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Cet article etudie la facon dont hommes et femmes des classes populaires percoivent l’inegale repartition des tâches domestiques et y reagissent. En mobilisant a la fois des donnees statistiques et dix-sept monographies de couples heterosexuels avec enfants, il defend l’idee que la periode historique qui va des annees 1980 jusqu’a nos jours se caracterise moins par la permanence d’un attachement positif des classes populaires a une stricte division des roles sexues, que par une lente differenciation des conceptions en matiere de travail domestique a l’interieur meme de ces classes. L’attachement a une stricte division sexuee du travail vaut surtout pour leurs strates les plus precaires. Les menages stabilises des classes populaires s’en detachent a travers la participation, certes modeste mais accrue, des hommes ouvriers et employes aux tâches domestiques mais aussi a travers la mise en question du desequilibre domestique par les femmes.

Nutzung der durch die Erwerbslosigkeit frei gewordenen Zeit durch die Arbeitslosen Die Erhebung Zeiteinteilung gibt Aufschluss darüber, wie die Arbeitslosigkeit die Alltagsbeschäftigung beeinflusst. Einem Vergleich von Arbeitslosen und Erwerbstätigen ist zu entnehmen, dass sie zu einer Verlängerung der meisten Tätigkeiten und einer geringfügigen Diversifizierung führt. Beispielsweise leisten die Frauen etwas mehr Heim-und Gartenarbeit und die Männer kümmern sich etwas mehr um ihre Kinder. In der Regel hat der Familienstand bei den Arbeitslosen und Erwerbstätigen den gleichen Einfluss. Allerdings fördert die Arbeitslosigkeit die traditionelle Aufgabenverteilung innerhalb der Familien. Die arbeitslosen Männer mit Kindern kümmern sich weniger um den Haushalt und verrichten dagegen mehr Heim-oder Gartenarbeit als die männlichen Arbeitslosen ohne Kinder, während dies bei den erwerbstätigen Männern nicht festzustellen ist. Die männlichen Arbeitslosen haben öfter als die Erwerbstätigen eine Frau, die keiner Berufstätigkeit nachgeht: diese ist häufiger arbeitslos bei Fehlen von Kindern und Hausfrau, wenn die Familie Kinder hat. Die Einstellung der arbeitslosen Frauen gegenüber der Arbeitsuche hängt in erster Linie davon ab, ob sie Kinder haben: Frauen mit Kindern verwenden weniger Zeit hierauf als die anderen und kümmern sich im Alltag vor allem um den Haushalt. Die Tätigkeiten der arbeitslosen Männer ähneln sehr denjenigen der allein lebenden arbeitslosen Männer. Bei Frauen in dieser Situation ist dies nicht der Fall; denn sie widmen insbesondere dem sozialen Leben weniger Zeit als die allein stehenden Frauen, während bei den Männern ein solcher Unterschied nicht festzustellen ist., How the Unemployed use the Time Freed up by not Having a Job The Use of Time survey studies the effect of unemployment on daily activities. A comparison of job seekers and employed workers shows that unemployment generates an increase in the length of most activities and a slight diversification of them. For example, women do slightly more DIY and gardening, and men spend slightly more time with their children. The influence of the family situation is more often than not similar among job seekers and employed workers. Nevertheless, unemployment seems to accentuate a traditional breakdown of tasks within the family. Job seekers with children do fewer household chores and more DIY and gardening than job seekers without children, whereas this phenomenon is not found among employed workers. Male job seekers more often have a jobless spouse than employed workers. This spouse is more often unemployed when there are no children and a housewife when there are children in the household. The attitude to job seeking by female job seekers depends first and foremost on the presence of children. Women with children spend less time looking for work than the others and their daily lives are highly focused on domestic responsibilities. The activities of male job seekers living with their parents are fairly similar to those of male job seekers living alone. This is not the case for women in the same situation. In particular, they spend less time socialising than women living alone, whereas this difference is not found among the men., L’utilisation par les chômeurs du temps libéré par l’absence d’emploi L’enquête Emploi du temps permet de s’interroger sur l’impact du chômage sur les activités quotidiennes. La comparaison des chômeurs et des actifs occupés montre qu’il entraîne un allongement de la durée de la plupart des activités et une petite diversification de celles-ci. Par exemple, les femmes font un peu plus de bricolage et de jardinage, et les hommes s’occupent un peu plus de leurs enfants. L’influence de la situation familiale est le plus souvent analogue chez les chômeurs et chez les actifs occupés. Néanmoins, le chômage semble accentuer une répartition traditionnelle des tâches au sein des familles. Les chômeurs avec enfants effectuent moins de tâches ménagères et bricolent ou jardinent davantage que les chômeurs sans enfant alors que ceci n’est pas constaté chez les actifs occupés. Les chômeurs ont plus souvent que les actifs occupés une conjointe sans activité professionnelle: celle-ci est plus fréquemment chômeuse en l’absence d’enfant et femme au foyer s’il existe des enfants dans le ménage. L’attitude par rapport à la recherche d’emploi des chômeuses dépend d’abord de la présence d’enfants: les femmes ayant des enfants y consacrent moins de temps que les autres et ont un quotidien très centré sur le travail domestique. Les activités des chômeurs hommes qui vivent chez leurs parents sont assez proches de celles des chômeurs qui vivent seuls. Ce n’est pas le cas pour les femmes dans cette situation: le temps qu’elles consacrent à la sociabilité est notamment inférieur à celui des femmes seules, alors que chez les hommes cet écart n’est pas constaté., La utilización por los parados del tiempo liberado por la ausencia de empleo La encuesta Organización del tiempo permite interrogarse sobre el impacto del paro en las actividades cotidianas. La comparación de los parados y de los activos ocupados muestra que el paro acarrea un alargamiento de la duración de la mayor parte de las actividades y una pequeña diversificación de estas. Por ejemplo, las mujeres se dedican un poco más al jardín y a los trabajos menudos, y los hombres se ocupan un poco más de sus hijos. La influencia de la situación familiar es muy a menudo análoga entre los parados y entre los activos ocupados. Sin embargo, el paro parece acentuar un reparto tradicional de las tareas en el seno de la familia. Los parados con hijos se dedican menos a las tareas domésticas y más al jardín o a los trabajos menudos que los parados sin hijos mientras esa diferencia no se da entre los activos ocupados. Los parados suelen tener con más frecuencia que los activos ocupados una cónyuge sin actividad profesional: ésta es con más frecuencia desempleada sin hijos y ama de casa si el hogar tiene hijos. La actitud respecto a la busca de empleo de las mujeres desempleadas depende primero de la presencia de hijos: las mujeres con hijos le dedican menos tiempo que las otras y tienen una actividad cotidiana muy enfocada sobre el trabajo doméstico. Las actividades de los hombres parados que viven en casa de sus padres son muy similares a las de los parados que viven solos. Para las mujeres en la misma situación es diferente: el tiempo que le dedican a la sociabilidad es inferior al de las mujeres solas, mientras que entre los hombres no se da tal diferencia., Letrait Muriel. L'utilisation par les chômeurs du temps libéré par l'absence d'emploi. In: Economie et statistique, n°352-353, 2002. Temps sociaux et temps professionnels au travers des enquêtes Emploi du temps pp. 101-125.

