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This prospective observational comparative study was conducted in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OBGyn) of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital (ShSMCH), Dhaka. It was carried out from April 2019 to September 2019. The objectives was to compare the feto-maternal outcome of postdated pregnancy (40+1- 41+6 weeks) with pregnancy at term(37-40 weeks). Pregnant women admitted in ShSMCH with or without labour pain were considered as study population. Following ethical clearance from the local ethical committee and written informed consent, 59 cases of post-dated pregnancy (case) and 59 cases of term pregnancy (control) were included inthis study. Cases and control were selected by random sampling method according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were: 1) Patients who have excellent EDD(dated by early ultrasonogram) , 2) Patients having regular menstrual cycle prior to present pregnancy and can remember exact LMP, 3) Postdated pregnancy as case and pregnancy at term as control. Exclusion criteria were: 1) Patients with eclampsia, systemic hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus and renal disease, 2) Patients with multiple gestation and any congenital anomaly, 3) Pregnancy occurred during lactational amenorrhoea, 4) Pregnancy with veneral disease, 5) pregnancy with blood group incompatibility. Data were collected with a pre-designed structured questionnaire. A full assessment were done by history[age, occupation, menstrual and obstetric history, medical, surgical and family history, antenatal care(ANC)], physical examination (general, abdominal and vaginal) and ultrasonogram (USG) to assess gestational age and liquor volume. After proper counselling, induction of labour given to patients without labour pain and fetal distress. Mode of delivery, post-delivery maternal and fetal outcome and complication were recorded.This study showed that maximum number of patients in term pregnancy (control) belonged to age group (21-30 years) [control 71.2%, case 62.7%] and in post-dated pregnancy (case) belonged to >30 years [control 15.5%, case 23.7%]. In both groups, maximum number of women were housewives, control 48(81.4%), case 46(78%) and service-holder 11(18.6%) in control, 13 (22%) in case. In control group 36 (61%) were primi-gravida and 23 (39%) were multi-gravida. In case group 29(49.2%) were primi-gravida, 30(50.8%) multi-gravida. Family history of post-dated pregnancy were present in 14(23.7%) of control group and 13(22%) of case group. Most of the women of both control (93.2%) and case (89.8%) received regular ANC. Large fetus were seen in 6(10.2%) of control and 9(15.3%) of case group. Vertex was common presenting feature in both control (94.9%) and case (88.1%). Liquor volume was adequate in maximum number of women of both control (69.5%) and case (62.7%) group. Uterine irritability was present in 16(27.1%) of control and 17 (28.8%) of case group. Associated complication, such as CPD and elderly primi were present in 10 (16.9%) of control and 9 (15.3%) of case group. Induction of labour was required in 33(55.9%)of control and 41 (69.5%) of case group. Normal vaginal delivery was achieved in 41 (69.5%) of control and in 33 (55.9%) of case group women. LSCS required in 18 (30.5%) of control and 25 (42.4%) of case group women. Cause of LSCS is fetal distressin (54.5%) of control and (42.4%) of case group. Post-operative complication were more in case (16.9%), versus (3.4%) in control. Fetal complication were more in case group (22%), versus control (6.8%) regarding birth asphyxia, RDS, neonatal jaundice, neonatal septicemia, meconium aspiration syndrome, macrosomia and neonatal death. So this study showed that maternal and fetal perinatal morbidiy were quite high in post-dated pregnancy. There is scope for further improvement of clinical care practices of post-dated pregnant womenwith acceptable maternal and fetal outcome. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2021; 13(2): 130-136

The death toll of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been considerable. Several risk factors have been linked to mortality due to COVID-19 in hospitals. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of patients who either died from COVID-19 at Dhaka Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the hospital records of patients who died or recovered and tested positive for COVID-19 from May 3 to August 31, 2020. All patients who died during the study period were included in the analysis. A comparison group of patients who survived COVID-19 at the same hospital during the same period was systematically sampled. All available information was retrieved from the records, including demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables. Of the 3115 patients with confirmed COVID-19 during the study period, 282 died. The mean age of patients who died was higher than that of those who survived (56.7 vs 52.6 years). Approximately three-fourths of deceased patients were male. History of smoking (risk ratio 2.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.6–3.4), comorbidities (risk ratio: 1.5; 95% confidence interal:1.1–2.1), chronic kidney disease (risk ratio: 3.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.7–6.25), and ischemic heart disease (risk ratio:1.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.9) were higher among the deceased than among those who survived. Mean C-reactive protein and D-dimer levels [mean (interquartile range), 34 (21–56) vs. 24 (12–48); and D-dimer [1.43 (1–2.4) vs. 0.8 (0.44–1.55)] were higher among those who died than among those who recovered. Older age, male sex, rural residence, history of smoking, and chronic kidney disease were found to be important predictors of mortality. Early hospitalization should be considered for patients with COVID-19 who are older, male, and have chronic kidney disease. Rapid referral to tertiary care facilities is necessary for high-risk patients in rural settings J MEDICINE 2023; 24: 28-36

