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The principle of evolution applies to every creature in the world and permits us to understand the various stages through which progress is achieved. The emancipation of the human race portrays an evolutionary process through which the human intellect is uplifted above and beyond the realms of ignorance and naivety. It is a project of enlightenment, and just like any other project, the results we obtain are directly derived from the actions that precede them. In fact, we only achieve the objects of our desires. Our quest for a proper understanding of the human race goes through the various domains that characterize our educational systems around the world. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Economics etc., all permit us to perceive the human intellect from different perspectives. But it would appear that technological evolution, which has also played a key role in the emergence of the human society, has not been properly appraised; at least, this is the accusation put forward against human culture by French Philosopher, Gilbert Simondon. (Simondon: 1958). He thinks that technic has suffered prejudicial judgment from human culture, which has condemned it even before understanding its true mode of existence.[1] From his view point, the conflict that has emerged between man and the machine, or better still, between culture and technic is caused by a misunderstanding of the technical being. The goal of this paper is to find a point of agreement between man and the machines that characterize his daily life, in view of a better world.

[Extract] The predicament at the heart of Leigh Gilmore and Elizabeth Marshall’s recent book is that although girls have long testified to the violence they suffer, they are often disbelieved by the adults who have the power to investigate their claims. Children and young people are not seen as credible witnesses because the perceived association of childhood with naivety prevents adults from seeing children as equipped to understand the world and speak reliably about their experience of it. Doubly disempowered, girls also face gendered discrimination that leads to silencing.

(Tittle: Adults-Children Power Relations in Judy Blume’s “Blubber”). This study aims to uncover the power relations between adults and children in Judy Blume’s novel entitled Blubber. This study used a qualitative method by paying attention to the expressions used in the novel related to the topic of power relations of adults-children. Peer debriefing techniques were applied in this study in order to achieve the validity of the research results. The collected data of dialogues and narrations suggest that adults assert dominance toward children especially physically and psychologically as a consequence of the adults’ ideologies while trying to retain the image of a mentor. On the other hand, they also give spaces for children to grow and develop themselves. The research also revealed how Blubber paints a more realistic depiction of children and explores more of their human nature beyond images of innocence and naivety. Keywords: abuse, Blubber, children’s literature, egalitarian, power relations

Discussions on the educational potential of school football range from its social acceptance to the pedagogically desirable lessons that can be drawn from it. The aim is to understand the process of institutionalisation in school football and the main formative challenges it entails. An ethnographic multiple case study is presented. The sample consists of 101 schoolchildren of ages six and seven in the autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. Participant observation, over the course of one academic year, is supplemented by images, interviews and digital social networks to incorporate 21 teachers, 10 coaches and families. The results reveal the construction of an allegorical field among children as they embark upon their path of institutionalisation, with the naivety of their spontaneous play giving way to a form of regulated execution. Institutionalised play exceeds children’s developmental resources. The study promotes an effective adaptation of the game, as well as the prioritisation of pedagogical actions that are complementary to school.

Contending with rapid urbanization in the eighteenth century, some writers advocated a better understanding of mankind in its most ‘natural’ state. This impulse manifested itself in the arts as an idealization of ‘naivety’. Yet this ideal began to fade in the nineteenth century as Romantics prioritized intense expressivity and engagement with raw emotional complexities of life. Naivety came to be seen as an irresponsible retreat from reality. Writers on both sides of this redefinition of naivety positioned Joseph Haydn as the model ‘naive’ composer. Celebrated in his lifetime for his musical wit, Haydn nonetheless was always closely associated with his unpretentious, rustic origins. This essay contextualizes the fascination with Haydn’s supposed naivety within cultural trends at the turn of the nineteenth century and beyond. It demonstrates how changing attitudes towards the aesthetic category of naivety can partly explain the vicissitudes of Haydn’s reception history in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

