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Income variables from the Brazilian population census (IBGE) are often used as proxies for the population’s socioeconomic level in spatial analyses of urban segregation, inequality and social exclusion. However, income variables are dependent on reference values (minimum wage) that change over time, which can be challenging for multitemporal analysis. This paper discusses this issue and proposes a methodology to adjust income data that allows a meaningful comparison between the datasets of two Census periods. The methodology was applied to five medium-sized cities of the state of São Paulo by adjusting income data from Census 2000 and 2010 according to the period’s inflation rates. The analysis shows that the methodology mitigates the comparability issues. Results better reflect the changes in population composition and in residential patterns of different income groups that took place over the 2000s in Brazil in medium-sized cities.

Constant monitoring of airports and aviation bases has become one of the priorities in today’s strategic security. It results in the necessity to develop the potential of satellite Earth observation systems and to intensify the efforts to develop the technologies of processing SAR data, in particular in the aspect of detecting changes. The aim of this work is to develop a new algorithm based on the modified core REACTIV in the multitemporal detection of changes in radar satellite imagery. For the purposes of the research works, the new algorithm implemented in the Google Earth Engine environment has been transformed so that it would meet the requirements posed by imagery intelligence. The assessment of the potential of the developed methodology was performed based on the analysis of the three main aspects of change detection: analysis of infrastructural changes, analysis of military activity, and impact effect evaluation. The proposed methodology enables automated detection of changes in multitemporal series of radar imagery. Apart from merely detecting the changes, the method also allows for the expansion of the change analysis result by adding another dimension: the determination of the time of the change.

Trees outside forests (TOFs) are important landscape features that provide numerous functions (ecosystem services) that are not valued due to a lack of knowledge about these resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes induced by the anthropogenic land use change in relation to their effects on TOFs. The dynamics of TOFs were examined through detailed photointerpretation mapping and characterization by land use/land cover and other environmental variables. The landscape function of TOFs and relative dynamics were analyzed, revealing landscape simplification due to the loss of TOFs, both in number and area, and a relative loss of connectivity. In 2000, TOFs accounted for 2.6% more forest area than mapped in the regional forest map; in fifteen years, about 30% of the total area has been lost, one-third of which has been converted to forest and the remainder permanently lost. The causes of the loss of TOFs are partly due to the abandonment of agricultural land, but also to the actions of farmers who remove these elements for various reasons. In protected areas (Natura 2000 network), the loss is less due to the different characteristics of land use/cover and land management.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:25:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Over the past decades, the Southeast Atlantic Forest in Paraíba do Sul River Valley has suffered intense deforestation and human disturbances. Due to the Atlantic Forest biodiversity and the economic relevance of such a region in Brazil, spatial-temporal analyses are of crucial importance to protect the forest, as well as to support economic decision-making of public and private agents. In this context, the use of change detection techniques applied to remote sensing imagery arises as a powerful tool to track and map the Earth’s surface transformations. Therefore, this work investigates the effectiveness and practical feasibility of distinct unsupervised change detection approaches when they are applied to reveal the spatial-temporal dynamics in Paraíba do Sul River Valley across the last four decades. Different change detection approaches such as Change Vector Analysis (CVA), a K-Means and Principal Component Analysis (PCA-KM) framework, and a Alternating Sequential Filtering (ASF) based process were taken and properly tuned to cope with Landsat image series. The analysis of the results revealed a permanent land cover change rate over the last decades. Moreover, these changes do not necessary occur in the same locations, as it was confirmed the existence of successive modifications in original coverage of the study area. Another observed aspect is that the simplest technique for detecting changes, CVA, turned out to be the best approach to map the changes in the examined region. Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University (Unesp) Department of Energy Engineering São Paulo State University (Unesp) Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University (Unesp) Department of Energy Engineering São Paulo State University (Unesp)

Waterleakage detection and localization in distribution networks pipelines is a challenge for utility companies. For this purpose, thermal Infrared Radiation (IR) techniques have been widely applied in the literature. However, the classical analysis of IR images has not been robust in detecting and locating leakage, due to presence of thermal anomalies such as shadows. In this study, to improve the detection and location accuracy, a digital image processing tool based on multitemporal IR is proposed. In multitemporal IR analysis, the variation of soil’s temperature due to field temperature can be obtained; and hence; estimating variations due to water leakage would be more accurate. An experimental setup was built to evaluate the proposed multitemporal IR water leak detection method. In order to consider the temporal temperature variation due to water leakage and mitigate the field temperature effects, a luminance transformation of the IRimages was introduced. To determine the temporal temperature variation of the soil’s surface due to the leakage, several metrics have been considered such as the difference, the ratio, the log-ratio and the coefficient variation (CV) images. Based on the experimental results, the log-ratio and the CVimages were the most robust metrics. Then, based on log-ratio or the CV image, a temporal variation image (TVI) that traduces the temporal IR luminance variation was introduced. The analysis of the TVI image showed that the CV image is less noisy than the log-ratio image, and can more accurately locate the leakage. Finally, based on TVI histogram, a threshold was defined to classify the TVI image into leakage/non-leakage areas. Results showed that the proposed method is capable of accurately detecting and locating water leakage, which is an improvement to the false detections of spatial thermal IR analysis.