This commentary examines community-based research in fragile settings based on the authors’ experience working with Rohingya and host community researchers in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. This iteration of a community-based approach to research focuses on putting community researchers at the center and emphasizes their involvement at each stage of the research process – from design to implementation to analysis – alongside external researchers. Community researchers contribute their expertise to increase understanding of nuances that might otherwise be lost to external researchers. Integral to this approach is building and nurturing the trust of researchers, respondents and community members through innovative means such as an informal “trust network.” Also central to the community-based approach, especially in fragile 1 settings, is a sustained emphasis on community researchers’ learning and skills-building. The commentary article describes methods developed by the Centre for Peace and Justice, Brac University (CPJ), implemented with Rohingya refugees and host community researchers in Cox’s Bazar. The article suggests: Putting community members at the heart of learning and research approaches helps to amplify marginalized voices and emphasize their needs and choices. The political and economic atmosphere of a refugee setting can change rapidly. In such circumstances, community-based research can be vital to policymakers that seek to understand emerging concerns and issues. Community-based experiential education and research approaches hold potential to promote grassroots leadership among refugee youth in situations of protracted displacement. Strengthening the capacities of community researchers is crucial to this approach. Community researchers often lack language skills, especially writing and reading, and translating from local dialects to English or any other preferred language. The acquisition of research skills can also pave a durable and critical pathway toward meaningful youth engagement. Trust and familiarity between refugee interlocutors and researchers require long-term engagement. Creating a culture of mutual respect and dignity is of utmost importance. The community expects researchers to respect their religious beliefs and cultural values. The two-way exchange between community researchers and respondents enhances the learning process and can help discover areas for further inquiry.

Since ancient times, women in Bengal have been poorly treated and left without most of their rights. Moreover, that continuity still exists in some areas, education being one of them. Male and female enrollment in primary and secondary schools has recently reached the expected level. However, the rate at which female students drop out of secondary school is still alarming. The goal of this study is to find out why so many female students in Bangladesh, and especially in the Pabna district, drop out of high school. In carrying out this research, qualitative and quantitative data have been used almost equally, and a mixed-method approach has been applied to reach the aims and objectives of the research. Findings show that female students drop out of Western-style secondary education mainly because of structural-level barriers. Poverty among parents or guardians is the root cause of dropout among economic issues. And all the structural-level issues are interlinked with poverty. Though child marriage is the immediate process of the dropout, it is not the leading cause. It is a process. Research shows that it is impossible to stop female students from dropping out of high school if the poverty of their parents or guardians is not alleviated and the immediate process is not stopped. It is suggested that needy and educationally disadvantaged students receive a special financial incentive. In addition to getting support from the government administration, the school management committee must play a decisive role in meeting the problems and supporting female students in all aspects.

Introduction: Now a days immunohistochemistry and genomic testing for patient with Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is becoming new standard of care in clinical decision making. A renewed interest has been emerging on the human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) pathway. Aim of this present study was clinicopathological correlation of HER-2/neu expression by IHC in NSCLC. Method: This was a Cross sectional and observational study done at Sir Salimullah Medical College and National Institute of Disease of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH) and other private hospitals in Dhaka city during July / 2014 to June / 2016. Adult of both gender with histologically diagnosed as a case of NSCLC was include in the study. Immunohistochemistry was done to see the positivity for HER/neu and clinical characteristics were observed. Result: A total 45 patients with NSCLC were enrolled in the study. Male was 77.8% (n=35) and female was 22.2% (n=10). The mean age was 55.67 (SD± 12) years and mean age of male was higher compared to female (57.54±11.64 years verses 49.1±11.38 years). Most of the male were smokers (71.1%) and female were nonsmokers (90%). 57.78% (n=26) of patients and 42.22% (n=19) of patients had adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma respectively. Most squamous cell carcinoma patients were elderly, had wasting and having higher TNM staging. Serum LDH level was higher with advance staging and grading. Only 8.89% (n=4) had HER-2/neu positive expression affected by male. Patients with HER 2/neu positive expression were relatively older (mean age 62.5±17.08). However, there were equal in histopathological categorization (50% SCC and 50% Adenocarcinoma). Mean LDH was slightly higher in HER-2 positive patients was compared to HER-2 negative patients (569.5±232.6 versus 469.7±181.8). Conclusion: About nine percent of patients having HER-2/neu positive was relatively older and had more high level of LDH. A large-scale study should be conducted in Bangladeshi population to characterize epidemiological, clinicopathological feature in patients with NSCLC with HER-2 expression. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2021; 29(1): 99-110

Background & objectives: Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a deadly disease putting 350 million people from 88 countries at risk. In Bangladesh, 45 districts are endemic. Zinc is an essential trace element and its relevance for proper functioning of the entire immune system is already well documented. Though low serum zinc levels have been reported in many parasitic diseases, limited information is available regarding zinc status in human leishmaniasis. This study was conducted to evaluate the zinc level in endemic and non-endemic population of kalaazar. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the serum zinc concentrations in kala-azar endemic and non- endemic population of 06 to 60 years of age range during the period of July 2014 to June 2015.Venous blood was collected from 92 subjects to estimate serum zinc concentrations. Results: Mean Serum zinc levels were found 63.66 microgm/dl in kala-azar patients of endemic area, 69.44 microgm/dl in kala-azar endemic populations and77.34 microgm/dl in non-endemic populations. Conclusion: The average serum zinc concentrations is lower in populations of kala-azar endemic zone compared to populations from kala-azar nonendemic zone. It was also found that kala-azar patient had lower zinc concentrations compared to non-kala-azar patients. There may have potential association of low zinc level and occurrence of kala-azar. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2021; 29(1): 111-117