Introduced in France in 1999 for both same-sex and different-sex couples, the civil partnership known as the pacte civil de solidarite or PACS, has seen a huge quantitative increase since 2001. This chapter compares types of union and attachment to gender roles. We differentiate four types of union linked to different kinds of institutionalization: direct or quasi-direct marriage, standard marriage, consensual union and civil partnership. Attitudes to the gender order are examined for the different forms of unions at two levels. We approach attitudes through household chores, an area that brings gender roles into play. Then, we look at representations from the “value orientations and attitudes” module of the questionnaire, to test the hypothesis that the different types of relationship express different degrees of gender differentiation. Two types of indicators are studied. The first type reflects the attitude to “gender difference” and a gender order that assigns a distinct role to each sex in the social order. The second type refers to the idea of a necessary “gender complementarity” by asking the respondents about their attitudes to single parenthood and homosexuality.

Short term studies have demonstrated the acceleration of growth velocity after the administration of GH in short children born with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). We report the final heights of 70 IUGR children whose short stature was attributed to idiopathic GH deficiency (peak plasma GH

OBJECTIVES: To describe the growth of children treated with growth hormone and to evaluate the prognostic factors for height at the end of treatment. DESIGN: Register based cohort study. SETTING: French national register of all children treated with growth hormone. SUBJECTS: 3233 short stature children (3165 of whom were deficient in growth hormone) who were treated with growth hormone (excluding children with Turner's syndrome) and whose treatment started between 1973 and 1989, last data being recorded in December 1993. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual changes in height, and height at the end of treatment. RESULTS: Mean height SD score at the end of treatment, after a mean of 4.3 years, was -2, corresponding to gain in mean height SD score of 1 and to a height SD score of 1.1 below target height. In all, 923 children prematurely stopped taking growth hormone treatment, mainly because of insufficient response (insufficient growth) or tiredness. Variables that predicted height at the end of treatment were age, target height, aetiology of short stature, use of puberty inhibitors, and type of growth hormone. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of children of short stature with growth hormone deficiency who were treated with growth hormone has been less favourable than initially assumed. Growth hormone treatment has not restored normal growth to these children. The highly demanding nature and high costs of this treatment require an optimised prescription, and this remains to be determined.

