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Seven species of agromyzid leafminers are recorded as the first representatives of this family from Laos. They include one new species, Japanagromyza laosica, and six previously described species, one belonging to the genus Melanagromyza, four to Japanagromyza, and one to Agromyza. Of these, Agromyza phragmitidis Hendel, 1922 is also newly reported from Sabah in Malaysia.

A total of 117 agromyzid leafminers are known to occur in Turkey, among which Agromyza phylloposthia, Pseudonapomyza pyriformis, Liriomyza cardariae and Phytomyza geminata are described as new to science. A faunistic account of the Agromyzidae in Turkey is given.

Three species of the leaf-mining agromyzids, Melanagromyza floris Spencer, 1963, Liriomyza marginalis (Malloch, 1913) and Phytoliriomyza pilosella Spencer, 1973, are recorded newly from the Galapagos Islands. Important characters of the male genitalia are noted for the three species. A key to all five Galapagos species of the Agromyzidae is given.

To develop the preparative method for poly( dl -lactide- co -glycolide)-based microspheres containing proteins, we prepared microspheres from mixture of poly( dl -lactide- co -glycolide) and polydepsipeptide- block -poly( dl -lactide) having cationic or anionic pendant groups. Since the latter amphiphilic copolymers consisting of hydrophobic poly( dl -lactide) segment and hydrophilic polydepsipeptide segment with amino or carboxyl groups could be converted to cationic or anionic block copolymers, they could act as biodegradable surfactants on the preparation of poly( dl -lactide- co -glycolide)-based microspheres by water-in-oil-in-water emulsion method. The amphiphilic block copolymers were established to stabilize primary emulsions on the preparation of microspheres by scanning electron microscopy. We investigated the effects of the addition of the block copolymers on the entrapment efficiency of protein, the release behavior of protein from microspheres and the stability of protein.

Three species of the dipterous family Diadocidiidae and one species of the Borboropsidae are recorded from Japan (Honshu). Palaeodocidia ishizakii gen. and sp. nov. of the former family and Borboropsis yakunoana sp. nov. of the latter are described and their male genitalia are illustrated. The genus Palaeodocidia differs from Diadocidia in the numbers of flagellomeres and abdominal tergites, and in peculiar structures of the male genitalia. Diadocidia spinosula Tollet, 1948, known from Europe, is recorded for the first time from Honshu, Japan.

Six new mycetophilid species from three genera belonging to the tribe Exechiini are described: Anatella prominens on a fungus of the Polyporaceae, Allodia bipexa and Allodia conifera on fungi of the Russulaceae, Allodia quadrata on fungi of the Hygrophoraceae, Tricholomataceae, Rhodophyllaceae, Russulaceae and Fistulinaceae, Allodia laccariae on a fungus of the Tricholomataceae, and Cordyla bidenticulata on a fungus of the Boletaceae. Their characteristic male genitalia are illustrated. Cordyla flaviceps Staeger, Cordyla fusca Meigen and Cordyla pusilla Edwards are newly recorded from Japan.

Five species of agromyzid leaf-miners are recorded for the fi rst time from the Kermadec Islands, New Zealand. Two species, Ophiomyia cornuta de Meijere and Phytoliriomyza tahitiensis Sasakawa, are new to the fauna of New Zealand.

The 29 species of the subfamily Agromyzinae in Thailand are revised, among these 13 species are described as new to science: Melanagromyza ancyla sp. nov., M. catalexis sp. nov., M. cirrappendicula sp. nov., M. lunulata sp. nov., M. macilenta sp. nov., M. multistriata sp. nov., M. pandiculata sp. nov., M. sexseriata sp. nov., M. spinuliloba sp. nov., M. turgida sp. nov., Ophiomyia flagellata sp. nov., O. quadrifida sp. nov., O. striata sp. nov.; and nine species (three species of Agromyza, two of Melanagromyza and four of Ophiomyia) are recorded as new to Thailand. One new synonym is established: Melanagromyza cordiophoeta Spencer, 1961, as a junior synonym of M. dolichostigma Meijere, 1922. Keys to the Thailand species of the genera Agromyza, Melanagromyza and Ophiomyia are given.