Detection of changes occurring on Earth surface has become an established practice in remote sensing science since the availability of high-resolution, global coverage, and multitemporal satellite imagery that has constantly increased during the last decades. Meanwhile, the open data policies embraced by some of the principal Earth Observation programs have boosted the spread of such analyses. This asset has attracted also the interest of the private sector which is developing strategies to exploit the potential of these data. In view of the above, we present an experimental procedure to investigate land cover displacements through an application on open multispectral imagery from the Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 missions for desert sand dunes movements analysis. While most of the change detection techniques focus on locating changes and describing them by means of variation in the pixel spectral responses, the proposed technique aims at describing spatial and temporal patterns of displacements (i.e. directions and magnitude) applying cross-correlation analysis on a multitemporal images stack. Results of the proposed analysis are critical to a number of construction engineering operations that require sand mitigation planning and continuous site monitoring to prevent windblown sand interactions with infrastructures in the desert environment. An overview of the preliminary results is presented together with an extensive discussion on further improvements requested by the procedure. Computational steps leverage exclusively open data and free and open source GIS software thus providing large rooms to empower, replicate and improve thereof.

The objective of this work was to analyze the impact of fluvial morphology on the construction of a dam and the derivation channel in the lower course of the Cubatão River, located in northeastern Santa Catarina state. The multitemporal analysis was based on aerial photographs and satellite images from the years 1938, 1953, 1966, 1996, 2010 and 2015. The drainage channels of each year were delineated, followed by the calculation of their sinuosity and mapping of the meanders and bars. Finally, two scenarios of stream power index were modeled: one considering the natural bed and the other just the derivation channel. The construction of the dam and the derivation channel that divided the flow of the Cubatão River in the 1950s, the results exposed the morphological and morphodynamic alterations on the river, with an increase in sinuosity of 4.7% in the segment, occupied by the riverbed (44%) and the decrease of 78% of the area occupied by bars. It is emphasized that there was a marked increase in the sinuosity of the river between 1953 and 1966. Next to the mouth, inversely, the sinuosity decreased by 2% and the area of ​​the ebb bed, prominently, increased by 16%. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar o impacto ocasionado na morfologia fluvial pela construção de uma barragem e de um canal retificado (de derivação) no baixo curso do rio Cubatão, localizado no nordeste do estado de Santa Catarina. A análise multitemporal se deu a partir fotografias aéreas e imagens de satélite dos anos de 1938, 1953, 1966, 1996 e 2010 e 2015. Foram delimitados os canais de drenagem de cada ano, seguido do cálculo da sinuosidade e mapeamento dos meandros e barras existentes. Por fim, foram modelados dois cenários do índice de potência do escoamento: um considerando o leito natural e outro apenas o canal de derivação. Como decorrência da construção da barragem e do canal retificado que dividiu o fluxo do rio Cubatão na década de 1950, os resultados expuseram as alterações morfológicas e morfodinâmicas do rio, denotando o aumento da sinuosidade (4,7%), a queda progressiva da área ocupada pelo leito vazante (44%) e o decréscimo de 78% da área ocupada por barras. Reforça-se que houve um destacado aumento da sinuosidade do rio entre 1953 e 1966. Próximo à foz, inversamente, a sinuosidade diminuiu em 2% e a área do leito vazante, de modo destacado, aumentou em 16%.

Small woods, linear tree formations, or scattered trees in agricultural areas are receiving increasing attention for their multifunctional role, especially if associated to cultural landscapes. Osaki Kodo’s Traditional Water Management System for Sustainable Paddy Agriculture represents one of the most important cultural landscapes (satoyama) of Japan, also included by the FAO in the GIAHS (Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems) Programme. Here, local farmers surrounded their farmhouses with small woods, called igune, as a protection from the cold winter wind, creating a peculiar landscape characterized by an intensively cultivated plain dotted with small wood patches. The research aims at deepening the knowledge of igune, evaluating the landscape role and monitoring their changes in the last 20 years, through multitemporal and spatial analyses. In addition, a literature review has been performed to assess other Ecosystem Services (ESs) provided by igune within the study area. Despite the limited overall surface, 1737 igune and small woods currently characterize the area, with 72% of them having a surface smaller than 0.5 hectares. The multitemporal and spatial analyses show that their number, distribution, and spatial pattern remained almost completely unchanged in the last 20 years, testifying their key role in characterizing the local cultural landscape. Least-Cost Path analysis highlighted a crucial role in connecting the two forest nodes of the region, as 90% of the path passes inside more than 70 different igune and small woods. Literature review demonstrated that igune and other small woods still provide various ESs, including ecological network, habitat for various flora and fauna species, firewood, and byproducts, as well as cultural services. This maintenance of the traditional management in cultural forests is crucial not only to retain their landscape role, but mostly for the preservation of the related ESs, as changes in the management can lead to changes in horizontal and vertical structures, and in species composition.

