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Cultivation is one of the agricultural systems that is mostly carried out by forest village communities living in and around the watershed area by slashing, cutting and burning forest trees. This study aimed to determine the rate of erosion and runoff from the cultivation type in Olonjonge sub-watershed, Dolago watershed, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.The method used was a multislot divisor on a plot measuring 2 m x 15 m with 3 repetitions on 3 types of cultivation (peanut, corn and cocoa monoculture (3 years old) on land with a steep slope (25-40%). The largest surface runoff came from peanut land at 79,689.77 liters ha-1 followed by corn at 65,704.55 liters ha-1 and the smallest from cocoa monoculture (3 years old) at 56,385.23 liters ha-1, while the highest erosion occurred at peanut land area of ​​195.52 kg ha-1 followed by corn field of 165.26 kg ha-1, and cocoa monoculture (3 years old) of kg ha-1. Cocoa planting was more effective in protecting the soil from rain with the potential to protect the soil from erosion and surface runoff.

Provinsi Kepulauan Riau yang wilayahnya didominasi 96% perairan dan hanya 4% daratan memiliki potensi kemaritiman yang luar biasa. Namun isu-isu strategis pembangunan masih terjadi, kesenjangan pembangunan antar wilayah dan optimalisasi penanganan wilayah perbatasan, pulau-pulau terdepan dan pulau-pulau kecil untuk peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat merupakan pekerjaan rumah yang harus diselesaikan. Perencanaan pembangunan yang selama ini dilakukan belum memprioritaskan sektor kemaritiman sebagai prioritas pembangunan wilayah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa proses perencanaan pembangunan wilayah dan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan belum optimalnya perencanaan pembangunan wilayah Kepulauan Riau tahun 2019. Proses perencanaan pembangunan dianalisa dan dideskripsikan mengunakan tiga indikator dalam teori evaluasi perencanaan pembangunan Willian N. Dunn, yakni: (1) Efisiensi; (2) Perataan; dan (3) Responsiitas. Metode penelitian digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa walaupun proses perencanaan pembangunan yang dimulai dari pentahapan dan penjadwalan yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Kepulauan Riau dalam penyusunan Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Daerah tahun 2019 telah sesuai dan partisipasi Stakeholder dalam Musrenbang juga cukup baik, namun capaian kinerja yang tertuang dalam perjanjian kinerja Kepala Daerah pada akhir tahun ditemukan 25% target kinerja yang belum tercapai. Pendekatan yang dilakukan dalam proses perencanaan pembangunan juga masih menggunakan kaidah normatif, yaitu berorientasi pada perencanaan pembangunan berbasis wilayah daratan (continental approach) yang seharusnya menggunakan pendekatan berbasis wilayah kepulauan (ocean approach).

The heterogeneity of infiltration has a strategic influence on the hydrological process in the watershed, and one of the factors affecting its rate and soil compaction is land use. Therefore, this study aims to compare infiltration rates in three land-use areas, namely secondary forest, agroforestry, and moor. A survey method was used, where field data observations were carried out at three locations. The infiltration rate measurement was performed using a double-ring infiltrometer with five repetitions at each sampling site. The results showed that the lowest value of 4.72 cm h-1 was recorded on the moorland, while agroforestry had the highest of 12.87 cm h-1. These findings indicate that land use has a significant role in changing soil physical properties and compaction, hence, sustainable soil and water conservation strategies are needed.

Soil loss assessment in watersheds is useful in developing plans for the protection and conservation of soil and water in a sustainable manner. This study aimed to determine erosion hazard classification and erosion hazard map using RUSLE as the basis of a soil and water conservation planning program. The RUSLE model was used to assess soil loss and guide soil conservation efforts. Annual rainfall data, digital elevation model (DEM), land use map were used to generate RUSLE parameters namely rainfall-runoff erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), slope length and steepness factor (LS), cover-management factor (C), and support practices factor (P). Erosion hazard is classified into five classes namely very low, low, medium, high, and very high. Based on the results, at the Dolago watershed, very high erosion hazard was found in dryland of 577.95 t/ha/yr. Meanwhile, very low erosion hazard was found in the rice field of 2.22 t/ha/yr. The results help in planning and implementing soil and water conservation both vegetatively and mechanically to minimize damage to watershed ecosystems. Validation and testing of the RUSLE model should be carried out in future studies because this is a strategic step to develop modeling of sediment yields effectively in an effort to mitigate major land damage in watersheds.