El reconocimiento de la condición humana de la sociedad andina, amazónica y costeña a puertas del Bicentenario es aún un problema fundamental. Por parte de algunas personas que ejercen la política o quizá es pertinente denominarlo como politiquería, esta acción siempre causará desconcierto e inestabilidad en los ciudadanos en nuestro país. Es de notarse con mayor claridad la falta de praxis axiológica por parte de muchos ciudadanos que ejercen cargos políticos, pero también es inconcebible la muestra de ingenuidad de algunos sectores conservadores de nuestro país, bajo el aforismo de ser hombres probos que defienden la democracia. El problema se visibiliza cuando dentro de su discurso estas personas anuncian falacias y clasifican de manera antojadiza a las personas que no comparten sus ideas. Finalmente, los señores defensores de la democracia terminan queriendo dar órdenes a las instituciones del Estado, vulnerando la autonomía de los poderes. Por otra parte, ad portas del Bicentenario, se enuncia que el Perú viene afrontado el problema de la corrupción y resistiendo el problema de la pandemia COVID-19, por lo que cabe preguntarse ¿Cuánto ha avanzado nuestro país en el aspecto político, económico y social a través de los 200 años?

The purpose of this article is to show the role of dialectisms and vernacular vocabulary in V. M. Shukshin’s short stories. The use of this layer of vocabulary helps the author to portray not only the simplicity and naivety of the inhabitants of provincial towns and villages, but also the belonging of the characters to a particular locality. The object of the research is non-standard vocabulary in short stories by V. M. Shukshin. The subject of study is the role of non-standard vocabulary among artistic means in the idiostyle of V. M. Shukshin. The methods of axiological and semantic analysis, and the descriptive method were used in the study. As a result of the research, the following conclusions were made: in short stories of V. M. Shukshin, non-standard vocabulary is used for a more complete and reliable speech performance of characters from different social strata and groups of society, their regional features of speech are revealed. In addition, the writer uses such vocabulary to achieve the comic effect of his speech. The author not only immerses the reader in the essence of the matter, but also makes him a participant in the events described, frankly depicts the domestic life, lifestyle, earthy problems and holidays of ordinary villagers introducing non-standard vocabulary into the structure of the texts.

It is not uncommon among theorists favoring a deviant logic on account of the semantic paradoxes to subscribe to an idea that has come to be known as ‘classical recapture’. The main thought underpinning it is that non-classical logicians are justified in endorsing many instances of the classically valid principles that they reject. Classical recapture promises to yield an appealing pair of views: one can attain naivety for semantic concepts while retaining classicality in ordinary domains such as mathematics. However, Julien Murzi and Lorenzo Rossi have recently suggested that revisionary approaches to truth breed revenge paradoxes when they are coupled with the thought that classical reasoning can be recaptured in certain circumstances. What’s novel about the paradoxes they put forward is that they cannot be dismissed so easily. The concepts used to generate these paradoxes—those of paradoxicality and unparadoxicality—are concepts that non-classical theorists need in order to offer a diagnosis of the truth-theoretic paradoxes. My goal in this paper is to argue that non-classical theorists can represent the concept of paradoxicality without falling prey to revenge paradoxes. In particular, I will show how to provide a formal fixed-point semantics for a language extended with a paradoxicality predicate that adequately expresses the non-classical logician’s notion of paradoxicality.

This research examines the effect of political instrumentalization of ethnicity on maintenance of social status quo in societies characterized by the ethnic heterogeneity of their populations. It defends the thesis that the objective of the manipulation of ethnic identity is not to change the system made up of dominant and dominated groups, but rather to overthrow the existing hegemony to install another one or maintain it as it is. Theoretically, it is within the framework of the instrumentalist approach of interethnic conflicts (Henderson, 2010), but it differs from it because it analyzes a second aspect of the social function of the mechanism of political instrumentalization of ethnicity: its contribution to the perpetuation of social inequalities in intragroup and intergroup relations, between members of the governing elite (dominant group) and populations (dominated group). This function is not well documented by the psychosocial literature; hence its interest for this study. From a methodological point of view, this research proceeds to a review of the constitutive works of the literature relating to the inclination of individuals in favor of maintaining social inequalities. It emerges that the political elites exploit the naivety of the populations, who live in uncertainty about reality and social exclusion, to provoke inter-ethnic tensions and serve, at worst their selfish interests, at best, the interests of their ethnic group of belonging. Thus, the political instrumentalization of ethnic groups does not only generate intergroup tensions. It also contributes to the establishment and maintenance of social inequalities within groups where it is used as a strategy for capturing material and symbolic resources.

We replicate past findings regarding different concepts that capture naivety.