The present study was mainly aimed at exploring the causal association of the atherogenic (ApoB) and antiatherogenic apolipoproteins (ApoA1) and their ratio in the basic defects of pancreatic β cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). An intermediate stage towards diabetes, the prediabetic stage, was chosen to explore the association. Following a standardized selection process, 131 subjects were purposefully recruited for the study, including 18 with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 56 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 57 with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Fifty-nine healthy subjects served as controls. Glucose, lipid and insulin were estimated by glucose-oxidase, enzymatic colorimetric assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. Serum ApoB and ApoA1 were estimated by immuno-nephelometric method. Appropriate statistical tools were used to calculate statistical differences using Statistical Package for Social studies (SPSS) for Windows V12. Absolute insulin (mIU) levels were significantly higher in the IGT and T2DM groups compared to controls (p 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). HOMA%B (meanSD) was significantly lower in T2DM groups (p=

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) on growth, yield and protein content as well as to know the effect of combined application of MSWC and NPK fertilizers in rice (cv. BRRI dhan49). There were six treatments including- T0 = Control (No fertilizer or no MSWC); T1= 100% Recommended Doses of Fertilizers (RDF) NPK; T2 = (MSWC @ 5 t ha-1+ 75% RDF); T3= (MSWC @ 7. 5t ha-1+ 50% RDF); T4= (MSWC @ 10 t ha-1 + 25% RDF); T5 = (MSWC @ 10 t ha-1). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Our results showed that the integrated application of MSWC and different RDF% had a significant impact on various plant growth and yield parameters including plant height, panicle length, number of effective tillers per hill, number of filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight (g), and grain and straw yield of rice. In case of T2 treatment, highest grain yield (5.70 t ha-1), straw yield (7.71 t ha-1) and protein content (5.875%) were obtained. Thus, the result indicated that combined application of MSWC with NPK performed better than the single application of either MSWC or NPK fertilizer.

Salinisation within delta environments is a dynamic process governed by the interaction between coastal, fluvial and geomorphological systems. Increasingly, these have been modified through human activity and management practices, which lead to unintended problems associated with waterlogging and salt accumulation in soils and water resources. As a result of these issues, over 100 million people in the Ganges–Brahmaputra and other Asian deltas are negatively affected by a lack of freshwater availability and decreased crop yields. Rising sea levels, climate change, and population increase are all likely to exacerbate these problems. Using an iterative approach of literature review, we analyse the evolution of water management practices and policy and how these have influenced salinity within the delta, with a conceptual framework of understanding developed to guide risk management strategies. We find that management of coastal flooding and salinisation is hampered by socio-economic conditions and the dynamic hydro-morphology of the delta, which has increasingly been altered through diversion and abstraction of upstream flow. Whilst engineering solutions protect large areas from inundation, interruption of natural flood-dynamics also increases the potential impact from storm-surge and fluvio-tidal flooding. To limit salinity, policies based on salinisation science, as well as the implementation of adequately financed, multi-layered, integrated risk management plans at the local, regional, and river basin levels, are required. The promotion of stakeholder engagement should be encouraged to ensure local co-operation and effective implementation of policies. The mitigation of the multiple and cascading hazards associated with salinisation caused by anthropogenic activity, climate change and socio-economic development is crucial for the populations of delta regions across Asia.

In the United States, an estimated 7,005 (crude rate 2.13) pedestrians were killed in traffic crashes in 2020, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This statistic is currently increasing annually and research suggests that distraction by smartphones may be a primary reason for the increasing number of pedestrian injuries and deaths. Timely interruptions may alert inattentive pedestrians and prevent fatalities. To this end, we developed StreetBit, a Bluetooth beacon-based system that warns distracted pedestrians with a visual and/or audible interruption when they approach a potentially dangerous traffic intersection while distracted by their smartphones. We posit that by using StreetBit, we can educate distracted pedestrians and elicit behavioral change to reduce or remove smartphone-based distractions when they enter and cross roadways. To demonstrate the feasibility of StreetBit, we conducted a field study with 385 participants. Results show that the system demonstrates adequate feasibility and behavior change in response to the StreetBit program.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum of liver diseases characterized by simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. It is the most common cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. NAFLD is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Objective: The study aimed to assess the changes in lipid profile and aminotransferases (ALT and AST) in Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College in cooperation with the Centre for Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound, Mymensingh from January 2012 to June 2013 after the approval of the protocol. A total of 120 subjects were included through purposive sampling, among them, 60 subjects were with fatty liver disease (group-I) and another 60 were without fatty liver (group-II) with ultrasonography. The sampling method was purposive (non-random). Relevant laboratory investigations were performed by using established methods to achieve the objectives. Results: The majority of the subjects with NAFLD (33.33%) were in 51-60 years (in Group-I). Mean serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol were 203.33±21.83, 184.41±33.31, 126.28±18.75, and 40.17±6.32 mg/dl in group-I and 167.65±9.83, 128.77±11.65, 101.74±9.29 and 40.16±3.55 mg/dl in group-II respectively. Significant differences were found in the case of total cholesterol (p0.05). Serum ALT and AST were 49.43±16.98, 45.20±13.56 U/L in group-I and 32.83±4.54, 28.68±4.31 U/L in the group- II respectively. Significant differences were found in case of ALT (p

© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Global warming is pressuring policymakers to change climate policies in shifting the global economy onto a net-zero pathway. While financial assets are responsive to policy changes and development, climate change policies are becoming increasingly unpredictable, making policy decision less certain. This study investigates connectedness and spillover effects of US climate policy uncertainty on energy stocks, alternative energy stocks, and carbon emissions futures. We analyzed spillover and connectedness before and after the Paris Agreement. We employed monthly frequency data from August 2005 to March 2021 and applied DY (2012) method and MGARCH approach. We found that world energy stocks and carbon emissions futures are connected to US climate policy uncertainty. Uncertainty in climate policy and world energy stocks act as information transmitters in return spillover, while global alternative energy and carbon market are shock receivers. On volatility spillover, climate policy uncertainty, energy stocks, and carbon emissions future are shocks transmitters, while alternative energy stocks are receivers. We observe increase in connectedness following the Paris Agreement suggesting strengthened global efforts in tackling climate change. DCC and ADCC estimations revealed spillover effects of climate policy on futures returns and volatilities of world energy stocks and carbon emissions futures and the shocks could be transmitted through to the energy sector. During period of uncertainty in US climate policy, carbon allowances can potentially serve as a safe haven for energy stocks and provide downside protection for alternative energy stocks, hence hedging against climate transition risks.

This study investigates how the unregulated and unscientific manner of stone quarrying in Bangladesh degrades the environment and affects the life and livelihoods of the local people. The recent countrywide construction boom and infrastructural development kept the GDP growth constant in Bangladesh. This construction boom generates colossal demand for stones, and the Sylhet region is its major supplier. Although there are laws and legal mechanisms to regulate stone quarrying in the country, the miners do not follow these. This study found that the local Khasi people of the stone quarrying area have been experiencing systematic and forcible dispossession due to merging their lands into stone quarrying sites. These people are the victims of different forms of pollution due to unregulated stone quarrying. And the area has been experiencing a social transformation because of the settling of the people of the mainstream Bengali community from the poverty porn areas of the country to sustain their life by managing their livelihoods by working in the stone quarries. The study also explores how the lack of monitoring and corruption of the state and non-state actors in the stone quarrying sectors degraded the environment and transformed society in the last decades.

Anti-apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, hinder cancer treatment, and several drugs targeting these molecules have been developed. One is ABT-263 (navitoclax), which targets Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w. On the other hand, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been used as a drug for malaria infection and autoimmune disease. HCQ can exert a similar effect as chloroquine with fewer adverse events. In addition, HCQ exerts antitumor activity. In the present study, the effects of HCQ on ABT-263-induced antitumor activities were examined using three human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, MiaPaCa-2, and BxPC-3).In vitro effects of HCQ and ABT-263 were examined by cell viability, colony-forming assays, and flow cytometry. Protein expression was determined by immunoblotting. In vivo effects of HCQ and ABT-263 were examined by a xenograft mice model.Combined treatment with HCQ and ABT-263 synergistically decreased the viability of only BxPC-3 cells. This synergistic effect was not observed when HCQ was combined with ABT-199, an inhibitor specific to Bcl-2. The combination of HCQ and ABT-263 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. Protein expression of Bcl-xL was more highly expressed in BxPC-3 cells than in the other two cell lines, and the combination of HCQ with a Bcl-xL inhibitor or siRNA-mediated knockdown of Bcl-xL induced apoptosis in BxPC-3 cells. Combination therapy with HCQ and ABT 737, an ABT-263 analogue, suppressed the in vivo growth of BxPC-3 with transient body-weight loss.HCQ effectively promotes Bcl-xL inhibition-induced apoptosis in BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells.

Christian missionaries started the modern education of women in India and Bengal. After a long journey, women could strengthen their position in education before the partition in 1947. But during the Pakistani period, the advancement of women was somewhat hindered. However, when Bangladesh became independent in 1971, women started coming to educational institutions with a new vigor, which became tremendously visible in the 21st century. Although women achieved equality in secondary education in the second decade of the 21st century, their dropout rate is still alarming. The general purpose of the research work in this regard is to find out the causes of the dropout rate of female students in secondary education in Bangladesh in general and in the context of personal, social, and cultural barriers in particular. Attempts have been made to achieve the goals and objectives of the research by using a mixed-method approach. The results found that personal, social, and cultural issues are equally responsible for female students’ dropping out of secondary education as structural issues. Furthermore, the immediate process of dropping out is child marriage, a socio-cultural disorder. While most studies refer to it as a cause, this study found that it is a process, not a cause. In addition to this, three other factors due to socio-cultural degradation are significant. These are addictions to the virtual world, addiction to illegal affairs (flirting, passion for love, real or purposeful), and addiction to drugs. All the addictions are increasing alarmingly, especially among female students.

Women’s leadership development in entrepreneurial business is critical to improving women’s participation in management and businesses in Bangladesh. Research shows that only seven percent of all business establishments in Bangladesh are women-owned and women-headed. This limited ownership and development of women’s leadership behavior is a clear gap to be filled. Thus, the study aims to identify women’s leadership behavioral factors (WLBFs) and examine the causal relationship between WLBFs and women’s leadership behavior practices (WLBPs) in line with path–goal leadership theory. We conducted causal research, applying systematic sampling techniques in selecting participants and conducting interviews with 366 women entrepreneurs from the Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industries database under seven administrative divisional headquarters. We analyzed data through exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques. The results show that the factors internal to women as entrepreneurs (including entrepreneurial attitude, intentions, and workplace learning culture), the factors external to women as entrepreneurs (such as training and education), and sociocultural factors are significantly related to the development of WLBPs. The external organizational behavior context was not significant. WLBPs help develop directive, supportive, participatory, and achievement-oriented leadership practices among women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. This study suggests that policymakers, implementing managers, training service providers, and women entrepreneurs focus on entrepreneurial attitude, intention, education and skills development training, workplace learning culture, and sociocultural support among women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh.

