co2Fe24O41 (BSCFO) thin films on a SrTiO3 (111) substrate by a chemical solution deposition method is reported. The reciprocal space mapping on the annealed BSCFO films reveals broadening along the qx directions in the (0014) and (0018) peaks, indicating that the oxygen planes belonging to the off-centered octahedra have randomly distributed out-of-plane tilt to indicate significant disorder in the crystallographic orientation. Quantitative investigations reveal that both ME susceptibility and modulated electric polarization (ΔP) by magnetic field up to 370 K in the BSCFO films are always larger than those of the Co2Z-type single crystal by ≈2–15 times and further increase upon having enhanced qx broadening in the (0014) and (0018) peaks. As the off-centered octahedral sites can be a primary source of ΔP as predicted by the p–d hybridization mechanism, these results indicate that effective off-centering could be further enhanced by the orientational disorder. This study identifies the potential of applying the ME hexaferrite films for multifunctional devices., This work was financially supported by the National Research Foundation of S. Korea through 2019R1A2C2090648, 2019M3E4A1080227, and by the Ministry of Education of S. Korea through 2021R1A6C101B418. The works in Czech were supported by the GACR (Czech Science Foundation) Project Nos. 19-06433S and H2020-MSCA-RISE-2016 SPICOLOST under Grant No. 734187 for TEM analysis at LMA-INA, University of Zaragoza, and by the Nanomaterial Center for Advanced Applications(NANOCENT), No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000485.

Open Access. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI., We study the photospheric evolution of an exploding granule observed in the quiet Sun at high spatial (similar to 03) and temporal (31.5 s) resolution by the imaging magnetographSunrise/IMaX in 2009 June. These observations show that the exploding granule is cospatial to a magnetic flux emergence event occurring at mesogranular scale (up to similar to 12 Mm(2)area). Using a modified version of the SIR code for inverting the IMaX spectropolarimetric measurements, we obtain information about the magnetic configuration of this photospheric feature. In particular, we find evidence of highly inclined emerging fields in the structure, carrying a magnetic flux content up to similar to 4 x 10(18)Mx. The balance between gas and magnetic pressure in the region of flux emergence, compared with a very quiet region of the Sun, indicates that the additional pressure carried by the emerging flux increases the total pressure by about 5% and appears to allow the granulation to be modified, as predicted by numerical simulations. The overall characteristics suggest that a multipolar structure emerges into the photosphere, resembling an almost horizontal flux sheet. This seems to be associated with exploding granules. Finally, we discuss the origin of such flux emergence events. © 2020. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society., This research has received funding from the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme under the grant agreement No. 312495 (SOLARNET project) and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreements No. 739500 (PRE-EST project) and no. 824135 (SOLARNET project). S.L.G. and F.Z. acknowledge support by the Italian MIUR-PRIN grant 2017APKP7T on Circumterrestrial Environment: Impact of Sun-Earth Interaction, by the Universita degli Studi di Catania (Piano per la Ricerca Universita di Catania 2016-2018 -Linea di intervento 1 "Chance"'; Linea di intervento 2 "Dotazione ordinaria"; Fondi di Ateneo 2020-2022, Universita di Catania, Linea Open Access), by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (PRIN INAF 2010/2014), and by the Space Weather Italian COmmunity (SWICO) Research Program. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 695075) and has been supported by the BK21 plus program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea. The National Solar Observatory (NSO) is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA), under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. This work has been partially funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, through Projects ESP2006-13030-C06-01/02/03/04 and AYA2009-14105-C06, by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through Project ESP-2016-77548-C5, and by Junta de Andalucia, through Project P07-TEP-2687, including a percentage from European FEDER funds. L.R.B.R. and J.C.T.I. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). The German contribution to SUNRISE is funded by the Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie through Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), grant No. 50 OU 0401, and by the Innovationsfond of the President of the Max Planck Society (MPG). Use of NASA's Astrophysical Data System is gratefully acknowledged. This article honors the memory of Prof. Egidio Landi degl'Innocenti, who passed away while this paper was being written. The most important results were discussed during the Solar Polarization Workshop 8, which was held in his honor.