This study investigates the individual, household, and community-level determinants of anemia and to report the locations with poor anemia status among under-fives. A secondary data derived from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey conducted in India in the period 2015–2016 was used. The study focused on the percentage of under-fives who had anemia across India. A choropleth map was obtained to present the distribution of anemia among under-fives in India. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to investigate the factors associated with anemia among under-fives. Stata and R software were used for the analysis. The age of the child, size of child at birth, birth interval, mother's age at the time of birth, mother's and father's education, religion, social group, wealth quintile, and region of residence are significant predictors of the childhood anemia. Communally underprivileged children are highly likely to be anemic as compared to those in other areas requiring special attention. The occurrence of childhood anemia was highest in Central India followed by North, Union Territories, East, West, and South of India. In addition to the biological naivety of young mothers, being from a communally underprivileged group also affects health outcomes among under-fives. A consistent effort on increasing the education level of women in India along with a well-planned awareness program is needed to enable women in making informed decisions towards the health outcome of children. These programs must also focus the incentives of delaying first birth until the mother is 25.

The historical process has posed a challenging question about Bosnia's national identity today. It is quite obvious that since the end of the 19th century, the historical course of a nation has been reduced to a "religious group" in which it is possible to recognize regression and unconscious existence. This represents a trace of the Ottoman period of hegemony in Bosnia, when the identity of the people was determined by religious affiliation. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the end of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in Bosnia, left Bosniaks solely perceived and defined as Muslims. What looks like naivety and powerlessness during the 20th century, should in fact be seen as ignorance of, and non-reflexivity on, one's own existence. In the Yugoslav system, they were designated as Muslims - with the capital letter M. At the time, it was announced as the solution to the national question! The clash of unfinished ethnic-religious constructions of Bosniak identity and the process of globalization in the first decades of the 21st century, led to paradoxical and somewhat tragic self-experiences and attempts to develop national consciousness, based on a religious matrix that is the foundation of conservative consciousness. This moves the whole of human destinies in the wrong direction once again, and the importance of the national or civic identity and political philosophy of statism are undermined and blurred by non-reflexive voluntarism. It seems that citizens’ naivety and their lack of knowledge about themselves and their own state framework, have led to a disastrous anti-Bosnian mentality and the extinguishing of the Bosnian national civic identity.

In a world where the algorithm can control the lives of society, it is not surprising that specific complications in determining the fairness in the algorithmic decision will arise at some point. Machine learning has been the de facto tool to forecast a problem that humans cannot reliably predict without injecting some amount of subjectivity in it (i.e., eliminating the “irrational” nature of humans). In this paper, we proposed a framework for defining a fair algorithm metric by compiling information and propositions from various papers into a single summarized list of fairness requirements (guideline alike). The researcher can then adopt it as a foundation or reference to aid them in developing their interpretation of algorithmic fairness. Therefore, future work for this domain would have a more straightforward development process. We also found while structuring this framework that to develop a concept of fairness that everyone can accept, it would require collaboration with other domain expertise (e.g., social science, law, etc.) to avoid any misinformation or naivety that might occur from that particular subject. That is because this field of algorithmic fairness is far broader than one would think initially; various problems from the multiple points of view could come by unnoticed to the novice’s eye. In the real world, using active discriminator attributes such as religion, race, nation, tribe, religion, and gender become the problems, but in the algorithm, it becomes the fairness reason.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between learned helplessness and social skills among students with learning disabilities at primary stage in Taif. A random sample of 149 male and 49 female grades four and five students with learning disabilities in reading and mathematics was selected. The researcher used two scales the learned helplessness scale by (Sorrenti, Filippello, Costa and Buzzai, 2014) and the social skills scale by (Danielson and Phelps, 2003). The results showed that females of learned helplessness (20.40%) were higher than males (12.08%). The results revealed that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between learned helplessness and social skills. There are statistically significant differences between males and females in the degrees of learned helplessness in favor of females. Also, the results show that there are statistically significant differences between males and females in the scores of social skills in favor of females. However, there are no statistically significant differences between those with reading disabilities and those with mathematics learning disabilities in the degrees of learning helplessness. Moreover, there are no differences between those with reading disabilities and those with mathematics learning disabilities in the second dimension of the social skills scale (acceptance and admiration of others) and the third dimension (social naivety). However, there are differences between those with reading disabilities and those with mathematics learning disabilities in the first dimensions and the total score of the social skills scale in favor of those with mathematics learning disabilities.

