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In this paper, we propose an analytical model for dimensioning of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems in 5G networks by considering Internet of Thing (IoT) application using stochastic geometry. In these systems, some communication is lost when the number of required subcarriers is greater than the number of available subcarriers. We compute the upper bound of the lost communication probability for downlink. In such a system, the position of receiving users is modeled by the Poisson point process. The number of subcarriers dedicated to each user depends on its Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), position and the shadowing, hence for calculating the number of subcarriers, it is needed to use stochastic geometry. Multigroup user system with each group of users having its own application and throughput requirement is considered. For having dimensioning in terms of subcarriers, we present concentration inequality for functions defined on the Poisson point processes to calculate the upper bound of loss probability. The performance of the upper bound in different ranae of user intensity is investiaated.

The effect of economic complexity on unemployment and innovation relations

A suboptimum search algorithm that considers the users' power profile in conjunction with a primary stage of polynomial-expanded (PE) linear multiuser detector for mobile uplink is proposed to suppress interference level. The initial stage is improved by mathematical analysis using two new ideas based on the Rayleigh-Ritz and Gershgorin theorems for both synchronous and asynchronous users. The performance of the PE structure is further enhanced by a new suboptimum search algorithm as the second stage. The structure of the search algorithm is based on starting from a point close to the optimum search and performing sequential steps to modify it. The proposed structures of the PE method and the suboptimum search algorithm are well suited together and make them collaboratively work without encountering a high level of complexity, since they use similar information as the correlation matrix. The power profile of the users is also considered in the suboptimum search algorithm, which led to more than a 50% reduction of the complexity, while keeping the performance almost the same. The performance of the final structure is carried out by means of computer simulations, and it has been compared to a partial parallel interference cancellation method with optimized partial coefficients. One of the main features of the structure proposed in this paper is that it performs its operations on the canonical formulation of the system, which makes it highly suitable for a broad range of systems such as multicarrier code division multiple access and multiinput multioutput.

A Low complex interference cancellation via modified suboptimum search algorithm in conjunction with a primary stage of reduced rank linear (RRL) multiuser detector for the mobile uplink is proposed. Initial stage is improved through mathematical analysis via Gershgorin algorithm in linear algebra and RRLG detector is introduced. The complexity of the initial stage is evaluated and compared to the recently reported low-complex Fourier interference cancellation method. Depending on the value of the spreading factor of the active users in system, RRLG outperforms the Fourier algorithm, in terms of complexity. The structure of the RRLG method and the suboptimum search algorithm are well suited together and makes them collaboratively work without encountering a high level of complexity. Considering the power profile of the users in the suboptimum search algorithm leaded to even less complexity, yet keeping the performance almost the same. The performance of the structure is obtained via simulations and has been compared to partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) method. A good improvement in performance in the low SNR regions, which is difficult to achieve by conventional multiuser detectors and also important as the actual systems are likely to operate in these regions, has been achieved. All the techniques and their modifications introduced in this work consider the complexity as an important issue that enables them suitable for industry and implementation purposes. Another important feature is that the techniques perform on canonical matrix formulations of the system so they can be applied to MC-CDMA and MIMO systems, as well.

A suboptimum search algorithm to suppress the interference level in conjunction with a primary stage of iterative linear multiuser detector for the mobile uplink is proposed. The initial stage is improved through analytical analysis. The structure of the iterative method and the suboptimum search algorithm are well suited together and makes them collaboratively work without encountering a high level of complexity. Considering the power profile of the users in the suboptimum search algorithm leaded to even less complexity, yet keeping the performance almost the same. The performance of the structure is obtained by simulations and has been compared to parallel interference cancellation method.

Partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) and its adaptive implementation are investigated in this paper. The concept and methodology of the adaptive PPIC implementation is borrowed from the DS-CDMA context. A modification for the adaptive version is also proposed which leads to less complexity and better performance. Different scenarios have been considered to fully investigate the performances in a range of system loading with different combinations of convolutional coding, turbo coding and constellation. The performances are provided in terms of BER, FER, number of active users and in presence of multipath fading channel. They are also compared with the performances of the Equal Gain Combining (EGC) detector. In the low to moderate loadings the PPIC achieves a good performance. High order modulations, on the other hand, deteriorate its performance.

A suboptimum search algorithm to suppress the interference level in conjunction with the primary stage of the polynomial expanded (PE) linear multiuser detector for the mobile uplink is proposed. The initial stage is improved through mathematical analysis via Rayleigh-Ritz and Gershgorin algorithms in the linear algebra and based on them PER and PEG detectors are introduced. Its performance is also compared with other recently reported methods in the literature, amongst which is a comprehensive method that optimises the weights of the Taylor series asymptotically. The complexity of the initial stage is also evaluated and compared to the recently reported low-complex Fourier interference cancellation method. Depending on the value of the spreading factor of the active users in system, PEG outperforms the Fourier algorithm (in terms of complexity) with a large gap. The technique was compared with suboptimum techniques that result in best performance and also compared in a DS-CDMA with less complex techniques such as the Fourier interference cancellation method. The Fourier algorithm is also investigated and some comments on its applicability in the FDD DS-CDMA are also made. The structure of the PE method and the suboptimum search algorithm are well suited together and that makes them collaboratively work without encountering a high level of complexity. Considering the power profile of the users in the suboptimum search algorithm leads to even less complexity, yet keeps the performance almost the same. The performance of the structure is obtained by simulations and has been compared to the partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) method. A good improvement in performance in the low SNR regions, which is difficult to achieve by conventional multiuser detectors and is also important as the actual systems are likely to operate in these regions, has been achieved. All the techniques and their modifications introduced in this work consider the complexity as an important issue that make them suitable for industry and implementation purposes. Another important feature is that the techniques perform on canonical matrix formulations of the system so they can be applied to MC-CDMA and MIMO systems, as well.

Partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) for CDMA mobile communication is known as a powerful method. In this paper, after a brief look at PPIC, a multisensor version of the approach is studied under the UMTS uplink parameters. The performance is evaluated by considering a multipath fading environment and the effect of channel estimation in the receiver. The results are compared with standard RAKE receiver and the differences show a promising gain.

The present study aims to investigate the role of education in developing identity in Internet era and the cyberspace. Today the spread of Internet and the cyberspace and the establishment of information society have created particular arguments regarding the manner of using these technologies. One of the arguments raised is the individual identity in relation to this technology. Therefore this study tries to examine identities in cyberspace through analytical and descriptive method as well as the philosophical inquiry. This investigation is conducted from an existential attitude and based on ideas from existentialist philosophers. The presented discussions revealed that people might adopt multiple identities in cyberspace; that is the individuals might take on several identities and lack a fixed identity. Considering the existential aspects in the field of education could help the development of individual identities, therefore the present study offers some recommendations including raising the individual awareness about “self” and the specific conditions and aspects of cyberspace that differ from those of real life, facilitating and encouraging cooperation, and creating an interactional environment for exchanging ideas about cyberspace experiences and engaging with the real world. Additionally, focusing on “IThou” and mutual relationship in the field of education could provide the possibility for mutual and improved understanding of the individual from self. Finally, by valuing the arts in the curricula the educators could facilitate the students’ existence and individual identities to flourish and grow.