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This experiment will ask participants to choose a movie which makes them cry. They will watch this on two separate occasions and on one of the occasions they will be asked to suppress their tears.

Supplemental Material for A Systematic Review of Horticultural Therapy’s Influence on Chinese Older Adults’ Psychosocial Wellbeing by Peilin Lin, Paul G. Morris, Jingni Ma, and Joanne M. Williams in Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine

Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in the Universe and often associated with strong magnetic field. Here we use large-scale particle-in-cell simulations of non-relativistic perpendicular shocks in the high-Mach-number regime to study the amplification of magnetic field within shocks. The magnetic field is amplified at the shock transition due to the ion-ion two-stream Weibel instability. The normalized magnetic-field strength strongly correlates with the Alfv\'enic Mach number. Mock spacecraft measurements derived from PIC simulations are fully consistent with those taken in-situ at Saturn's bow shock by the Cassini spacecraft., Comment: Accepted to PRL. 7 pages, 4 figure

This thesis was scanned from the print manuscript for digital preservation and is copyright the author. Researchers can access this thesis by asking their local university, institution or public library to make a request on their behalf. Monash staff and postgraduate students can use the link in the References field.

Epigenetic modifications are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. They represent a critical mechanism regulating transcriptional profiles in the immune system that contributes to the cell-type and stimulus specificity of the transcriptional response. Recent data highlight how epigenetic changes impact macrophage functional responses and polarization, influencing the innate immune system through macrophage tolerance and training. In this review we will explore how post-translational modifications of histone tails influence immune function to specific infectious diseases. We will describe how these may influence outcome, highlighting examples derived from responses to acute bacterial pathogens, models of sepsis, maintenance of viral latency and HIV infection. We will discuss how emerging classes of pharmacological agents, developed for use in oncology and other settings, have been applied to models of infectious diseases and their potential to modulate key aspects of the immune response to bacterial infection and HIV therapy.

Additional file 1. Bash script to correct image distortion with a how-to-use guide and Fig. S2.1.

of EnRoot: a narrow-diameter, inexpensive and partially 3D-printable minirhizotron for imaging fine root production

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide and the third most common cause of death from cancer. In Australia, 1,778 patients were diagnosed with a primary liver cancer in 2013 with an age-standardised rate of 6.9/100,000 people. For a selected group of patients, liver transplantation represents the best chance of cure. Transplantation not only removes the disease, it also removes the abnormal liver parenchyma that provides a fertile ground for development and growth of new disease. Appropriate patient selection forms the cornerstone for any transplantation service, and organ shortages necessitate an efficient allocation of resources and careful prioritisation of the transplantation waiting list in order maximise benefit over a large patient cohort. Current allocation schemes are primarily based on tumour morphology. The goal of this thesis is to analyse pre-transplant radiological and biochemical markers in order to identify markers of poor prognosis that may be used to modify selection criteria.

There exists a growing and tenacious challenge in the medicine supply chain, to manage the consequences of supply chain disruptions. Hospitals experience frequent shortages, in a European based study, 45% of respondents indicated that life preserving drugs were affected by shortages (Pauwels 2015). This research seeks to augment theoretical understanding underlying this significant issue and provide advice in the management of shortages which is a critical issue within the pharmaceutical industry. Previous research has focused on the antecedents of supply chain disruptions; what happens after a disruption has received scant attention. This research acknowledges that gap and seeks to build on the Bode et al. (2011), model of organisational responses to supply chain disruptions. This study uses a research onion design as a stencil to guide the pluralistic methodological approach chosen to release the multifaceted dimensions of the problem under consideration. Data collection instruments were interviews, an online survey, and focus groups. It was based on 318 acute care hospitals in the UK and Ireland. Findings indicate there are patterns of responses, and shortage performances vary depending on the length of time since the disruption and response mixture chosen. This research gives new insights into the impact of supply chain disruption response behaviour and supply chain performance in shortage management. It provides additional empirical tests to the Bode et al. (2011) normative model, providing insights into the underlying balanced theories, through examination of three constructs: supply chain disruption orientation; supply chain disruption performance and organisational response. It extends the concept of supply chain disruption orientation and highlights how response behaviour can feed back into the dynamic decision-making process, augmenting the Bode et al. (2011) framework. It provides insights to managers taking a system-wide view on drug delivery performance.