A study was performed regarding high Andean wetland degradation in a paramo area between the municipalities of Villamaría and Manizales, Colombia, by way of multi-temporal analysis, using satellite images from optical sensors, such as LANDSAT and RAPIDEYE, as well as images from RADAR sensors (ALOS PALSAR, SENTINEL 1), and analysis of anthropic and natural factors. As a result, the wetlands have begun a significant, linear decline with 67.9% water mirror loss in a nine-year period. There is also a direct relationship between wetland loss, and decreases in precipitation, and anthropization processes. It was determined, from the anthropic factor analysis, that that livestock and agricultural land use are those which cause the greatest negative effect on wetland decline in the studied area. Resumen Se realizó un estudio sobre el deterioro de humedales alto andinos en una zona de Páramo entre los municipios de Villamaría y Manizales (Colombia), mediante un análisis multitemporal utilizando imágenes de satélite provenientes de sensores ópticos, tales como LANDSAT y RAPIDEYE e imágenes provenientes de sensores de RADAR (ALOS PALSAR, SENTINEL 1) y análisis de factores antrópicos y naturales, como resultado los humedales han tenido un retroceso significativo con una tendencia lineal para una pérdida de espejos de agua del 67,9% en un periodo de 9 años. Existe una relación directa entre la pérdida de humedales y la disminución de precipitación, así como con los procesos de antropización. Del análisis de factores antrópicos se puede determinar que el uso pecuario y agrícola son los usos que en su mayoría han presentado un efecto negativo referido al deterioro de los humedales en el área de trabajo.

International audience; Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) image time series have been employed for the analysis of temporal patterns of natural features in terms of the extended polarimetric scattering properties. However, the time series provide a rich scattering information that can be used for tracking and analyzing the evolution of targets, individuating smooth and/or abrupt changes. In this work we propose a wavelet framework that exploits the information from polarimetric features and analyze them to both mitigate the speckle effect on the multi-temporal information and improve the targets homogeneity using the multi-temporal information. The framework combines the powerful description from the main polarimetric decomposition features and the temporal analysis using geometrical wavelet transform. The analysis is applied on a multi-temporal polarimetric dataset of Radarsat-2 images acquired over the Argentière glacier site.

Mapping land cover with high accuracy has become a reality with the application of current remote sensing techniques. Due to the specific spectral response of the vegetation, soil and vegetation indices are adequate tools to help in the discrimination of land uses. Additionally, the accuracy of satellite imagery classification can be improved using multitemporal series combined with LiDAR data. This datafusion takes advantage of the information provided by LiDAR for the vegetation cover density, and the capability of multispectral data to detect the type of vegetation. The main goal of this study is to analyze the accuracy enhancement in land cover classification of two forested watersheds when using datafusion of annual time series of Sentinel-2 images complemented with low density LiDAR. The obtained results show that overall accuracy is better if LiDAR data is included in the classification. This improvement can be a significant issue in land cover classification of forest watershed due to relationship and influence that vegetation cover has on runoff estimation.

Grasslands cover approximately 40% of the Earth’s surface. Low-cost tools for inventory, management, and monitoring are needed because of their great expanse, diversity, and the importance for environmental processes. Remote sensing is a useful technique for providing accurate and reliable information for land use planning and large-scale grassland management. In the context of “GIO land” (Copernicus Initial Operations land program), which is currently contracted by the European Environment Agency, a high-resolution grassland layer of 39 European countries is being created with an overall classification accuracy of better than 80%. Since grassland canopy density, chlorophyll status, and ground cover (GC) are highly dynamic throughout the growing season, no unique spectral signature can be used to map grasslands. Therefore, it is necessary to use image time series to characterize the phenological dynamics of grasslands throughout the year in order to discriminate between grasslands and other vegetation with similar spectral responses. This paper describes an operational approach based on a multisensor concept that employs optical multitemporal and multiscale satellite imagery to generate the high-resolution pan- European grassland layer. The approach is based on the supervised decision tree classifier C5.0 in combination with previous image segmentation and seasonal statistics for various vegetation indices (VIs). Results from the grassland classification for Hungary are presented. The accuracy assessment for this classification was carried out using 328 independent sample points derived from a ground-based European field survey program (LUCAS) and current CORINE Land Cover data. The grassland classification approach is explained in detail on the example of Hungary where an overall accuracy of 92.2% has been reached.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:30:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1413-41522014000500069.pdf: 1563933 bytes, checksum: 87c63e9a0da5911336954da5fb1e12e4 (MD5) O Pantanal é um dos ecossistemas mais ricos em biodiversidade do Brasil, estendendo-se pelos territórios de Mato Grosso e de Mato Grosso do Sul, além de pequenas porções da Bolívia e Paraguai. A compreensão desse sistema é muito importante, já que para preservar é necessário conhecer. Assim, através da utilização de imagens MODIS, objetivou-se estimar as diferenças de cobertura do solo do Pantanal entre os anos de 2003 e 2010, avaliando a capacidade dessas imagens na identificação das mudanças na cobertura do solo da região. O limite de Pantanal adotado foi adaptado de limites consagrados na literatura; o método utilizado para a classificação das imagens foi o da classificação automática não supervisionada. Como resultado foi identificada a diminuição da vegetação arbóreo-arbustiva e o aumento das áreas de gramíneas entre os anos de estudo. The Pantanal is one of the richest Brazilian ecosystems in terms of biodiversity, extending into the territories of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as small portions of Bolivia and Paraguay. Understanding this system is very important because in order to preserve it is necessary to understand. Thus, using MODIS images, the present work aimed to estimate the differences in soil covering the Pantanal region between the years 2003 and 2010, evaluating the capacity of these images to identify changes in land cover. The Pantanal boundary used was adapted from boundary consecrated in the literature. The method used for image classification was the unsupervised automatic classification. As a result we identified a decrease in forest vegetation and an increase in grassland areas during the studied years. Doutor em Geologia Ambiental pela Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) – Curitiba (PR), Brasil. Professor na Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Engenheira Ambiental pela UFMS Doutor em Ciências pela Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR) Universidade Ananguera-Uniderp Doutora em Biologia Vegetal pela Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) UFMS Mestre em Saneamento Ambiental e Recursos Hídricos pela UFMS Doutora em Biologia Vegetal pela Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP)