Background: Global incidence of dengue has increased dramatically over the last few decades. In Bangladesh, there is a high transmission of Dengue in urban and peri-urban areas of Dhaka and other major cities. Seasonal variation, improper surveillance, underreporting of dengue infection have made difficult to estimate disease burden of dengue. Objective: This study was aimed to observe the rate of seropositivity by ELISA for Dengue IgG patients presenting to hospital. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study done in seven medical college hospital in urban Dhaka from January 2018 to March 2018. A small amount of blood was taken obtaining informed written consent in patients selected by purposive sampling during presenting to hospitals and a pre-tested questionnaire was fill to gather socio-demographic and relevant epidemiological data. Results: A total of 695 patients were included in this study with a mean age 34.9±16.49. Dengue IgG was positive in 349 (51.2%), positivity was found highest (70%) in Shahabuddin Medical College Hospital and lowest (25%) in Uttara Adhunik Medical College. Dengue IgG positive patients were more literate (82% vs 74.2%), more from urban setting (51.2% vs 41.8%), had more monthly income, had more garden (26.8% vs 23.3%) and stagnant water (25.5% vs 23%) in comparison to IgG negative patients. Conclusion: This study revealed that high seroprevalence posing risk to develop severe dengue and indicating high disease burden which warranted large scale well design population-based study. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2021; 47(1): 17-22

With the prevalence of smartphones, people have left abundant behavior records in cyberspace. Discovering and understanding individuals' cyber activities can provide useful implications for policymakers, service providers, and app developers. In this paper, we propose a framework to discover daily cyber activity patterns across people's mobile app usage. We first segment app usage traces into small time windows and then design a probabilistic topic model to infer users' cyber activities of each window. By exploring the coherence of users' activity sequences, the daily patterns of individuals are identified. Next, we recognize the common patterns across diverse groups of individuals using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. We then apply our framework on a large-scale and real-world dataset, consisting of 653,092 users with 971,818,946 usage records of 2,000 popular mobile apps. Our analysis shows that people usually obey yesterday's activity patterns, but the patterns tend to deviate as the time-lapse increases. We also discover five common daily cyber activity patterns, including afternoon reading, nightly entertainment, pervasive socializing, commuting, and nightly socializing. Our findings have profound implications on identifying the demographics of users and their lifestyles, habits, service requirements, and further detecting other disrupting trends such as working overtime and addiction to the game and social media.

Background: The motive of this observe is to compare the consequences of acute number one repair of extraarticular ligaments with staged surgical treatment for acute knee dislocations (KDs) and multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs). Materials and methods: The atudy has conducted in Department of Orthopedic, UHC sadar, Mymensingh. During the period of January 2013 and May 2021, 67 consecutive patients identified with MLKI or KD have been noted or visited our institution. Of these, 37 sufferers who underwent acute restore of extraarticular ligaments inside three weeks of damage had been included on this observe. These patients were retrospectively categorised into two corporations: people who underwent best primary repair (repair group) and people who underwent staged reconstructive surgical operation (staged group). Follow-up exam protected range of motion (ROM), knee joint balance (Lachman test, posterior drawer take a look at, and varus and valgus stress test), Lysholm knee score, Tegner interest scale, and Knee damage and Osteoarthritis and effect Score (KOOS). Results: Twelve of the 37 sufferers did not want or preference similarly surgical treatment and were protected inside the restore institution. No great distinction becomes determined in demographic facts among the restore and staged businesses. Although staged surgery decreased high-quality posterior drawer check results, no giant difference became located between the 2 businesses concerning ROM, different knee joint balance tests, Lysholm rankings, Tegner scale, or KOOS. Conclusions: all patients lower back to their activities of each day residing and preinjury career ranges. Acute primary restore of extraarticular ligaments gives critical knee stability without varus/valgus instability and may lessen the need for next cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Background: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is presently the quality surgical choice for hip osteoarthritis secondary to developmental hip dysplasia (DDH); it may be extraordinarily challenging, due to the hypoplasic proximal metaphysis, pathological anteversion, and immoderate cervico-diaphyseal perspective of the neck at the femoral facet. The reason of this retrospective study become to evaluate the lengthy-time period survival and medical and radiological outcomes of Conus uncemented stems, implanted in patients affected by hip osteoarthritis with Crowe now not-type IV secondary to DDH. Material and technique: This was a retrospective study has conducted in Department of Orthopedic, UHC sadar, Mymensing. During the period of June 2013 and july 2021. We identified 96 consecutive THAs executed for DDH in 57 women and 26 men, with an average age of 53 years in a single center. 13 sufferers underwent bilateral hip replacement. The patients’ suggest frame mass index changed into 29. Eight kg/m2 (range 27.1–35.6 kg/m2). The most important symptoms for surgical treatment had been intense hip pain and huge purposeful impairment: the preoperative Harris Hip Score turned into 29.5 on average (variety 22–61). Radiologically, 8 hips were categorized as Crowe I, 41 hips as Crowe II, and 47 hips as Crowe III. In all cases, we implanted the Wagner femoral cone prosthesis using the direct lateral technique; within the attempt to reestablish local hip biomechanics, sixty six stems have been one hundred thirty five° and 34 were one hundred twenty five°. Results: The imply observe-up of the take a look at was 11.7 years (range 2.2–21.Eight years). Harris Hip Score expanded to a median value of 71.5 factors (range 52–ninety three points). Radiographic evaluation verified osteointegration of the implant with strong bone increase discovered on the stem–endosteum interface; signs and symptoms of bone readaptation and thinning of the femoral calcar were present in nine hips. ............