This article shares the perspectives of 18 primary teachers reflecting on their exploration of a 'pedagogy for transformability'. It highlights the social, emotional and academic impacts of this approach on children, and the pedagogic choices and thinking of the teachers involved in the project. The findings demonstrate the unequivocal potential for a 'pedagogy for transformability' to address many of the current challenges in the education system.

The paper focuses on the problem of a childhood immersed in history based on Serhiy Zhadan’s “Boarding School” (“Internat”) and V. Rafeienko’s “Long Days” (“Dovhi dni”), with references to the memories of those who took part in the revolution of dignity collected by Natalia Huk. In traditional literary texts, the image of childhood was typically utopian. In the analyzed works, the presented world of a child is often not perfect. We rather deal with the category of exile from paradise, and often from the area of child naivety. The young protagonist is forced to confront an alien, brutal world. According to Foucault, “his-tory is a discourse of power”. In these works, the political games and temptation to dominate the world are the phenomena that cause consequences having an impact on the youngest ones. So what is childhood like in the texts covering war and revolution? The authors use child memories as a kind of background against which they can show the present day of their protagonists. It may be an important point of reference, something that accompanies the person until the old age. Childhood narratives are the element that writers use for constructing images of the future, they are a component of internal metanarration guiding the protagonists in the world. In retrospect, the characters begin to perceive childhood as accumulated experiences of various interaction types, the knowledge that even years later shapes their perception of the world. Besides, it brings them closer to the people with whom some kind of memories may be shared. It creates a community. The experience of childhood is shaped by a narrative common to the group regarding it as a norm. In opposition to the oficial history, the authors put the protagonists’ memory first, which is a kind of compass helping them to orient themselves in the ever-changing and not always understandable reality.

This paper is one of the first studies on a relatively new type of criminal activity, namely organized begging.Modern begging is no longer associated with deprivation, poverty, homelessness, starvation and unemployment. The results of the study suggest that now begging is one of the ways of parasitism on mercy and naivety (the number of real people in need of financial support is 5-10%, and in Moscow and St. Petersburg this figure is even lower and does not exceed 2-3 %). Under the leadership of organized criminal groups, begging has become a criminal industry.The paper investigates the causes of organized begging. The author concludes that the condition of its occurrence was the decriminalization of systematic vagrancy or begging together with the abolition of administrative responsibility for these anti-social actions. The study is relevant because the modern legal literature lacks a single concept of begging as a type of illegal activity supervised by organized crime. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the most acceptable and reflecting the specifics of the considered anti-social phenomenon is the concept of «organized begging». For the first time in the Russian legal literature the definition of organized begging is given. According to the author, it is understood as a negative social phenomenon, which is an organized criminal activity aimed at making a profit from begging by others.The features of organized begging are defined: 1) organized nature of activity; 2) the use of voluntary forced labor; 3) the commission of crimes against the freedom, honor and dignity of the individual; 4) pronounced ethnic or related nature of the formation; 5) obtaining super profits; 6) corruption of state bodies.

Just as students undergo "learning progressions" in moving from naivety to mastery of biochemical topics, faculty experience "teaching progressions" as they experiment with pedagogy, listen to students' feedback, and become members of a community of educators. An important element of both teaching and learning is assessment. Good assessment tools reflect the value we place on thoughtful instruction and in-depth thinking. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(5):493-497, 2019.