Sheep production is present on all continents and has been practiced in Brazil since the colonization. In this study, the multitemporal dynamics of sheep production in Brazil is examined using official government data (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics-IBGE) from 1976 to 2010. Maps of flock growth rates and growth acceleration maps by municipality were elaborated. The Southern states are seen to show a reduction in production mainly due to the wool crisis in the 1970s and 80s. The Northeast is seen to be important for meat production. More recently, centerwest and northern states have shown an increase in growth rates but this is still incipient. The maps of growth, acceleration and midpoint for sheep production showed a noticeable return to an increase in production in the South in recent years. The midpoint of production flow was in the northeast direction, which has stagnated. There was great dynamics in sheep production over the whole Brazilian territory, which affected supply chains due to the expansion of domestic and foreign markets. Areas with higher fluctuations in production are more vulnerable in terms of investment policies.

The results of a long-lasting geomorphological survey carried out in Rome are summarized. A method aimed at integrating survey data, historical maps, aerial photographs and archaeological and geomorphological literature produced a geomorphological map of the present-day historical centre. The geomorphology of Rome is related to the paleogeographical conditions prior to the founding of the City; they allow us to recognize the stages of landscape evolution of the ancient Caput Mundi (Capital of the World). The study area has been affected by continuous man-made changes to the drainage network and to the topographic surface over the last 3000 years. It has forced the authors to develop innovative solutions to undertake effective analysis of the urban environment and the legend of the geomorphological map in this peculiar context. The resulting map is useful for urban planning and archaeological research.

An integrated analysis of recent satellite imageries and dated aerial photos demonstrated to be a good investigation tool ( Gallo et al., 2009 ) for the identification of new sites and for the assessment of landscape changes of wide archaeological areas in Ethiopia. In the Melka Kunture archaeological sequence, the obsidian exploitation represents a leitmotiv during the last 1.7 Myr and the first known example of Oldowan utilization ( Piperno et al., 2009 ). The primary nearest obsidian source, the site of Balchit, 7 km North from Melka Kunture, is a dome-flow dated to 4.37 ± 0.07 Myr ( Chernet et al., 1998 ). Large areas of the Balchit site are covered by secondary obsidian debris resulting from the erosion of primary sources. The proximity between primary and secondary Balchit obsidian sources and the high quality of this raw material, easily available in large quantity, represent a unique condition in the framework of the Oldowan and Acheulian East African sites ( Piperno et al., 2009 ). In order to evaluate the human impact on the multitemporal change of obsidian sources, the land use of the study area, following the CORINE Land Cover Nomenclature, has been classified from aerial photos and IKONOS II imageries, respectively dated to 1972 and 2006. The accurate positioning of the primary and secondary sources and their extent have been measured thanks to the multispectral characteristics and to the high spatial resolution of the available imageries. Satellite scenes, covering an area of about 100 km 2 , have been also utilized in stereoscopy for the creation of the new topographic map, at the scale of 1:10,000, and of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Images orientation has been performed through the use of Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPC) which accuracy has been improved by the availability of Ground Control Points (GCPs) properly measured during a DGPS survey. Then, the images have been orthorectified and radiometrically and spectrally enhanced in order to favour the recognition of obsidian presence, in respect with ground observations collected during fieldworks. Photointerpretation and semi-automatic classification processes of images have been performed with the support of spectral signatures of obsidian samples recorded by a FieldSpec Pro spectroradiometer, ranging in the visible-short wave infrared electromagnetic interval (0.4–2.5 μm).