Background: The health care workers’(HCWs) are working 24/7 in managing devastating pandemicCorona virus disease19(COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) as front liner which leads them to be at highest risk for contacting infection. In Bangladesh, beinga lower middle-income country and densely populated, the burden is much more on HCWs. Methods: We did a cross-sectional study with an aim to identify the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomesof SARS-CoV-2 infection among the HCWs in a COVID-19 dedicated tertiary care hospital. Statisticalanalysis was done in SPSS version-26. Multivariate regression analysis was done to evaluate risk factorsresponsible for COVID-19 infection and the severity of the COVID-19 disease. We expressed odds ratiowith 95% CI, and considered the p-value of

This paper assesses the livelihood strategies of the forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals encamped in Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh. Although the predominant source of livelihood of the encamped Rohingya households is supposed to be various sources of assistance and transfer receipts, almost 76 per cent of them report positive income from various sources, including farm activities, enterprises, labour market, remittance, and non-food transfers, despite restrictions on mobility and income generation through employment. While a few of the sources dampen income inequality, others exacerbate it. Similarly, while several factors facilitate participation in income generation both at the extensive and intensive margins, a few others appear to hinder the process. Both the diversity and the level of income appear to be higher for households in the old wave (arrived before 25 August 2017) compared to that in the new wave (arrived after 25 August 2017), possibly due to better integration and adaptation to the local environment and context. The encamped Rohingya households with supplementary earned income and receipts rather than exclusively depending on WFP assistance enjoy relatively better well-being, at least in terms of higher expenditure and dietary diversity. The evidence on the impact of earned income and receipts on household well-being indicators reinforces their appeal for the right to work.

Supp Table 1, Supp Table 2. Supp Table 1: A.QMSP probe and primers, B.RT-PCR assay. Supplemental Table 2: The summary of notch methylation array findings

Flow cytometry gating strategy is outlined. After digestion of tumor infiltrated bladders, samples yielded 1-2 million cells per bladder. A) Live T lymphocyte subpopulations were then gated from spleen tissue, and B) bladder T cells of interest were then selected.

Intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy is the standard of care in treating non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer, yet its mechanism of action remains elusive. Both innate and adaptive immune responses have been implicated in BCG activity. Although prior research has indirectly demonstrated the importance of T cells and shown a rise in CD4+ T cells in bladder tissue after BCG, T-cell subpopulations have not been fully characterized. We investigated the relationship between effector and regulatory T cells in an immune competent, clinically relevant rodent model of bladder cancer. Our data demonstrate that cancer progression in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) rat model of bladder cancer was characterized by a decline in the CD8/FoxP3 ratio, consistent with decreased adaptive immunity. In contrast, treatment with intravesical BCG led to a large, transient rise in the CD4+ T-cell population in the urothelium and was both more effective and immunogenic compared with intravesical chemotherapy. Whole-transcriptome expression profiling of posttreatment intravesical CD4+ and CD8+ T cells revealed minimal differences in gene expression after BCG treatment. Together, our results suggest that although BCG induces T-cell recruitment to the bladder, the T-cell phenotype does not markedly change, implying that combining T-cell–activating agents with BCG might improve clinical activity. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(7); 594–603. ©2017 AACR.

Supp Figure 3. Association of miRNA expression with water arsenic concentration and creatinine adjusted urine arsenic concentration (Mann-Whitney U test).

Supp Figure 1. Technical validation of Notch Signaling Pathway DNA Methylation PCR Array.

Supplementary Figure Legends

(A) Rats 8 weeks post MNU were treated intravesically with MMC, MMC+BCG, and Cisplatin for 6 weeks (n=5 for each group). Bladders were harvested at week 16 and then digested into single cell suspensions and T cell populations analyzed with flow cytometry. (B) Flow Cytometry was then performed on digested bladders, and T cell subpopulations are reported as percentages, cell numbers, and (C) ratios. A "*" denotes statistical significance. All experiments were performed 2 times.

Supplementary Figure Legends

Exposure to toxicants leads to cumulative molecular changes that overtime increase a subject's risk of developing urothelial carcinoma. To assess the impact of arsenic exposure at a time progressive manner, we developed and characterized a cell culture model and tested a panel of miRNAs in urine samples from arsenic-exposed subjects, urothelial carcinoma patients, and controls. To prepare an in vitro model, we chronically exposed an immortalized normal human bladder cell line (HUC1) to arsenic. Growth of the HUC1 cells was increased in a time-dependent manner after arsenic treatment and cellular morphology was changed. In a soft agar assay, colonies were observed only in arsenic-treated cells, and the number of colonies gradually increased with longer periods of treatment. Similarly, invaded cells in an invasion assay were observed only in arsenic-treated cells. Withdrawal of arsenic treatment for 2.5 months did not reverse the tumorigenic properties of arsenic-treated cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated decreased PTEN and increased AKT and mTOR in arsenic-treated HUC1 cells. Levels of miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-200c were downregulated in arsenic-exposed HUC1 cells by quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, in human urine, miR-200c and miR-205 were inversely associated with arsenic exposure (P = 0.005 and 0.009, respectively). Expression of miR-205 discriminated cancer cases from controls with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.845). Our study suggests that exposure to arsenic rapidly induces a multifaceted dedifferentiation program and miR-205 has potential to be used as a marker of arsenic exposure as well as a maker of early urothelial carcinoma detection. Cancer Prev Res; 8(3); 208–21. ©2015 AACR.