The Oriental species of the clusiid genera Phylloclusia Hendel, 1913, Sobarocephala Czerny, 1903, Tetrameringia McAlpine, 1960, Heteromeringia Czerny, 1903, Tranomeringia Sasakawa, 1966, and Clusia Haliday, 1838, which belong to the subfamily Clusiinae in having inclinate third (lowermost, rarely fourth) fronto-orbital bristles, are revised. It is confirmed that two of these genera, Sobarocephala and Heteromeringia, indeed belong to the Clusiinae (not the Sobarocephalinae and Clusiodinae). Of the 22 species identified, 14 are described as new to science: Phylloclusia bivittata sp. nov. from Laos and Vietnam and P. sternopleuralis sp. nov. from Malaysia; Sobarocephala baculigera sp. nov. and S. fuscifacies sp. nov. from the Philippines; S. eurystylis sp. nov. from Malaysia; S. geniculata sp. nov. and S. megastylis sp. nov. from Thailand; Tetrameringia maculata sp. nov. from Laos; Heteromeringia abatanensis sp. nov. and H. spinifera sp. nov. from the Philippines, H. melanoprotoma sp. nov. from Laos, H. paraphalloides sp. nov. from Vietnam and Malaysia, and H. pectinata sp. nov. from Malaysia, Tranomeringia scutellata sp. nov. from the Philippines. New locality records are given for Phylloclusia steleocera Hendel, 1913, Sobarocephala vockerothi Sasakawa, 1993, Heteromeringia lyneborgi Sasakawa, 1966, H. melaena Sasakawa, 1966, H. mirabilis Sasakawa, 1966, H. nigricans Sasakawa, 1966, and Clusia sexlineata Frey, 1960. Keys to the Oriental species of the genera Phylloclusia, Sobarocephala, and Heteromeringia are provided, and a revised terminology for the components of the male phallus is given.

A poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-like biodegradable thermosensitive polydepsipeptide, poly[Glc-Asn(N-isopropyl)], was synthesized by introducing an isopropyl amide group into poly[Glc-Asn]. Poly[Glc-Asn(N-isopropyl)] was degraded in vitro by cleavage of the ester bonds in the main chain in water at room temperature. The non-toxic nature of the polymer and its degradation products, coupled with a cloud point at 29 degrees C in water, make this polymer attractive for biomedical implant applications.

The 29 species of the subfamily Agromyzinae in Thailand are revised, among these 13 species are described as new to science: Melanagromyza ancyla sp. nov., M. catalexis sp. nov., M. cirrappendicula sp. nov., M. lunulata sp. nov., M. macilenta sp. nov., M. multistriata sp. nov., M. pandiculata sp. nov., M. sexseriata sp. nov., M. spinuliloba sp. nov., M. turgida sp. nov., Ophiomyia flagellata sp. nov., O. quadrifida sp. nov., O. striata sp. nov.; and nine species (three species of Agromyza, two of Melanagromyza and four of Ophiomyia) are recorded as new to Thailand. One new synonym is established: Melanagromyza cordiophoeta Spencer, 1961, as a junior synonym of M. dolichostigma Meijere, 1922. Keys to the Thailand species of the genera Agromyza, Melanagromyza and Ophiomyia are given.

The Oriental agromyzid leafminers of the genus Japanagromyza Sasakawa are reviewed. Four new species, Japanagromyza browni and J. hymenoedemia from Thailand, J. cestra from Malaysia and South China, J. intricata from Malaysia, are described. Six species are recorded as new to Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, and one new synonym is established. Key to Oriental species is given. Distribution, systematics and biology of Oriental species are discussed.

京都府下夜久野町のクリ園(筑波5年生植栽)で,クリイガアブラムシの発生消長と移動及び分散との関係を調査し,以下の結果を得た。1. 幹母→普通型(5世代)→産性型→有性型の計8世代を経過する。2. 発生消長には2つの型がある。ひとつは樹皮上の幼虫が,6月下旬ごろからきゅう果へ第1次移動を行った後に増殖して高密度に達するもので,他は8月中旬ごろまでほとんど寄生が認められないのに第2次樹内移動及び樹間分散後に急増するものである。当然,若はぜによる被害は前者に大きく,後者ではほとんど認められない。3. 第2次移動は8月下旬から9月中旬にかけて,主として1令幼虫によって行われ,かなり大視模な樹内・樹間の分散が起こる。ただし,1令幼虫の推定歩行距離や各樹の寄生きゅう果率変動からみて,樹間分散は広域に拡がるのではなくて狭い範囲にとどまる。

The aphidophagous syrphid fly,Episyrphus balteatus (de Geer), actively visits the Japanese maple,Acer palmatum Thunb., in early spring and oviposits adjacent to colonies of 2 maple aphids,Periphyllus californiensis (Shinji) andYamatocallis tokyoensis (Takahashi). Female flies, in the field, chose small, young colonies with nymphs and wingless adult aphids for their oviposition sites rather than older colonies including winged adults. Same tendency was clearly observed in the experiments with models. It was demonstrated experimentally that they can discriminate between the wingless and winged adult models. It is suggested that females of the hover fly assess the value of aphid colonies as the food resource of their offspring.