The role of biominerals in driving carbon export from the surface ocean is unclear. We compiled surface particulate organic carbon (POC), and mineral ballast export fluxes from 55 different locations in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Substantial surface POC export accompanied by negligible mineral export was recorded implying that association with mineral phases is not a precondition for organic export to occur. The proportion of non-mineral associated sinking POC ranged from 0 to 80% and was highest in areas previously shown to be dominated by diatoms. This is consistent with previous estimates showing that transfer efficiency in such regions is low. However we propose that, rather than the low transfer efficiency arising from diatom blooms being inherently characterized by poorly packaged aggregates which are efficiently exported but which disintegrate readily in mid water, it is due to such environments having very high levels of unballasted organic C export.

Objective To determine the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) and severity of AIDS dementia complex (ADC), and between CSF beta 2M and response of ADC to zidovudine. Design A prospective study. Setting Tertiary referral hospital. Patients, participants Seventy-eight patients with varying stages of ADC were selected from a subgroup of a cohort of HIV-seropositive patients who are being studied prospectively for the neurological complications of HIV-1 infection. To enter our study, patients had to have an ADC stage of at least 0.5 (equivocal symptoms or abnormal neurological signs in the absence of functional impairment). A control group of 11 HIV-1-seropositive, neurologically normal patients was chosen randomly from the patients followed in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Interventions Patients were assessed neurologically and neuropsychologically and computed tomography of the brain and CSF studies were performed. Main outcome measures Patients were staged according to severity of ADC on clinical criteria. Neuropsychological test scores were converted to an impairment score. CSF beta 2M was quantified in both serum and CSF of all patients and in 10 patients with pre- and post-zidovudine assessments. Results There was a high correlation between CSF beta 2M concentration and severity of ADC (P less than 0.0001); treatment with zidovudine significantly reduced these concentrations (P = 0.013). CSF beta 2M concentration was independent of CSF white-cell count and blood-brain barrier impairment. Other CSF changes in the same patients (including blood-brain barrier permeability to albumin, intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin G and HIV-1-p24-antigen levels) were less useful as objective correlates of ADC severity and response to zidovudine therapy. Conclusions CSF beta 2M may be a valuable marker of ADC severity and response to antiviral therapy.

Cet ouvrage met en question les termes de frontières, de marges et de confins dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire. Il aborde respectivement, l’éthique des frontières, l’espace psychique, l’altérité et les marges telles qu’elles sont vécues et perçues dans les champs de la sociologie, de l’histoire, de l’histoire de l’art et des arts du spectacle. Il interroge également les marginalités créatrices de l’écriture et la représentation des marges en littérature. Témoin de la volonté d’un groupe de chercheurs en sciences humaines de sortir des champs de leur discipline pour esquisser un espace transfrontalier, il inaugure la collection « Chemins croisés ». En faisant émerger de nouveaux objets d’investigation, de nouveaux paradigmes dans une zone frontalière où s’épanouissent les échanges, ces chercheurs souhaitent, tels les drogmans d’antan, servir d’interface en incarnant la fécondité des espaces d’entre-deux dans lesquels s’enrichissent les langues et les cultures. Penser la frontière, les marges et les confins, c’est convoquer la figure de l’étranger, esquisser celle du passeur, dévoiler l’in-su que chacun porte en soi et instaurer des passerelles entre générations et civilisations ; c’est affirmer, pour reprendre les termes de Montaigne, que nous « pensons toujours ailleurs ».