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo quantificar o uso da Terra e suas mudanças no município de Luis Eduardo Magalhães usando dados de sensoriamento remoto. A região teve uma grande expansão da agricultura e do agronegócio desde a década de 1980, devido às condições ambientais favoráveis com terras planas e estação chuvosa bem definida. As principais culturas são soja, algodão, milho e café, mas o solo do Cerrado também produz frutas, feijão e arroz, além de pastagens. O método de detecção de mudança de pós-classificação foi utilizado para determinar as diferenças entre as imagens durante as últimas duas décadas. Esta metodologia requer a comparação de imagens classificadas independentemente, minimizando os problemas de normalização da atmosfera, diferenças de sensor e condições ambientais (fenologia, ciclos precipitação e umidade do solo). Imagens ALOS e Landsat foram utilizadas para elaborar mapas a partir da classificação da cobertura e uso da Terra entre 1987 e 2008. O método utilizado para classificar cada imagem foi a interpretação visual. Durante os últimos 20 anos, os agricultores converteram cerca de 40% das áreas de cerrado em áreas de agropecuária. As mudanças na cobertura e uso da Terra do município de Luis Eduardo Magalhães refletem os impactos das decisões tomadas na política agrícola e econômica. The present work aims to quantify land use and land cover changes in Luis Eduardo Magalhães municipality using remote sensing data. The region presented a large expansion of the agriculture and agribusiness since the 1980s due to the environmental conditions favorable with flat lands and a well-defined rainy season. Main crops are soybean, cotton, maize and coffee, but the Cerrado soil also produces fruits, beans and rice, besides pastures. The post-classification change detection method was used to determine differences between images during the last two decades. This methodology requires the comparison of independently classified images, thereby minimizing problems of normalization for atmospheric, sensor differences and landscape conditions (phenology, precipitation cycles and soil moisture). ALOS and Landsat images were used to produce land cover classification maps between 1987 and 2008. The method used to classify each image was visual interpretation. During the last 20 years, farmers converted approximately 40% of savanna into farmlands. Land cover changes in the Luis Eduardo Magalhães reflect the impacts of management decisions made in agricultural and economic policy.

A bacia hidrográfica do rio Paranã possui um dos maiores fragmentos da Floresta Estacional Decidual no Brasil, também chamada de Mata Seca. Esse tipo de vegetação apresenta-se bastante fragmentada principalmente pela exploração seletiva de madeira e ampliação de áreas destinadas à pastagem, o que torna necessário estudos para compreensão de sua dinâmica e manutenção de sua diversidade, cuja flora é muitas vezes endêmica. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo definir um método de identificação regional da Mata Seca na bacia hidrográfica do rio Paranã. Devido ao comportamento sazonal desse tipo de vegetação foi utilizada na sua detecção uma seqüência temporal de imagens do índice NDVI do sensor MODIS. A metodologia pode ser subdividida nas seguintes etapas: (a) confecção de um cubo 3D relativo à série de imagens temporais do índice NVDI, (b) tratamento do ruído presente no espectro do NDVI multitemporal utilizando o método Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) e (c) análise do espectro do NDVI multitemporal com a formulação de um índice com o propósito de realçar a presença da Mata Seca. A Mata Seca apresenta um comportamento espectral do NDVI multitemporal típico com os valores mais altos na época de chuva e mais baixos na época de estiagem, diferenciando-se dos demais tipos de vegetação. O método de detecção de mudança pela subtração permitiu realçara a localização da ocorrência de Mata Seca. Desta forma, a metodologia adotada mostrou-se eficaz para a delimitação regional da Mata Seca. Paranã river basin has one of the major fragments of Decidual Seasonal Forest in Brazil. This vegetation is widely fragmented due to the selective wood exploitation and the growth of pasture areas, what justifies the development of studies in order to understand its dynamics and preserve its diversity. Thus, the present study aimed at defining a method for regional identification of the Deciduous Forest in the Paranã river basin. The deciduous forest has a typical phenological cycle in comparison with other savanna physiognomies. Due these characteristics, a temporal series of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images of the MODIS sensor was used for its detection. The adopted methodology may be subdivided into the following steps: (a) elaboration of the 3D cube of NDVI images, where the z profile corresponding to temporal signature or NDVI spectrum, (b) noise elimination using the Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transformation, and (c) NDVI temporal variability examination of deciduous forest vegetation, with the establishment of the best NDVI band applied in the vegetation index differencing method. The Deciduous Forest presents a typical NDVI spectral behaviour, with higher values in the raining season and lower values in the dry season, what makes this kind of vegetation different from others. The employment of a changing detection algorithm between two images: one for the dry season and the other for the raining season enhances the localization of the Decidual Seasonal Forest. So, the methodology has proved to be effective for regional delimitation of Deciduous Forests considering the MODIS sensor. Considering the changing detection method, Deciduous Forest region is characterized by presenting NDVI alteration values.