Resumen (analítico) Es posible evitar las lesiones no intencionales, particularmente en los menores, esto se ve obstruido por la percepción de los cuidadores. La narrativa recupera la experiencia de los cuidadores, padres, familiares, analizando la visión sobre las lesiones, en hijos o menores a cargo, hospitalizados. A partir de los resultados se percibe que hay una reducción de la percepción de riesgo en los cuidadores y carencia en la información de medidas preventivas. Además, una creencia de carencia de control, cedido al destino. Se concluye que existe una ingenuidad preventiva en la sobreestimación de las capacidades de los niños. Una percepción de riesgo, creencias y conductas que reducen la valoración del peligro. Roles de género y estatus socio-económico son bases de esta visión fatalista. Resultando la reducción de capacidades de prevención, hacia hijos o menores a cargo. Abstract (analytical) It is possible to avoid unintentional injuries, particularly in children. This is affected by the perceptions of caregivers. This study collects the experiences of caregivers, parents and relatives, analyzing their visions of injuries of their children or children under their care who have been hospitalized. Based on the results it is perceived that there is a reduction of the perception of risk among caregivers and a lack of information on preventive measures. In addition, there is a belief that they have a lack of control and that it is unavoidable that children injure themselves. The authors conclude that there is a preventative naivety that exists among parents and caregivers and an overestimation of the abilities of children. There are perceptions of risk, beliefs and behaviors that reduce the levels of danger perceived by adults. Traditional gender roles and socio-economic status form the basis of this fatalistic vision. This results in a reduction of prevention capacities that protect adults’ children and children under their care. Resumo (analítico) É possível evitar lesões não intencionais, particularmente em crianças, ainda que obstruídas pela percepção dos cuidadores. A narrativa recupera a experiência dos pais ou familiares cuidadores, analisando a visão sobre as lesões, em crianças ou menores responsáveis, internados. A partir dos resultados nota-se que há redução na percepção do risco nos cuidadores e falta de informação sobre medidas cautelares. Além disso, uma crença de falta de controle, dada ao destino. Há também ingenuidade preventiva e superestimação das capacidades das crianças. Uma percepção de risco, crenças e comportamentos que reduzem a avaliação do perigo. Os papéis de gênero e o status socioeconômico são a base dessa visão fatalista. Redução resultante de capacidades de prevenção, para crianças ou menores responsáveis.

The article identifies three main challenges in doing ethnography in illiberal settings. First, the imposition of oblique political limitations on the research agenda of local researchers creates a form of methodological nationalism, leading to a paucity of research on some critical topics. Second, the continuous introduction of new restrictive legislation not only results in difficulties of accessing the field, but also demands constant reevaluation of the sensitivity of the questionnaire. Respondents often express anxiety while discussing even quotidian practices because it becomes difficult for them to anticipate whether, when, or how new restrictive legislation will be enforced. Thus, they expect insider researchers to be aware of the legal ramifications of their research. Not only does this nullify the author's ability to adopt a stance of naivety, it also means that researchers bear a greater burden in convincing respondents that the information provided will be handled responsibly. Finally, the ethnographer is constantly faced with difficult decisions regarding both scholarly and ethical reliability and, hence, is required to continuously review research ethics in such a dynamic political context. This article offers suggestions for overcoming these difficulties by means of social networking services and constant critical reflexivity.

If I'm being honest I still feel as though I am a bit of an imposter in the world of art librarianship. I often feel as though I have a very conservative, corporate and conformist approach to librarianship within the art library environments in which I work. I also often feel naïve when it comes to discussing and affirming ‘what makes art librarianship different?’ Acknowledging such naivety, I will also openly admit that until last year I had not heard of ‘critical librarianship’ as a concept, let alone ‘critical (art) librarianship’, which is how I was introduced to it at a day-long conference held by colleagues from the University of the Arts London in 2018 at Chelsea College of Arts.

In order to analyse pictures shared in WhatsApp groups of Jair Bolsonaro supporters, I will explore the idea that the act of sending someone a picture through social media performs a speech act. Thus we can separate the utterance act (of sending the picture to the receiver in a certain context), the locutionary act (what is said through the pictorial content), the illocutionary act (what is done by uttering that pictorial content), and the perlocutionary act (of affecting the receiver). The pictures analysed were collected from January to September 2019, using the WhatsApp Monitor. My main philosophical argument will be in section 3, in which I develop the idea of pictorial speech acts and its conceptual bases. To understand the communicational role of pictures it is necessary to supplement picture theories (visual semantics) with a communicative act theory based on speech act (visual pragmatics). The development of the general outline of visual pragmatics is the main philosophical contribution envisaged in this paper. My last step it to argue that there are at least three forms of naivety that render the receivers prone to the uptake of the illocutionary act performed: aesthetic naivety, communicational naivety, and epistemic naivety.

This chapter explores four children’s stories that, each in its own way, illustrate how philosophical imagination can give richness and meaning to literature written for children. Childish naivety is attractive, up to a point. It is something to be patronized by adults, and even by older children. In fact, a girl or boy of six or seven who reads or hears the story can be expected to smile indulgently at Oliver’s questions, all the while realizing, or half-realizing, that her or his own best questions may well sound “stupid” to a child of ten or eleven. The father uses his position of natural advantage to put Oliver down, as most adults do most of the time to their children, and as older children are encouraged to do to their younger peers. The contrast to Oliver’s naive ignorance is, of course, his father’s wisdom. Father knows the answers.

