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The aim of this study was to describe a detailed instruction of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning simulation using BEAMnrc-DOSXYZnrc code system (EGSnrc package) and present a new graphical user interface based on MATLAB code (The MathWorks) to combine more than one. 3ddose file which were obtained from the IMRT plan. This study was performed in four phases: the commissioning of Varian Clinac iX6 MV, the simulation of IMRT planning in EGSnrc, the creation of in-house VDOSE GUI, and the analysis of the isodose contour and dose volume histogram (DVH) curve from several beam angles. The plan paramaters in sequence and control point files were extracted from the planning data in Tan Tock Seng Hospital Singapore (multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf positions – bank A and bank B, gantry angles, coordinate of isocenters, and MU indexes). VDOSE GUI which was created in this study can display the distribution dose curve in each slice and beam angle. Dose distributions from various MLC settings and beam angles yield different dose distributions even though they used the same number of simulated particles. This was due to the differences in the MLC leaf openings in every field. The value of the relative dose error between the two dose ditributions for “body” was 51.23 %. The Monte Carlo (MC) data was normalized with the maximum dose but the analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA) data was normalized by the dose in the isocenter. In this study, we have presented a Monte Carlo simulation framework for IMRT dose calculation using DOSXYZnrc source 21. Further studies are needed in conducting IMRT simulations using EGSnrc to minimize the different dose error and dose volume histogram deviation.

This research aims to study one of the radiotherapy techniques of VMAT and calculate the dose distribution on phantom cylinders using the Monte Carlo EGSnrc method. VMAT is one of radiotherapy technique where is all the fractions of the dose are given continuously when the gantry rotates around the patient with manages gantry rotation speed, MLC leaf position and the dose fraction is given. The simulation process begins with head linac modeling using BEAMnrc, and using the Monte Carlo VMAT simulation uses DOSXYZnrc software. The parameters for the BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc simulations using information from DICOM data set rtplan AAA are read using the pycom code. The results of this study provide information about the characteristics of 6 MV photon files such as fluence, fluence energy, spectral distribution, and fluence energy distribution, and dose distribution in phantom cylinders. The VMAT Monte Carlo simulation was carried out using 300 million particles which resulted in a VMAT dose distribution in the form of a dose profile curve and an isodose curve, the result shows that the curve of VMAT simulation using phantom cylinders produced the maximum dose distribution in the isocenter

CUDA EGS was CUDA implementation to simulate transport photon in a material based on Monte Carlo algorithm for X-ray imaging. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of inhomogeneities in inhomogeneity phantom for small field dosimetry (1×1, 2×2, 3×3, 4×4 and 5×5 cm2). Two phantoms, homogeneity and inhomogeneity phantom were used. The interaction in homogeneity and inhomogeneity phantom was dominated by Compton interaction and multiple scattering. The CUDA EGS can represent the inhomogeneity effect in small field dosimetry by combining the grayscale curve between homogeneity and inhomogeneity phantom. The grayscale curve in inhomogeneity phantom is not asymmetric because of the existence of different material in phantom.

Treatment fields consist of tissue other than water equivalent tissue (soft tissue, bones, lungs, etc.). The inhomogeneity effect can be investigated by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. MC simulation of the radiation transport in an absorbing medium is the most accurate method for dose calculation in radiotherapy. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of inhomogeneity phantom on dose calculations in photon beam radiotherapy obtained by different MC codes. MC code system EGSnrc and Geant4 was used in this study. Inhomogeneity phantom dimension is 39.5 × 30.5 × 30 cm3 and made of 4 material slices (12.5 cm water, 10 cm aluminium, 5 cm lung and 12.5 cm water). Simulations were performed for field size 4 × 4 cm2 at SSD 100 cm. The spectrum distribution Varian Trilogy Clinac iX 10 MV was used. Percent depth dose (PDD) and dose profile was investigated in this research. The effects of inhomogeneities on radiation dose distributions depend on the amount, density and atomic number of the inhomogeneity, as well as on the quality of the photon beam. Good agreement between dose distribution from EGSnrc and Geant4 code system in inhomogeneity phantom was observed, with dose differences around 5% and 7% for depth doses and dose profiles.