Fires occur extensively across Zambia every year, a problem recognized as a major threat to biodiversity. Yet, basic tools for mapping at a spatial and temporal scale that provide useful information for understanding and managing this problem are not available. The objectives of this research were: to develop a method to map the spatio-temporal seasonal fire occurrence using satellite imagery, to develop a technique for estimating missing data in the satellite imagery considering the possibility of change in land cover over time, and to demonstrate applicability of these new tools by analyzing the fine-scale seasonal patterns of landscape fires in eastern Zambia. A new approach for mapping burned areas uses multitemporal image analysis with a fuzzy clustering algorithm to automatically select spectral-temporal signatures that are then used to classify the images to produce the desired spatio-temporal burned area information. Testing with Landsat data (30m resolution) in eastern Zambia showed accuracies in predicting burned areas above 92%. The approach is simple to implement, data driven, and can be automated, which can facilitate quicker production of burned area information. A profile-based approach for filling missing data uses multitemporal imagery and exploits the similarity in land cover temporal profiles and spatial relationships to reliably estimate missing data even in areas with significant changes. Testing with simulated missing data from an 8-image spectral index sequence showed highly correlated (R2 of 0.78-0.92) and precise estimates (deviations 4-7%) compared to actual values. The profile-based approach overcomes the common requirement of gap-filling methods that there is gradual or no change in land cover, and provides accurate gap-filling under conditions of both gradual and abrupt changes. The spatio-temporal progression of landscape burning was evaluated for the 2009 and 2012 fire seasons (June-November) using Landsat data. Results show widespread burning (~ 60%) with most fires occurring late (August-October) in the season. Fire occurrence and burn patch sizes decreased with increasing settlement density and landscape fragmentation reflecting human influences and fuel availability. Small fires (< 5ha) are predominant and were significantly under-detected (>50%) by a global dataset (MODIS Burned Area Product (500m resolution)), underscoring the critical need of higher geometric resolution imagery such as Landsat imagery for mapping such fine-scale fire activity. Ph. D.

Uno de los métodos utilizados para analizar impactos ambientales ocurridos a través del tiempo, es conocer la evolución de los ecosistemas mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica-SIG; así que en este artículo, se presenta un análisis multitemporal de una zona con influencia de dos sistemas productivos principalmente: la ganadería y la minería y sobre la cual se presentan impactos ambientales significativos. La metodología partió de la utilización y digitalización de fotografías aéreas de los años 1998 y 2010 y una imagen tomada de Google Earth del año 2015 debidamente georreferenciada, se trabajó con una escala 1:25000; así mismo, se utilizó el programa ArcGIS para el procesamiento de la información. En el análisis se estableció como han sido las variaciones en las coberturas vegetales en el tiempo, la influencia de los sistemas productivos sobre las áreas boscosas, las áreas que han tenido procesos de recuperación y otras que con el tiempo han ido desapareciendo. One of the methods used to analyze environmental impacts occurred over time, is to know the evolution of ecosystems using Geographic Information Systems-GIS; so in this article, it is presented a multitemporal analysis of an area with influence of two production systems mainly: livestock and mining, and on which there are significant environmental impacts. The methodology was based on the use and digitalization of aerial photographs of the years 1998 and 2010 and an image taken of Google Earth of the year 2015 properly georeferenced, was worked with a scale 1: 25000; Also, the ArcGIS program was used for information processing. The analysis established the variations in plant cover over time, the influence of productive systems on forested areas, areas that have had recovery processes and others that have disappeared over time.

On 24 August 2016, the M 6.2 Amatrice earthquake struck central Italy, well-known as a seismically active region, causing considerable damage to buildings in the town of Amatrice and the surrounding area. Damage from this earthquake was assessed quantitatively by means of multitemporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) coherence and SAR intensity methods using dual-polarized SAR data obtained from the Sentinel-1 (VV, VH) and ALOS-2 (HH, HV) satellites. We developed linear discriminant functions based on three items: (1) the differential coherence values; (2) the differential backscattering intensity values of pre- and post-event images; and (3) a binary damage map of the optical pre- and post-event imagery. The accuracy of the proposed model was 84% for the Sentinel-1 data and 76% for the ALOS-2 data. The damage proxy maps deduced from the linear discriminant functions can be useful in the parcel-by-parcel assessment of building damage and development of spatial models for the allocation of urban search and rescue operations.

The use of COSMO-SkyMed constellation has been tested for post-fire monitoring activities. A typical Mediterranean ecosystem, seriously damaged by a wildfire, has been selected as study area. The multitemporal and multipolarization capabilities of COSMO-SkyMed have been exploited for automatic burnt area detection and monitoring of vegetation regrowth. Different imaging configurations have been tested to define the proper monitoring strategy in Mediterranean areas. Results showed X-band suitability for Mediterranean maquis post-fire monitoring.