Non-timber forest products were potential assets to generate foreign exchange. Some types of which had good prospects and were in demand in the world of trade were rattan, gondorukem, eucalyptus and cassava. The purpose of this study was to determine the rattan types diversity in Rompo Village, Lore Lindu National Park. The study was conducted in December 2018 to March 2019. This research used the "survey" method by making a plot measuring 20 m x 20 m along to 1000 m. The distance between one track to another was to 200 m. The results showed that the type of Lambang Rattan (Calamus ornatus var celebicus Becc) had the highest density of 563.75 individuals/ha, then Pai Rattan (Calamus koordersianus Becc) 229 individuals/ha, Batang Rattan (Calamus zollingeri Becc) 183 individuals/ha, Ibo Rattan (Calamus ahlidurii) 52 individuals/ha, Rattan Tohiti Botol (Calamus sp) 46.25 individuals/ha, Pute Rattan (Calamus leiocaulis Becc ex. Heyne) 11.75 individuals/ha, Karuku Rattan (Calamus macrosphaerica Becc) 10 individuals/ha and the smallest was the type of Tohiti Wulo Rattan (Calamus sp) 9.75 individuals/ha. Rattan which had the highest Importance Value Index was the Lambang Rattan (Calamus ornatus var celebicus Becc) with an Importance Value Index value of 72.14% while the rattan that had the lowest Importance Value Index was Tohiti Wulo Rattan (Calamus sp) with an INP value of 5.02%. The level of species diversity (H ') of the rattan types found in the research location was classified as moderate with an H value of 1.75. The higher the area where the rattan is grown, the fewer types of rattan that can grow and only small rattan can grow on high ground, especially Tohiti rattan and large rattan cannot be found any more like Lambang rattan.

Akhbar, Naharuddin, Arianingsih I, Misrah, Akhbar RK. 2022. Spatial model of forest area designation and function based on multi-criteria in dry land and mangrove forest ecosystems, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3620-3630. Along with the dynamics of rapid social change and the need for land for economic development, land and climate parameters on changes in the designation and function of forest areas, it is time to integrate with socio-economic parameters and government policies while still paying attention to the condition of existing forest vegetation cover. This study aimed to develop a spatial analysis model of changes in the designation and function of forest areas based on multi-criteria in dry land and mangrove forest ecosystems. The research used a descriptive-spatial method with a multi-criteria-based decision-making technique for changes in the designation and function of forest areas. The data analysis utilizes Geographic Information System. The motivation for the proposed forest area change is the target to be achieved in the multi-criteria decision analysis. This research resulted in a spatial analysis approach that integrates scoring techniques and multi-criteria-based decision-making techniques. In Locus BL_010, a change in the function of forest area can be generated, while in Locus TL_003 a decision is made to change the allocation and function of forest area. The achievement of multi-criteria-based spatial analysis on changes in the designation and function of forest areas is quite flexible in decision making because each proposed motivational target will be achieved if it is in accordance with the established criteria and field facts.

Tree architecture models and the composition of vegetation types affected surface runoff and erosion rates due to vegetation density and various other morphological and ecological characteristic components. This research purpose was to measure and compare the level of erosion in 3 tree architectural models. The research used the path plots method. The sample pathway was made by cut off contour lines. To measure the erosion rate that occured at the tree architecture model, erosion measuring plots were used in three tree architecture models, namely Attims (Eucalyptus deglupta), Corner (Arenga pinnata), and Rauh (Arthocarpus teysmanii). The results showed that the dominant tree architecture model was the Rauh, Attims, and Corner models. The erosion level which occurred in the three tree architectural models showed that the Attims Eucalyptus deglupta model and Corner Arenga pinnata models were more effective in controlling erosion by 233.55 g/ha/year and 293.10 g/ha/year with rainfall of 493.55 mm compared to Rauh Arthocarpus teysmanii type. The correlation analysis between rainfall and the erosion rate at the three tree architecture models were 80% (very strong) for Attims model, 89% (very strong) for Corner model and 90% (very strong) for Rauh model. To control the erosion the Attims and Corner models are highly recommended as alternatives for rehabilitating the critical land.

Perubahan penggunaan lahan memiliki dampak terhadap sifat fisik tanah maupun proses hidrologi daerah aliran sungai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan sifat fisik tanah pada penggunaan lahan agroforestri dan hutan lahan kering sekunder di Sub-DAS Wuno, Kabupaten Sigi. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode survei dilanjutkan dengan pengambilan sampel untuk bahan analisis di Laboratorium. Analisis tanah dilakukan di Laboratorium Ilmu Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Tadulako. Penentuan lokasi pengambilan sampel tanah ditentukan secara sengaja untuk mendapatkan 6 titik sampel. Pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan 3 kali untuk setiap penggunaan lahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tekstur tanah pada lahan agroforestri memiliki fraksi pasir 79,8%, kemudian fraksi debu 19,1%, dan fraksi liat 1,1%, sedangkan hutan lahan kering sekunder memiliki fraksi pasir 62%, fraksi debu 37,2%, dan fraksi liat 0,8%. Permeabilitas tertinggi pada kedalaman 0-20 cm ditemukan di lahan agroforestri 10,44 cm/jam, dan terendah di hutan lahan kering sekunder adalah 2,29 cm/jam. Bobot isi pada lahan agroforestri adalah 1,41 g/cm3, hutan lahan kering sekunder adalah 1,64 g/cm3. Porositas tanah lahan agroforestri adalah 40,85%, sedangkan hutan lahan kering sekunder adalah 22,90%. Bahan organik tanah pada lahan agroforestri adalah 4,23%, sedangkan hutan lahan kering sekunder adalah 3,81%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang cukup siginfikan terhadap parameter sifat fisik tanah diantara kedua penggunaan lahan baik pada tekstur tanah, bobot isi, dan bahan organik, namun demkian nilai porositas tanah dan permeabilitas pada lahan agroforestri lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hutan lahan kering sekunder.