One key step in the plant restoration process is the collection of seeds from the field. For the selection of source populations of target plant species for translocation purposes (reintroduction or reinforcements), several approaches are possible. A practical method involves the use of data from reciprocal transplant studies. If no direct data are available, knowledge of population genetics and the phylogeography of the target species can serve as an alternative. In this short review, we briefly propose guidelines for those collecting seeds for plant species restoration based on population genetics theory, focusing on two main questions: Where does the plant material come from and how are sources designated, and how are seeds efficiently collected from local populations? While genetic data on a larger scale (phylogeography and population genetics) are needed to form a reply to the first question, similar data on a smaller scale (fine-scale genetic structures within populations) are necessary to shed light on the second issue., This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2013R1A1A3010892 to M.Y.C. and NRF-2013R1A1A2063524 and NRF-2017R1A2B4012215 to M.G.C.) and was carried out as part of the Infrastructure for the Conservation and Restoration of Rare and Endemic Plants in Korea National Arboretum that supported to MGC from 2015 to 2019. KM was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31622015).

Neutral genetic diversity found in plant species usually leaves an indelible footprint of historical events. Korea’s main mountain range (referred to as the Baekdudaegan [BDDG]), is known to have served as a glacial refugium primarily for the boreal and temperate flora of northeastern Asia. In addition, life-history traits (life forms, geographic range, and breeding systems) influence the within- and among-population genetic diversity of seed plant species. For example, selfing species harbor significantly less within-population genetic variation than that of predominantly outcrossers. A previous study of two Liparis species (L. makinoana and L. kumokiri) emphasizes the role of the abovementioned factors shaping the levels of genetic diversity. Liparis makinoana, mainly occurring on the BDDG and self-incompatible, harbors high levels of within-population genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity, HeP = 0.319), whereas there is no allozyme variation (HeP = 0.000) in L. kumokiri, which is self-compatible and mainly occurs in lowland hilly areas. To determine if this trend is also found in other congeners, we sampled five populations of L. krameri from the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and investigated the allozyme-based genetic diversity at 15 putative loci. The somewhat intermediate levels of within-population genetic variation (HeP = 0.145) found in L. krameri are most likely due to its occurrence in mountainous areas that, despite being outside of the main ridge of the BDDG, still served as refugia, and a self-incompatible breeding system. Management strategies are suggested for L. krameri and L. makinoana based on the levels and distribution of genetic diversity and inbreeding., This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2013R1A1A2063524 to MYC and NRF-2013R1A1A3010892 and NRF-2017R1A2B4012215 to MGC) and was carried out as part of the Infrastructure for the Conservation and Restoration of Rare and Endemic Plants in Korea National Arboretum that supported to MGC from 2015 to 2019.

Of the two solar lines, K I D and D, almost all attention so far has been devoted to the D line, as D is severely affected by an O atmospheric band. This, however, makes the latter appealing for balloon and space observations from above (most of) the Earth's atmosphere. We estimate the residual effect of the O band on the K I D line at altitudes typical for stratospheric balloons. Our aim is to study the feasibility of observing the 770 nm window. Specifically, this paper serves as a preparation for the third flight of the Sunrise balloon-borne observatory. The results indicate that the absorption by O is still present, albeit much weaker, at the expected balloon altitude. We applied the obtained O transmittance to K I D synthetic polarimetric spectra and found that in the absence of line-of-sight motions, the residual O has a negligible effect on the K I D line. On the other hand, for Doppler-shifted K I D data, the residual O might alter the shape of the Stokes profiles. However, the residual O absorption is sufficiently weak at stratospheric levels that it can be divided out if appropriate measurements are made, something that is impossible at ground level. Therefore, for the first time with Sunrise III, we will be able to perform polarimetric observations of the K I D line and, consequently, we will have improved access to the thermodynamics and magnetic properties of the upper photosphere from observations of the K I lines.© ESO 2018., C. Quintero Noda acknowledges the support of the ISAS/JAXA International Top Young Fellowship (ITYF). This work was supported by the funding for the international collaboration mission (SUNRISE-3) of ISAS/JAXA. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 695075) and has been supported by the BK21 plus programme through the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea. This work has also been supported by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the project ESP-2016-77548-C5-1-R.