In this paper we focus on the extraction and analysis of long-term satellite image time series, and on applications in urban development monitoring. A Satellite Image Time Series (SITS) comprised of more than 100 data sets, covering a time span of over 25 years is extracted from the current Landsat data archives, Then we create stacks of intra-annual images, which are analyzed by applying a series of direct multidate classifications in order to extract the annual built-up surface. The evolution of the built-up areas is then compared against population dynamics for the studied area.

Due to the great environmental importance and the advance of the agro pastoralist activities in Pantanal, the aim of the current study is to analyze the modifications that occurred in the land cover, considered one of the richest areas in biodiversity of the planet. The work is justified on the importance of preserving the Pantanal, since it plays a very important role in the maintenance of such biodiversity. As the livestock is the basis of the local economy, and knowing that it is the activity that most promote deforestation, one should intensify the monitoring to ensure the conservation and predict potential impacts on forest vegetation. Thus, for this work we used TERRA satellite images, MODIS sensor, which are available for free, and also NDVI data (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), MOD13Q1 product, from the same sensor of two distinct years - 2000 and 2015. Such data were analyzed on QGIS 2.8 (QGIS Development Team, 2015) freely available, where through false color multitemporal reclassification, the change in the land cover was verified between the two years. The results show a reduction of 28.8% of the forest vegetation and an increasing of 11.6% of undergrowth (fields or pastures). It is interesting to highlight that it is possible to apply the methodology used in this work elsewhere without financial cost, since there was no need to purchase the images and software. Devido à grande importância ambiental e diante do avanço das atividades agropastoris no Pantanal, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as modificações ocorridas na cobertura do solo na região, considerada uma das áreas mais ricas em biodiversidade do planeta. O trabalho justifica-se na relevância da preservação do Pantanal, já que este desempenha papel importantíssimo na manutenção de tal biodiversidade. Sendo a pecuária a base da economia local, e sabendo que é a atividade que mais promove o desmatamento, deve-se redobrar o monitoramento para garantir a conservação e prever possíveis impactos na vegetação. Assim, para a realização deste trabalho utilizaram-se imagens do satélite TERRA, sensor MODIS, as quais estão disponíveis de forma gratuita na rede, utilizando-se também dados de NDVI (índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada), produto MOD13Q1, do mesmo sensor e também gratuito, de dois anos distintos -- 2000 e 2015. Tais dados foram analisados no SIG (sistemas de informações geográficas) livre e gratuito QGIS versão 2.8 (QGIS Development Team, 2015), onde através de composições falsa-cor multitemporais e de reclassificação verificou-se a mudança na cobertura do solo do Pantanal entre os dois anos. O resultado apresentou a redução de 28,8% de vegetação arbóreo-arbustiva e o aumento de 11,6% de vegetação rasteira (campos ou pastagens). É interessante destacar que a metodologia utilizada neste trabalho é passível de ser aplicada em outros locais sem custo, visto que não houve a necessidade de gastos com compra de imagens e softwares.

Coastal dynamics are driven by phenomena of exogenous and endogenous nature. Characterizing factors that influence their equilibrium and continuous monitoring are fundamental for effective environmental planning and management of coastal areas. In order to monitor shoreline changes, we developed a methodology based on a multisource and multitemporal approach. A database, related to the Ionian coast of Basilicata region (about 50 km), was implemented by using cartographic data (IGMI data), satellite imagery (SPOT-PX/XS, Landsat-TM, Corona) and aerial data covering the period form 1949 to 2001. In particular, airborne data (1 m spatial resolution) were acquired during a specific campaign we performed in 2000 and 2001. To obtain the best performance from the available data, we applied a data fusion procedure on visible and thermal information. Different algorithms were tested, such as band ratios and clustering for extracting the coastline. The best results from multispectral data were obtained using a threshold algorithm we devised by exploiting the green, red and NIR bands, whereas for panchromatic data we selected clustering as the more suitable method. Moreover, a GPS survey was performed to evaluate the influence of tidal effects.