This study shows that purified murine monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies and human polyclonal anti-DNA antibodies (from systemic lupus erythematosus--SLE--patients), preincubated with DNA, acquire anti-histone reactivity. Conversely, DNAse I treatment of SLE patients' antibodies with anti-histone activity abolishes such activity. It has previously been demonstrated that anti-DNA antibodies bind to the cell membrane and recognize cell-surface polypeptides that have been identified with histones by partial sequencing. In a series of 33 sera from patients with clinically active disease and 29 sera from patients in clinical remission, positivity of an immunoblot analysis detecting antibodies against these polypeptides was associated with clinical activity of SLE (sensitivity, 0.88; specificity, 0.90). Anti-histone reactivity detected by ELISA appeared to be also a good marker of SLE activity (sensitivity, 0.64; specificity, 0.54). As expected, anti-native DNA antibody positivity and lowered complement dosage were also associated with clinical activity (sensitivity, 0.79 and 0.63, respectively; specificity, 0.48 and 0.93, respectively). Since anti-histone reactivity reflects, at least partly, the presence of anti-DNA antibodies complexed to DNA, which could bind to cell-membrane determinants, and is associated with disease clinical activity, it is suggested that this mechanism can contribute to explain the pathogenicity of anti-DNA antibodies.

Evaluation of GH secretion using pharmacological GH stimulation tests (GHST) remains a current practice, although the reliability of GHST has been questioned, and many pitfalls have been pointed out. We have analyzed all of the 6373 GH stimulation tests that led to the initiation of GH therapy in 3233 children treated in France from 1973-1989. Tests and GH measurements were performed by individual centers and collected by the Association France-Hypophyse. GH deficiency (GHD) was due to craniospinal irradiation (11%), was due to organic causes or associated with multiple deficiencies (22%), or was considered idiopathic (65%); 2% of the patients were considered non-GHD. Eleven different pharmacological tests were used, and 62 of the 66 theoretical pairs of tests were used at least once. The most frequent combination of tests (ornithine in one instance and insulin in another) was used in 12.7% of patients. The reliability of the GH peak measured by comparing the results of 2 tests in the same patient was poor, as measured by intraclass correlation coefficients below 0.8. Multivariate analysis identified several parameters positively or negatively associated with peak plasma GH: calendar year of initiation of treatment, etiology of GHD, height SD score, bone age SD score, puberty, weight SD score, genetic target height SD score, and the nature of the pharmacological agent used. We believe that several of these factors (weight SD score, genetic target height SD score, and nature of the agent) identify biases in the diagnosis of GHD. We conclude that GHST should be performed with a very limited number of agents, interpreted after the establishment of reference values in age-matched normal children, and associated with other clinical and biochemical parameters for establishing the diagnosis of GHD.

Si les donnees ministerielles fournissent quelques elements sur le pacs et son evolution depuis sa mise en œuvre en 1999, elles ne permettent pas de decrire les profils sociaux des contractant.e.s d’une forme d’union qui a ete elaboree en 1999 dans un souci de distinction vis-a-vis du mariage. Les deux premieres enquetes quantitatives realisees en population generale a avoir insere le pacte civil de solidarite dans leur questionnaire, l’Etude des relations familiales et intergenerationnelles (ined-insee, 2005) et Contexte de la sexualite en France (inserm-ined, 2006) permettent de pallier ce manque de donnees. Les pacse.e.s presentent des caracteristiques sociodemographiques qui mettent en evidence une distribution sociale specifique. Le choix du pacs est correle a certains profils sociaux et s’insere dans des systemes de representations et de valeurs individuels qui different de ceux des personnes qui ont opte pour le mariage depuis que le pacs existe. C’est un rapport plus distant au religieux et une perception moins differentialiste des rapports sociaux de sexe qui caracterisent les pacse.e.s. Toutefois, au regard de l’augmentation massive du nombre de pacs ces dernieres annees et des declarations d’intention recueillies dans l’enquete erfi, on peut faire l’hypothese d’un processus de democratisation du pacs au sens ou les specificites constatees pour les pionniers du pacs semblent s’amenuiser.

Systemic alkalosis was used to detect coronary spasm in 237 patients with infrequent, resting, angina-compatible chest pain. The provocative test was performed without previous coronary arteriography but only in patients with negative submaximal exercise test results. Rapid infusion of alkaline solution followed by maximal hyperventilation raised arterial pH above the 7.65 value necessary for diagnostic significance in 196 (83%) patients. In 24 (12%) of these patients the provocative test induced significant ischemic ST segment changes. In all patients with a positive response, coronary artery disease, which was predominantly vasospastic (19 patients) or atheromatous with a vasospastic contribution (five patients), was demonstrated by coronary arteriography followed, if necessary, by ergot derivative injection. Chest pain and ECG changes were always reversed within 5 minutes by intravenous nitroglycerin. Coronary arteriography was not performed in all patients with a negative response; therefore, the sensitivity of the procedure could not be assessed. However, 36 patients with a negative response to hyperventilation underwent coronary arteriography; 33 (92%) had normal arteriograms and a negative response to ergot derivatives. Hyperventilation appears to be a safe and specific diagnostic procedure in a subset of patients in whom the probability of coronary artery disease may not be judged sufficient to warrant coronary arteriography as a primary diagnostic approach.