Plants integrate day length and ambient temperature to determine the optimal timing for developmental transitions. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and its closest homolog TWIN SISTER OF FT promote flowering in response to their activator CONSTANS under long-day inductive conditions. Low ambient temperature (16°C) delays flowering, even under inductive photoperiods, through repression of FT, revealing the importance of floral repressors acting at low temperatures. Previously, we have reported that the floral repressors TEMPRANILLO (TEM; TEM1 and TEM2) control flowering time through direct regulation of FT at 22°C. Here, we show that tem mutants are less sensitive than the wild type to changes in ambient growth temperature, indicating that TEM genes may play a role in floral repression at 16°C. Moreover, we have found that TEM2 directly represses the expression of FT and TWIN SISTER OF FT at 16°C. In addition, the floral repressor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) directly regulates TEM2 but not TEM1 expression at 16°C. Flowering time analyses of svp tem mutants indicate that TEM may act in the same genetic pathway as SVP to repress flowering at 22°C but that SVP and TEM are partially independent at 16°C. Thus, TEM2 partially mediates the temperature-dependent function of SVP at low temperatures. Taken together, our results indicate that TEM genes are also able to repress flowering at low ambient temperatures under inductive long-day conditions., This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/European Regional Development Fund (grant no. BFU2012–33746), the Spanish Government (Formación de Personal Investigador fellowship to E.M.-G.), the Investigator Training Program of the Catalonian Government (predoctoral fellowship to A.E.A.-J.), and the Catalonian Government (Consolidated Research Group no. 2014 SGR 1406 to the research group of S.P.). J.H.A. and J.H.L. were supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the South Korean Government (Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning; 2008-0061988) and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2015R1D1A4A0101941), respectively.

The solvothermal reaction of 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (H2dhtp) and magnesium(II) nitrate in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) led to the simultaneous formation of two structural isomers, namely, the lvt network Mg(dhtp)(dmf)2 (1) and the compound Mg3(dhtp)3(dmf)6·0.75H2O (2) with the pcu α-Po primitive cubic topology. The same reaction conditions with manganese(II) nitrate and terephthalic acid (H2tp) resulted in the concomitant generation of two drastically different metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely, Mn2(tp)2(dmf)2 (3) and [Mn(HCOO)3][NC2H8] (4), in which the formato ligands and N,N-dimethylammonium cations arise from DMF degradation., P. G. acknowledges Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) and the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MEC) (project number CTQ2011-27929-C02-01). A. C. and S. Y. thank the Royal Golden Jubilee Program (RGJ, grant number PHD/0328/2551) and Khon Kaen University for a research grant. S. Y. acknowledges The Thailand Research Fund (grant number BRG5680009), the National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission, through the Advanced Functional Materials Cluster of Khon Kaen University and the Korean Ministry of Education (Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, PERCH-CIC, Office of the Higher Education Commission).

13 pages, 9 figures, 53 references. Oh, Dong-Ha et al., The contribution of SOS1 (for Salt Overly Sensitive 1), encoding a sodium/proton antiporter, to plant salinity tolerance was analyzed in wild-type and RNA interference (RNAi) lines of the halophytic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)-relative Thellungiella salsuginea. Under all conditions, SOS1 mRNA abundance was higher in Thellungiella than in Arabidopsis. Ectopic expression of the Thellungiella homolog ThSOS1 suppressed the salt-sensitive phenotype of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain lacking sodium ion (Na+) efflux transporters and increased salt tolerance of wild-type Arabidopsis. thsos1-RNAi lines of Thellungiella were highly salt sensitive. A representative line, thsos1-4, showed faster Na+ accumulation, more severe water loss in shoots under salt stress, and slower removal of Na+ from the root after removal of stress compared with the wild type. thsos1-4 showed drastically higher sodium-specific fluorescence visualized by CoroNa-Green, a sodium-specific fluorophore, than the wild type, inhibition of endocytosis in root tip cells, and cell death in the adjacent elongation zone. After prolonged stress, Na+ accumulated inside the pericycle in thsos1-4, while sodium was confined in vacuoles of epidermis and cortex cells in the wild type. RNAi-based interference of SOS1 caused cell death in the root elongation zone, accompanied by fragmentation of vacuoles, inhibition of endocytosis, and apoplastic sodium influx into the stele and hence the shoot. Reduction in SOS1 expression changed Thellungiella that normally can grow in seawater-strength sodium chloride solutions into a plant as sensitive to Na+ as Arabidopsis., This work was supported by the World Class University Program (grant no. R32–10148), the Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center Project (grant no. R15–2003–012–01002–00), the Biogreen 21 Project of the Rural Development Administration (grant no. 20070301034030), the National Science Foundation (grant no. DBI–0223905), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Purdue University institutional funds, the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (grant no. BFU2006–06968), and the Brain Korea 21 Program (scholarships to S.-M.H.).