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Carboxysomes are a family of bacterial microcompartments in cyanobacteria and chemoautotrophs. They encapsulate Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and carbonic anhydrase catalyzing carbon fixation inside a proteinaceous shell. How Rubisco complexes pack within the carboxysomes is unknown. Using cryo-electron tomography, we determine the distinct 3D organization of Rubisco inside two distant α-carboxysomes from a marine α-cyanobacterium Cyanobium sp. PCC 7001 where Rubiscos are organized in three concentric layers, and from a chemoautotrophic bacterium Halothiobacillus neapolitanus where they form intertwining spirals. We further resolve the structures of native Rubisco as well as its higher-order assembly at near-atomic resolutions by subtomogram averaging. The structures surprisingly reveal that the authentic intrinsically disordered linker protein CsoS2 interacts with Rubiscos in native carboxysomes but functions distinctively in the two α-carboxysomes. In contrast to the uniform Rubisco-CsoS2 association in the Cyanobium α-carboxysome, CsoS2 binds only to the Rubiscos close to the shell in the Halo α-carboxysome. Our findings provide critical knowledge of the assembly principles of α-carboxysomes, which may aid in the rational design and repurposing of carboxysome structures for new functions.

Transfer of healthy mitochondria from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to ischemic neurons represents a potent stroke therapeutic. MSCs were grown under ambient conditions (nMSCs) or a metabolic switching paradigm by alternating galactose and glucose in medium (sMSCs) and then assayed for oxygen consumption rates using the Seahorse technology. Subsequently, primary neurons were subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and then co-cultured with either nMSCs or sMSCs. Compared to nMSCs, sMSCs displayed higher basal energy production, larger spare respiratory capacity, greater ATP production, and decreased proton leak. Co-culture of OGD-exposed neurons with sMSCs conferred greater cell viability, enhanced cell metabolism, reduced mitochondrial reactive oxidative species mRNA, and elevated mitochondria ATP mRNA than those cultured with nMSCs. Metabolic switching produces “super” mitochondria that may underlie the therapeutic benefit of using sMSCs to treat ischemic cells.

Carboxysomes are a family of bacterial microcompartments in cyanobacteria and chemoautotrophs. It encapsulates carbonic anhydrase and Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) catalysing carbon fixation inside a proteinaceous shell. How Rubisco packs into the carboxysomes is unknown. Using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we present 3D organization of Rubisco inside two types of native α-carboxysomes from a marine α-cyanobacterium Cyanobium sp. PCC 7001 and a chemoautotrophic bacterium Halothiobacillus neapolitanus. We determined the structures of Rubiscos within native Halothiobacillus and Cyanobium carboxysomes at 3.3 Å and 3.8 Å resolution respectively and further identified an associated CsoS2 segment. Interestingly, CsoS2 is only associated with a sub-population of Rubiscos that are close to the shell in Halothiobacillus, but with all Rubiscos throughout Cyanobium carboxysome. Moreover, Rubiscos in Cyanobium carboxysomes are organized in three concentric layers whereas Rubiscos in Halothiobacillus carboxysomes are arranged in spiral arrays. Calcium treatment induced a drastic re-organization of Rubiscos, converting these two distinct assemblies into ordered lattice arrays in both α-carboxysomes. Our findings provide critical knowledge of the assembly principles of α-carboxysomes, which may aid in rational design and repurpose of carboxysome structures for new functions.

Most of the frameworks in this field are limited by their capabilities. In this article, an insightful inspection framework for crash help and management is presented. The ideal management, necessities and upcoming program ideas have been pointed out. This has prompted a framework to be fundamentally dependent on ecological inspections in order to provide quotations and safety management to achieve autonomy in indigenous habitats. In this sense, ecological recognition is considered to be the place for the combination of slope data and the high level of diversity. Highlights of the findings are shown in the highlighted guide, and the focus of the coordinated discovery and coordination components is checked by distinguishing between highlights and element coordination. The diversity is effectively identified using both systems.

The weather of the high concentration of improvement in the inner hemisphere of cities in the developing world is increasingly becoming evident. In Nigeria, and the uncontrolled intensification of homeland use in the inner-city expenses is now an number of serious planning and authority concerns. Governments at various levels are currently struggling with the daunting summons of repressing these urban physical and social problems of almost defied clarification which planners are presently striving to spout with planning-driven strategies. The investment in Akure for this study is because it is an old city and the administrative capital of Ondo State, Nigeria, that has testified immense development and spatial growth, acute traffic volume, industrial and profitable activities with a growing incidence of a dysfunctional city core. This paper examines the inner-city core of Akure using remotely sensed data division of the area. This will assist in generating a compelling and captivating marketing core while representing efficient spatial management toolkits for urban planners, environmental supervisors, learners, and researchers as well as administration and non-governmental regulations.

In contemporary decades, the study of craftsmen at work has been frequently disquieted with their level of fulfillment and the factors that contribute to this satisfaction. However, the difference in the level of satisfaction between male and female workers has received limited attention. This study attempts to assess the level of job satisfaction among indigenous male and female employed in the individual and government quarters. A questionnaire was composed for this study and disseminated in the three main precincts of the Kingdom in separate organizations as well as governmental auspices. A random sample of 1000 employees executed the outlines. Elevation and compensation were found among the most important factors of displeasure among the domestic employees.

We report two children with finger tip ischaemia resulting from woollen mittens. Ischaemia has progressed to gangrene and required amputation of the affected finger.