貯蔵ショウガの根茎を食害し,腐敗を伴う被害を与えるクロバネキノコバエは,ヒトトゲクロバネキノコバエPsilosciara flammulinae SASAKAWAとショウガクロバネキノコバエPhytosciara zingiberis SASAKAWAの2種で,後者は新種である。ショウガクロバネキノコバエによるショウガ根茎の被害の進行状況を観察したほか,長崎県内における被害発生の実態ならびに室内飼育による本種の生態を調査した。その結果,貯蔵庫内での被害発生は,ショウガの収穫と同時に,根茎への食入幼虫あるいは産下卵の付着した根茎の搬入に起因していると考えられた。成虫はショウガの茎葉基部や根茎表面に産卵する。幼虫はまず根茎の茎葉切断部や萌芽部の組織の柔らかい部分を食害する。その後,次第に根茎内部に食入してゆき,ついには繊維質だけが残ったスポンジ状の根茎となり,雑菌の侵入を伴ったばあいには根茎の腐敗を伴う。灰色かび病菌を培養したPDA培地による飼育での卵・幼虫・蛹期の有効積算温度はそれぞれ72.1, 135.6, 62.5日度であった。貯蔵庫内ではショウガ収穫後約1か月経った12月上旬から成虫の発生がみられ,1月上旬に第1回目の発生ピークが,つづいて2月中に第2回目のピークがみられたのちは3月下旬まで多発した。したがって貯蔵期間中に2∼3世代経過するようで,世代を経るにつれて被害が激増した。

キイロコキクイムシTaenioglyptes fulvus (NIIJIMA)の発育経過および習性を適確に観察するために,アカマツ樹皮を2枚の塩化ビニール板で挾みこんだ簡単な飼育装置を用いたところ,全発育期間を通じて生育が可能であった。まず,雌成虫による母孔形成の過程を経時的に明らかにし,正常な横平孔を形成するためには蛹室内で羽化後数日間の後食が必要であることがわかった。交尾は侵入孔に接した交尾室内で行われ,雌は数日間の産卵前期間を経て,交尾室付近で2∼4回に分けて計20個内外の卵をルーズな卵塊として産みつける。産卵数は母孔の長さや雌成虫の生存日数が長いほど多くなる。ふ化幼虫の食入部位は不規則であるが,母孔の両端近くから始まるのが通例である。幼虫は2令を経過し,20日内外で老熟し,蛹室を作る。蛹期間は約1週間である。最適生息密度よりも高い寄主では,かなりの個体が母孔形成および産卵を中止して寄主から脱出する。そして適当な寄主と密度条件が満たされれば,脱出前よりも長い母孔を作り,再交尾ののち産卵を続けるので,1雌あたりの総産卵数が増加する。したがって,本種の寄主脱出と再寄生現象は寄主内密度調節とともに個体数の増大をもたらすという生態学的意義がある。

従来スズメガ類では密度依存的な多型現象が知られていなかったが,オオスカシバについて幼虫期の生息密度を変えることによって体色や発育がどんな影響をうけるかを調べたところ,明らかに密度に依存した変異がみられた。すなわち,1令期から集合状態で育った幼虫は体色が2令期から黒化し,摂食量や酸素消費量が少なく,幼虫および蛹の体重が軽いほか,死亡率がきわめて高い。したがって単独生育下で多く出現する通常の淡緑色幼虫が本種の生活により適応していると考えられる。

京都府丹後半島山間部に所在する和牛放牧地において,7月下旬から8月上旬の間に襲来するアブ類の刺咬活動について調べ,次の結果を得た。1) 調査期間中に襲来したアブはホルバートアブ,アカウシアブ,ヤマトアブ,ウシアブ,マツモトアブ,イヨシロオビアブおよびシロフアブの7種で,シロフアブが優占し,次いでアカウシアブが多かった。2) 晴天日におけるアカウシアブ,ウシアブおよびシロフアブの日週活動は気温および照度に依存した二山型を示した。3) 牛体被毛の赤味がかったものよりも黒色毛の和牛に多く襲来する傾向があった。4) アカウシアブは牛体中躯背に,ウシアブは腹に,シロフアブは四肢に圧倒的多数襲来した。このすみわけ構造は,3種アブの照度選好,頭部+口ふん長に応じた牛体被毛部の選好,さらに種間の相互作用が要因となって現われるようである。