This is a file of "Supplementary Data".

5 BCG treated rats, 5 untreated rats, and 20 controls rat were sacrificed and bladders were processed in single cell suspensions. CD4 and CD8 T cells were isolated for each sample and RNA was extracted. A gene expression analysis was subsequently performed on sorted CD4 and CD8 cells from each group using an Affymetrix Rat Gene 1.0 ST Array. MVA plot of sorted (A) CD8 and (B) CD4 T cells from MNU rats treated with BCG vs Untreated tumors. Genes selected from the Gene Ontology term "Immune Response" that have

Supp Figure 2A. Promoter methylation is inversely associated with gene expression

Supp Figure 4. ROC curves for individual micro RNA expression in 177 normal and 32 bladder cancer urine samples were shown.

Supplementary Table 1: Relative Gene Expression of outlier "immune response" genes after BCG vs no treatment in sorted CD8+ cells from bladder cancer. Supplementary Table 2: Relative Gene Expression of outlier "immune response" genes after BCG vs no treatment in sorted CD4+ cells from bladder cancer.

Purpose: Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is a promising marker for lung cancer detection. We investigated the likelihood of detecting aberrant DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes in plasma samples of patients with abnormalities of the lung detected upon computed tomography (CT) scan.Experimental Design: In a small evaluation cohort, four gene promoters (DCC, Kif1a, NISCH, and Rarb) were found to be methylated with increased frequency in samples from cancer patients specifically. We then examined DNA from 93 plasma samples from patients with abnormal findings in the lung detected upon CT scan for aberrant methylation of these four gene promoters by quantitative fluorogenic real-time PCR. The patients were divided into two groups, ground glass opacity (n = 23) and cancerous tumors (n = 70). Plasma DNA from age-matched nodule-free individuals were used as controls (n = 80).Results: In plasma, 73% of patients with cancerous tumors showed methylation of at least one gene with a specificity of 71% (P = 0.0001). Only 22% patients with ground glass opacity exhibited methylation of at least one gene. When smoking history was taken into account, 72% of cancer patients with no smoking history or those who smoked P = 0.05) when compared with matched controls. Among heavy smokers with 20+ pack-years of smoking history, 30% of the control group and 73% of the patients with cancerous tumors showed methylation (P = 0.0001).Conclusions: These biomarkers can distinguish between cancerous and noncancerous abnormal CT findings. Clin Cancer Res; 16(13); 3463–72. ©2010 AACR.

Background: Many risk factors have been associated with cancer, such as age, family history, race, smoking, high-fat diet, and poor nutrition. It is important to reveal the molecular changes related to risk factors that could facilitate early detection, prevention, and overall control of cancer.Methods: We selected six cancer-specific methylated genes that have previously been reported in primary tumors and have also been detected in different bodily fluids of cancer patients. Here, we used quantitative fluorogenic real-time methylation-specific PCR in plasma DNA samples for the detection of methylation changes from an asymptomatic population who do not have any known cancer.Results: The promoter methylation frequencies of the studied genes were as follows: APC (7%), CCND2 (22%), GSTP1 (2%), MGMT (9%), RARβ2 (29%), and P16 (3%). Promoter methylation of at least one of the genes analyzed was observed in ∼46% (72 of 157) of the samples by binary dichotomization. Promoter hypermethylation of at least two genes was detected in 17% (26 of 157) of the samples. RARβ2 methylation was observed in 45% of subjects who had a high-fat diet in contrast with those who had a low-fat diet (23%; P = 0.007).Discussion: Our findings may help to elucidate early methylation changes that may lead to cancer development. These methylation changes could be due to exposure to risk factors and may be useful for cancer prevention measures such as changes in lifestyle. Longitudinal follow-up of a high-risk population is needed to understand the association of methylation of candidate genes in cancer development. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(11):2984–91)

Purpose: Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor gene promoters has been found in head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) and other solid tumors. We evaluated these alterations in pretreatment salivary rinses from HNSCC patients by using real-time quantitative methylation-specific PCR (Q-MSP).Experimental Design: Pretreatment saliva DNA samples from HNSCC patients were evaluated for patterns of hypermethylation by using Q-MSP. Target tumor suppressor gene promoter regions were selected based on a previous study describing a screening panel for HNSCC in a high-risk population subjects. The selected genes were: DAPK, DCC, MINT-31, TIMP-3, p16, MGMT, CCNA1.Results: We analyzed the panel in a cohort of 61 HNSCC patients. Thirty-three of the analyzed patients (54.1%) showed methylation of at least one of the selected genes in the saliva DNA. Pretreatment methylated saliva DNA was not significantly associated with tumor site (P = 0.209) nor clinical stage (P = 0.299). However, local disease control and overall survival were significantly lower in patients presenting hypermethylation in saliva rinses (P = 0.010 and P = 0.015, respectively). Multivariate analysis confirmed that this hypermethylation pattern remained as an independent prognostic factor for local recurrence (HR = 12.2; 95% CI = 1.8–80.6; P = 0.010) and overall survival (HR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.2–6.5; P = 0.016).Conclusions: We were able to confirm an elevated rate of promoter hypermethylation in HNSCC saliva of patients by using a panel of gene promoters previously described as methylated specifically in HNSCC. Detection of hypermethylation in pretreatment saliva DNA seems to be predictive of local recurrence and overall survival. This finding has potential to influence treatment and surveillance of HNSCC patients. Clin Cancer Res; 17(14); 4782–9. ©2011 AACR.