One important aspect needed in mangrove forest management was the data and information available regarding structure and associations. However, the structure and association of mangrove forests in the Torue watershed downstream had not been identified. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the structure and association of mangrove forests in the Torue watershed downstream. This research used the plot path method with a path and plot combination. Path placement was done by purposive sampling. The results showed that the mangrove forest structure of the Torue watershed downstream consisted of three canopy layers, i.e., Stratum C, D, and E, which were dominated by seedling and sapling growth rates. Stratum C was dominated by Sonneratia alba type, and Stratum D was dominated by Bruguiera gymnorizha and Bruguiera sexangula types. In contrast, Stratum E was dominated by Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata types. There was no association between mangrove vegetation and all species. However, three pairs of species had a positive association coefficient, namely: Sonneratia alba with Rhizophora apiculata with a coefficient value of 0,42, Rhizophora mucronata with Bruguiera gymnorhiza, and Rhizophora mucronata with Bruguiera sexangula each coefficient value of 0,06, which was not associated with five species, namely Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorizha, and Bruguiera sexangula. The results of this study could be the basis of the guidelines for sustainability in mangrove forest management.Keywords: association, mangrove forest, vegetation structure, watershed

The upstream part of Wuno Subwatershed in Palu Watershed experiences massive land use change exploitation, causing erosion impact increasingly. An alternative way for reduce the erosion level is by applying conservation farming system. This research aims to examine the conservation farming system with GIS-based agroforestry pattern and its effects to the erosion level reduction perceived by the community living in the Wuno Subwatershed. The method used is image interpretation and field survey to obtain data directly on an object using GPS.The results show that there are four agroforestry patterns in Wuno subwatershed, that is, trees along border, alternate rows, alley cropping and random mixture. The highest erosion level shown by the alley cropping pattern at 5.17 grams/ha and the lowest is trees along border at 0.47 grams/ha, all compared to the total rainfall level of 493.6 mm. The canopy cover of the agroforestry pattern influences the erosion level occurs.

The magnitude of the rain interception by the canopy is largely determined by vegetation composition and stratification. The kinetic energy of raindrops changes because the role of the vegetation part inhibits the rate of rainwater. This study aims to determine the composition and structure of vegetation in its potency as a parameter of hydrology and soil erosion. This study used a combination method between the pathway and the way the line is laid out on a sample unit which is a 200 m wide line and 20 m wide lane on each right of the river. In that path, the pots are made continuously. The results showed that vegetation composition in upstream sub region of Miu River Basin was higher than the middle and downstream areas of 19-44 species, 13-22 tribes and individual / ha 112-693 (upstream) respectively. 11-20 species, 8-13 tribes and individuals / ha 83-192 (center), 8-15 species, 6-12 tribes and individuals / ha 60-73 (downstream). The potency of vegetation as a hydrological parameter and soil erosion in Miu Sub-District is very high, which is dominated by Ficus spp. (Moraceae) with stratification of 4 levels, namely B, C, D, and E.Keywords: Composition; vegetation; watershedBesarnya intersepsi hujan oleh tajuk sangat ditentukan oleh komposisi dan stratifikasi vegetasi. Energi kinetik dari tetesan air hujan berubah karena peran bagian-bagian vegetasi yang menghambat laju air hujan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi dan struktur vegetasi dalam potensinya sebagai parameter hidrologi dan erosi tanah.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kombinasi antara cara jalur dan cara garis berpetak pada unit contoh yang berbentuk jalur sepanjang 200 m dan lebar jalur 20 m pada masing-masing kiri kanan sungai, pada jalur tersebut dibuat plot-plot berpetak secara kontinu. Hasil penelitian menunjukan komposisi jenis vegetasi pada wilayah hulu Sub DAS Miu lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan wilayah tengah dan hilir masing-masing sebesar 19-44 jenis, 13-22 suku dan individu/ha 112-693 (hulu). 11-20 jenis, 8-13 suku dan individu/ha 83-192 (tengah). 8-15 jenis, 6-12 suku dan individu/ha 60-73 (hilir). Potensi vegetasi sebagai parameter hidrologi dan erosi tanah di Sub DAS Miu sangat tinggi yang didominasi jenis Ficus spp. (Moraceae), dengan stratifikasi 4 tingkatan yaitu B, C , D, dan E.Kata Kunci: Komposisi, vegetasi, daerah aliran sungai