A área de estudo corresponde à bacia do alto curso do rio Itiquira, totalizando 5.361km2. Nesta área foi feito o estudo da dinâmica ambiental com emprego de técnicas SIG e imagens de satélite dos anos de 1966, 1985 e 1996. A análise da dinâmica ambiental envolveu o estudo das modificações no uso e ocupação do solo nos 30 anos considerados, mostrando que a bacia do rio Itiquira sofreu grande impacto no uso e ocupação do solo no período compreendido entre 1966 e 1996. Em 1966, as áreas de vegetação natural (matas e cerrados) ocupavam 90,64% do total da área, reduzindo-se para 60,57% em 1985 e para apenas 36,66% em 1996. Nesse processo, 289.382ha, de um total de 485.928ha de cobertura vegetal natural, foram perdidos como tal. Em 30 anos houve um aumento de 313.725ha de terras cultivadas, correspondendo a cerca de 113 vezes a ocupação de terras do ano de 1966 (2.798ha). Dynamics of soil occupation of the river Itiquira basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil Abstract The study area corresponds to the basin of the Itiquira river high course, totalling 5,361km2. In this area a study of the environmental dynamics was made, applying SIG techniques and satellite images of the years 1966, 1985 and 1996. In 1966 the areas of natural vegetation (forests and groves) occupied 90.64% of the total of the area, which was diminished to 60.57% in 1985 and to only 36.66% in 1996. In this process, 289,382ha of a total of 485,928ha of natural vegetal covering had been lost. At the same time, the agrarian surfaces (agriculture and pasture) that occupied only 0.52% of the total area in 1966, increased to 34.89% in 1985 and to 59.04% in 1996. In 30 years there was an increase of 313,725ha of cultivated lands, corresponding to about 113 times the land occupation of the year of 1966 (2,798ha). The areas classified as urban show a gradual increase since 1966, from 39ha in 1996 to 58ha in 1985, and to 178ha in 1996. The other classes of soil use and occupation (reforestement areas, uncovered and affected by fire and humid areas) added were smaller than 4,27% in 1996.

La pérdida del volumen glaciar de los nevados tropicales de nuestro país puede ser considerada como un indicador del cambio climático a nivel global. Según afirma Urrutia & Vuille (2009) para el año 2050, todos los glaciares ubicados por debajo de los 5 500 msnm desaparecerían. Una de las técnicas científicas empleadas para describir el sistema poroso del suelo (Montero, 2003) y para analizar las concentraciones de ulexite en minas de sal (Posadas et al., 2005), es el uso de multifractales, que ha sido escasamente aplicado al sistema glaciar. El objetivo de este trabajo es cuantificar el volumen glaciar de la Cordillera Parón en los últimos 24 años empleando tanto técnicas multifractales como el Sistema de Información Geográfica para determinar en qué medida los eventos El Niño y La Niña influyen en su desglaciación. Para diferenciar la masa glaciar de otros elementos como nubes, agua, etc., en las imágenes seleccionadas, se utilizó el NDSI o índice de nieve y también el ratio imagen 4/5 en las imágenes binarizadas. La superficie glaciar de la Cordillera Parón se ha reducido en 18% en los últimos 24 años (Bates et al., 2008). The loss of glacier volume in the tropical glaciers in our country can be regarded as an indicator of global climate change. According to Urrutia & Vuille (2009), all glaciers below 5 500 meters could disappear by the year 2050. One of the scientific techniques used to describe soil pores’ system (Montero, 2003) and ulexite concentrations in a salt mine (Posadas et al., 2005) is the use of multifractals, which has been poorly applied in glacier’s systems. The focus of this study was to quantify the glacier volume at Parón Range during the last 24 years using multifractal techniques and geographic system information in order to determine to what extent the El Niño and La Niña events influence its deglaciation. To differentiate the glacier mass from other elements such as clouds, water, etc., in the selected images the NDSI or snow index was used as well as the image ratio of 4/5 in the binarized images. The glacier surface at Parón Range has suffered a reduction of 18% in the last 24 years.

VIRDIS, S.G.P.; OGGIANO, G., and DISPERATI, L., 2012. A geomatics approach to multitemporal shoreline analysis in Western Mediterranean: the case of Platamona-Maritza Beach (northwest Sardinia, Italy). This study examines the shoreline change evolution at two spatiotemporal scales over ca. 18 km of Platamona-Maritza beach (northwest Sardinia, Italy). A multitemporal dataset spanning the period 1955–2010 was used and made up of archival aerial photographs, orthophotos, satellite imagery, light detection and ranging data, terrestrial laser scanner, Global Positioning System, and recent and historical topographic maps. We integrated this dataset by implementing a repeatable processing procedure, for which the global sensitivity for shoreline change estimation was evaluated (ca. 10 m as a product of time interval and change rate). The applied methodology indicates that the wet/dry boundary can be used as a good shoreline proxy. It is also demonstrated how reliable shoreline positional uncertainty (fr...

This paper focuses the surveying and processing protocol developed by the CRdC Benecon Scarl/Dipartimento di Architettura e Disegno Industriale Luigi Vanvitelli of the Seconda Universita degli Studi di Napoli in conjunction with the Gruppo Esplorazione Aeromarittima of the Guardia di Finanza. This heterogeneous team operates several instruments and aeronautical configurations, integrating active and passive remote sensing instruments. Data processing is adapted to the different morphology and land use/cover of the imaged areas. In urban areas, the spectral angle mapped algorithm is used against a collection of Cannabis reflectance spectra collected in field activities. In forested areas, images are classified along with topography and hydrographical information. The operational protocol was developed and adopted towards the activities conducted in 2012, 2013 and 2014 in Albania for the identification of Cannabis cultivations. The imaged area summed to approximately 990 km(2) in 2012, 3618 km(2) in 2013 and 4313 km(2) in 2014. At the end of the missions, the remote sensing activities affected more than 15.08% of the area of the Country.