The complexity of natural history collection information and similar information within the scope of biodiversity informatics poses significant challenges for effective long term stewardship of that information in electronic form. This paper discusses the principles of good relational database design, how to apply those principles in the practical implementation of databases, and examines how good database design is essential for long term stewardship of biodiversity information. Good design and implementation principles are illustrated with examples from the realm of biodiversity information, including an examination of the costs and benefits of different ways of storing hierarchical information in relational databases. This paper also discusses typical problems present in legacy data, how they are characteristic of efforts to handle complex information in simple databases, and methods for handling those data during data migration.&nbsp

In vitro anti-HIV antibody production (IVAP), initially introduced as a method for diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in infants, has been limited in its application because of poor specificity and sensitivity early in life. The aims of this study were to improve the specificity of the IVAP assay and to evaluate its sensitivity in conjunction with assays of HIV culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and p24 antigen. To prevent false-positive reactions resulting from maternal serum-derived cytophilic anti-HIV IgG, additional preculture and washing steps for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were introduced that resulted in dramatic improvement in specificity of IVAP. The sensitivity of the revised IVAP at age3 months in 20 infected infants was, however, only 25%; of 15 infected infants initially negative in IVAP, 13 became positive at a mean estimated age of 4.4 +/- 1.8 months. When correlated with virological assays, a failure to respond in IVAP at age1 month was often associated with negative virological identification, whereas a positive IVAP response at age3 months was always associated with positive results in all virological assays. Moreover, conversion from negative IVAP to positive responses occurred subsequent to, and not concurrently with, a positive virological identification of infected infants. The revised IVAP methodology renders this assay potentially useful as an additional tool not only for the diagnosis of HIV infection, but for estimating timing of maternal-infant HIV transmission as well.

We evaluated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of neopterin, a putative marker of activated macrophages, in 97 subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 who had a spectrum of neurological complications. The highest CSF neopterin concentrations occurred in those with neurological opportunistic infections, primary central nervous systems lymphoma, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex. In general, the CSF concentration of neopterin was independent of CSF cell count and blood-brain barrier disruption to albumin. In the patients with AIDS dementia complex, CSF neopterin concentrations correlated with severity of disease and decreased in conjunction with clinical improvement following treatment with zidovudine. These results suggest that CSF neopterin, although not disease-specific, may be useful as a surrogate marker for the presence of AIDS dementia complex and its response to antiviral therapy.

Assessment of antibodies against human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) by enzyme-linked immunoassay, immunofluorescence, and Western blot was undertaken in patients with pathologically or clinically diagnosed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related vacuolar myelopathy to determine whether this retrovirus could be etiologically implicated in this disorder. No serological evidence for HTLV-I was found in the patients with vacuolar myelopathy, though 1 patient with an atypical myelopathy did have antibodies against HTLV-I.

In this paper, an examination of the demand for paper products in Australia in the light of product life-cycle theory is provided. Estimates of relative maturity in the market place and of ceilings to consumption are made for the various paper products. In addition to projections based on continuation of current trends, assessment is made of the impact of some more or less likely social and technological developments which have the potential to radically modify future demand patterns. The projections study succeeds in isolating the major factors influencing demand for paper products and brings into sharp focus the uncertainties involved in forecasting demand over a forty-year time span.

The relational production model of problem solving, due to Vere, is used to analyze plan inefficiency. The concept of plan variant is introduced and precisely related to the triangle tables of Nilsson. The concept is used to extend certain classes of inefficiencies. A method is described which "tightens up" plans containing these inefficiencies, often producing optimal ones.

The goal of the proposed research is to develop methods for efficient implementation of logic programs. There are two areas we wish to investigate, both of which are continuations of research conducted by members of the UCI dataflow architecture group. One aspect of the proposed research involves development of a non-von Neumann architecture for parallel execution of logic programs; preliminary work in this area is reported by Conery [9]. The second area invovles transformation of high level logic specifications into efficient Prolog and/or procedural language programs, and is based on work by Morris [20].

We prospectively evaluated CSF concentrations of beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2M) in 65 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositive patients. The highest concentrations occurred in those with lymphoma, neurologic opportunistic infections, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome dementia complex (ADC). There was a high correlation between the CSF beta 2M concentration and ADC severity, suggesting that CSF beta 2M may be useful as a marker for the development, progression, and perhaps response to treatment of ADC. Elevated CSF beta 2M was not due to CSF pleocytosis and was usually independent of blood-brain barrier dysfunction.