Supplementary Table S2.

Supplementary Table S4.The correlation between clinicopathological features and methylation in lung cancer.

Overcoming acquired drug resistance remains a core challenge in the clinical management of human cancer, including in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). Cancer stem-like cells (CSC) have been implicated in the emergence of drug resistance but mechanisms and intervention points are not completely understood. Here, we report that the proinflammatory COX2/PGE2 pathway and the YAP1 growth-regulatory pathway cooperate to recruit the stem cell factor SOX2 in expanding and sustaining the accumulation of urothelial CSCs. Mechanistically, COX2/PGE2 signaling induced promoter methylation of let-7, resulting in its downregulation and subsequent SOX2 upregulation. YAP1 induced SOX2 expression more directly by binding its enhancer region. In UCB clinical specimens, positive correlations in the expression of SOX2, COX2, and YAP1 were observed, with coexpression of COX2 and YAP1 particularly commonly observed. Additional investigations suggested that activation of the COX2/PGE2 and YAP1 pathways also promoted acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors in basal-type UCB. In a mouse xenograft model of UCB, dual inhibition of COX2 and YAP1 elicited a long-lasting therapeutic response by limiting CSC expansion after chemotherapy and EGFR inhibition. Our findings provide a preclinical rationale to target these pathways concurrently with systemic chemotherapy as a strategy to improve the clinical management of UCB.Significance: These findings offer a preclinical rationale to target the COX2 and YAP1 pathways concurrently with systemic chemotherapy to improve the clinical management of UCB, based on evidence that these two pathways expand cancer stem-like cell populations that mediate resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer Res; 78(1); 168–81. ©2017 AACR.

Purpose: To establish a novel panel of cancer-specific methylated genes for cancer detection and prognostic stratification of early-stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Experimental Design: Identification of differentially methylated regions (DMR) was performed with bumphunter on “The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)” dataset, and clinical utility was assessed using quantitative methylation-specific PCR assay in multiple sets of primary NSCLC and body fluids that included serum, pleural effusion, and ascites samples.Results: A methylation panel of 6 genes (CDO1, HOXA9, AJAP1, PTGDR, UNCX, and MARCH11) was selected from TCGA dataset. Promoter methylation of the gene panel was detected in 92.2% (83/90) of the training cohort with a specificity of 72.0% (18/25) and in 93.0% (40/43) of an independent cohort of stage IA primary NSCLC. In serum samples from the later 43 stage IA subjects and population-matched 42 control subjects, the gene panel yielded a sensitivity of 72.1% (31/41) and specificity of 71.4% (30/42). Similar diagnostic accuracy was observed in pleural effusion and ascites samples. A prognostic risk category based on the methylation status of CDO1, HOXA9, PTGDR, and AJAP1 refined the risk stratification for outcomes as an independent prognostic factor for an early-stage disease. Moreover, the paralog group for HOXA9, predominantly overexpressed in subjects with HOXA9 methylation, showed poor outcomes.Conclusions: Promoter methylation of a panel of 6 genes has potential for use as a biomarker for early cancer detection and to predict prognosis at the time of diagnosis. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 7141–52. ©2017 AACR.

Supplementary Table 1 from Pharmacologic Unmasking of Epigenetically Silenced Genes in Breast Cancer

Purpose: To evaluate aberrant promoter hypermethylation of candidate tumor suppressor genes as a means to detect epigenetic alterations specific to solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Experimental Design: Using promoter regions identified via a candidate gene and discovery approach, we evaluated the ability of an expanded panel of CpG-rich promoters known to be differentially hypermethylated in HNSCC in detection of promoter hypermethylation in serum and salivary rinses associated with HNSCC. We did preliminary evaluation via quantitative methylation-specific PCR (Q-MSP) using a panel of 21 genes in a limited cohort of patients with HNSCC and normal controls. Using sensitivity and specificity for individual markers as criteria, we selected panels of eight and six genes, respectively, for use in salivary rinse and serum detection and tested these in an expanded cohort including up to 211 patients with HNSCC and 527 normal controls.Results: Marker panels in salivary rinses showed improved detection when compared with single markers, including a panel with 35% sensitivity and 90% specificity and a panel with 85% sensitivity and 30% specificity. A similar pattern was noted in serum panels, including a panel with 84.5% specificity with 50.0% sensitivity and a panel with sensitivity of 81.0% with specificity of 43.5%. We also noted that serum and salivary rinse compartments showed a differential pattern of methylation in normal subjects that influenced the utility of individual markers.Conclusions: Q-MSP detection of HNSCC in serum and salivary rinses using multiple targets offers improved performance when compared with single markers. Compartment-specific methylation in normal subjects affects the utility of Q-MSP detection strategies.