MSc, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus The study was conducted in the Lower Crocodile valley in the Northwestern Transvaal, which is approximately located on the border between Botswana and the R.S.A. The aim of the study amongst others was the determination of the influence of the edafic factor on the distribution and floristic composition of the plant communities, and also to describe one of the plant communities quantitatively and qualitatively. The soils of the study area have been mapped with the aid of the photopreparation method (Harmse 1969). Eleven different soiI series were identified and classified. The description of the various profiles is given in the addendum nr. 11. Masters

Objective: To develop a measure to assess post-acute outcome following from traumatic brain injury (TBI) with particular emphasis on the emotional and the behavioral outcome. The second objective was to assess the test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and factor structure of the newly developed patient version of the Head Injury Participation Scale (P-HIPS) and Patient-Head Injury Neurobehavioral Scale (P-HINAS).Method: Thirty-two TBI individuals and 27 carers took part in in-depth qualitative interviews exploring the consequences of the TBI. Interview transcripts were analyzed and key themes and concepts were used to construct the 49-item P-HIPS. A postal survey was then conducted on a cohort of 113 TBI patients to ‘field test’ the P-HIPS and the P-HINAS.Results: All individual 49 items of the P-HIPS and their total score showed good test–retest reliability (0.93) and internal consistency (0.95). The P-HIPS showed a very good correlations with the Mayo Portland Adaptability Inventory-3 (MPAI-3) (0.87) and a moderate negative correlation with the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) (–0.51). Factor analysis extracted the following domains: ‘Emotion/Behavior,’ ‘Independence/Community Living,’ ‘Cognition’ and ‘Physical’. The ‘Emotion/Behavior’ factor constituted the P-HINAS, which showed good internal consistency (0.93), test–retest reliability (0.91) and concurrent validity with MPAI subscale (0.82).Conclusions: Both the P-HIPS and the P-HINAS show strong psychometric properties. The qualitative methodology employed in the construction stage of the questionnaires provided good evidence of face and content validity.

Similar to asbestos fibers, nonregulated mineral fibers can cause malignant mesothelioma (MM). Recently, increased proportions of women and young individuals with MM were identified in southern Nevada, suggesting that environmental exposure to carcinogenic fibers was causing the development of MM. Palygorskite, a fibrous silicate mineral with a history of possible carcinogenicity, is abundant in southern Nevada. In this study, our aim was to determine whether palygorskite was contributing to the development of MM in southern Nevada. While palygorskite, in vitro, displayed some cytotoxicity toward primary human mesothelial (HM) cells and reduced their viability, the effects were roughly half of those observed when using similar amounts of crocidolite asbestos. No Balb/c (0/19) or MexTAg (0/18) mice injected with palygorskite developed MM, while 3/16 Balb/c and 13/14 MexTAg mice injected with crocidolite did. Lack of MM development was associated with a decreased acute inflammatory response, as injection of palygorskite resulted in lower percentages of macrophages (p = .006) and neutrophils (p = .02) in the peritoneal cavity 3 d after exposure compared to injection of crocidolite. Additionally, compared to mice injected with crocidolite, palygorskite-injected mice had lower percentages of M2 (tumor-promoting) macrophages (p = .008) in their peritoneal cavities when exposed to fiber for several weeks. Our study indicates that palygorskite found in the environment in southern Nevada does not cause MM in mice, seemingly because palygorskite, in vivo, fails to elicit inflammation that is associated with MM development. Therefore, palygorskite is not a likely contributor to the MM cases observed in southern Nevada.

OBJECTIVE: Develop and assess the psychometric properties of the Carer - Head Injury Participation Scale (C-HIPS) and its biggest factor the Carer - Head Injury Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale (C-HINAS). Furthermore, the aim was to examine the inter-informant reliability by comparing the self reports of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) with the carer reports on the C-HIPS and the C-HINAS. METHOD: Thirty-two TBI individuals and 27 carers took part in in-depth qualitative interviews exploring the consequences of the TBI. Interview transcripts were analysed and key themes and concepts were used to construct a 49-item and 58-item patient (Patient - Head Injury Participation Scale [P-HIPS]) and carer outcome measure (C-HIPS) respectively, of which 49 were parallel items and nine additional items were used to assess carer burden. Postal versions of the P-HIPS, C-HIPS, Mayo Portland Adaptability Inventory-3 (MPAI-3), and the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) were completed by a cohort of 113 TBI individuals and 80 carers. Data from a sub-group of 66 patient/carer pairs were used to compare inter-informant reliability between the P-HIPS and the C-HIPS, and the P-HINAS and the C-HINAS respectively. RESULTS: All individual 49 items of the C-HIPS and their total score showed good test-retest reliability (0.95) and internal consistency (0.95). Comparisons with the MPAI-3 and GOSE found a good correlation with the MPAI-3 (0.7) and a moderate negative correlation with the GOSE (-0.6). Factor analysis of these items extracted a 4-factor structure which represented the domains 'Emotion/Behavior' (C-HINAS), 'Independence/Community Living', 'Cognition', and 'Physical'. The C-HINAS showed good internal consistency (0.92), test-retest reliability (0.93), and concurrent validity with one MPAI subscale (0.7). Assessment of inter-informant reliability revealed good correspondence between the reports of the patients and the carers for both the C-HIPS (0.83) and the C-HINAS (0.82). CONCLUSION: Both the C-HINAS and the C-HIPS show strong psychometric properties. The qualitative methodology employed in the construction stage of the questionnaires provided good evidence of face and content validity. Comparisons between the P-HIPS and the C-HIPS, and the P-HINAS and the C-HINAS indicated high levels of agreement suggesting that in situations where the patient is unable to provide self-reports, information provided by the carer could be used.

Similar to asbestos fibers, nonregulated mineral fibers can cause malignant mesothelioma (MM). Recently, increased proportions of women and young individuals with MM were identified in southern Nevada, suggesting that environmental exposure to carcinogenic fibers was causing the development of MM. Palygorskite, a fibrous silicate mineral with a history of possible carcinogenicity, is abundant in southern Nevada. In this study, our aim was to determine whether palygorskite was contributing to the development of MM in southern Nevada. While palygorskite, in vitro, displayed some cytotoxicity toward primary human mesothelial (HM) cells and reduced their viability, the effects were roughly half of those observed when using similar amounts of crocidolite asbestos. No Balb/c (0/19) or MexTAg (0/18) mice injected with palygorskite developed MM, while 3/16 Balb/c and 13/14 MexTAg mice injected with crocidolite did. Lack of MM development was associated with a decreased acute inflammatory response, as injection of palygorskite resulted in lower percentages of macrophages (p = .006) and neutrophils (p = .02) in the peritoneal cavity 3 d after exposure compared to injection of crocidolite. Additionally, compared to mice injected with crocidolite, palygorskite-injected mice had lower percentages of M2 (tumor-promoting) macrophages (p = .008) in their peritoneal cavities when exposed to fiber for several weeks. Our study indicates that palygorskite found in the environment in southern Nevada does not cause MM in mice, seemingly because palygorskite, in vivo, fails to elicit inflammation that is associated with MM development. Therefore, palygorskite is not a likely contributor to the MM cases observed in southern Nevada.

Although merging clinically within the spectrum of the AIDS dementia complex, vacuolar myelopathy is a pathologically distinct entity detected in up to 30% of autopsied patients succumbing to the late complications of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to detect an HIV-1 core protein and viral mRNA, respectively, in tissue sections, and culture isolation to assess infectious virus in tissue homogenates, we found that vacuolar myelopathy was independent of productive HIV-1 infection of the spinal cord and brain. These results indicate that AIDS-associated vacuolar myelopathy is either not related directly to spinal cord HIV-1 infection or involves nonproductive infection and pathobiological processes distinct from those responsible for the multinucleated-cell inflammatory infiltrates that serve as histopathologic markers of productive CNS HIV-1 infection.