Planet Earth is entering the age of megafire, pushing ecosystems to their limits and beyond. While fire causes mortality of animals across vast portions of the globe, scientists are only beginning to consider fire as an evolutionary force in animal ecology. Here, we generate a series of hypotheses regarding animal responses to fire by adopting insights from the predator-prey literature. Fire is a lethal threat; thus, there is likely strong selection for animals to recognize the olfactory, auditory, and visual cues of fire, and deploy fire avoidance behaviours that maximize survival probability. If fire defences are costly, it follows that intraspecific variation in fire avoidance behaviours should correspond with variation in fire behaviour and regimes. Species and populations inhabiting ecosystems that rarely experience fire may lack these traits, placing 'fire naive' populations and species at enhanced extinction risk as the distribution of fire extends into new ecosystem types. We outline a research agenda to understand behavioural responses to fire and to identify conservation interventions that could be used to overcome fire naivety.

Progressive educators who travelled to the Soviet Union in the 1920s were often enthusiastic about the schools they visited, despite the fact that early Soviet educational reform had been chaotic and largely unsuccessful. The accounts of five such visitors, John Dewey, Scott Nearing, Lucy L.W. Wilson, Carleton Washburne, and George S. Counts are examined here. They show that this discrepancy between perception and reality was not the result of naivety or even self-censorship. Rather, I argue that the progressive education movement’s utopian outlook was a key factor in these educators’ reception of Soviet schools, enabling them to recognize serious shortcomings, while maintaining they were among the most important schools in the world. In their orientation to the future, they viewed Soviet schools as a laboratory, whose findings could advance the cause of the broader progressive education movement.

As a master in fine art in twentieth century, Matisse gave up the completed painting system and techniques during the Renaissance. He drew nourishment from primitive art and Eastern painting, and began to paint in a more direct, naive and simple way. I also try to follow this approach during my painting creation. This article is divided into three parts to explain the naivety in portrait creation. The first part is the original intention of my topic selection and the significance of the research topic; the second part introduces in detail the characteristics and reasons of Matisse's portrait painting; the third part is my creative practice and my thinking in the process.

The debate around algorithmic collusion has gained substantial momentum leading to divergent views amongst economists. While some have expressed serious concerns over the menace of algorithmic collusion and its adverse impact on the competition, others have disregarded it as an unlikely threat. The common scepticism that emanates in any discourse concerning the regulation of the unique forms of algorithmic collusion is the inadequacy of the anti-trust legal framework to effectively tackle issues of detection, investigation and evidence-collection that is incumbent in the process of proving such collusion. Much of these apprehensions are attributable to the inconsistencies in the Indian jurisprudence concerning the elements of ‘hub-and-spoke’, ‘tacit collusion’ and the acceptable ‘plus factors’ required to establish the same. Further, the restrictive approach adopted by the anti-trust authorities in pronouncing judicial decisions impede the scope of the Competition Act, 2002 to address the algorithm problem in its present form. The paper reconnoitres the rise of algorithmic collusion and expounds on how algorithms in disguise of maintaining competitive balance can destroy competition. It further expounds how traditional notions of tacit collusion and hub-and-spoke should be reconstrued in the context of digital markets to bring algorithmic collusion within the sweep of Section 3 of The Indian Competition Act. It further offers an array of reforms and recommendations to adapt the Competition Law and to better equip the Antitrust Authorities to suit the changing needs of the digital market.

Niebuhr’s account of prophetic religion illumines the struggle of interests within a contested political order and thus exposes the naivety of a simple politics of love. In its suspicion of powerful interests, genuine prophetic religion shares much with Marx. His prophetic stance supports a multiplicity of powers, in sharp contrast with champions of strong state sovereignty such as Hobbes and Schmitt on the one side and libertarians on the other. For Niebuhr, then, politics is an ongoing struggle for justice that requires the development of a political agency that is both bold and wise.

Why do some countries (e.g. US/UK) have free banking and expensive overdrafts, while others (e.g. France/Germany) do not? Existing models point to naivety amongst consumers – but without evidence that such naivety differs across countries. This paper offers a different explanation. We model the two stages of competition between banks for accounts and then to supply credit. We allow for banks to compete to poach customers in the credit market. We show that free banking results when a country has greater numbers of high credit-risk borrowers. We predict that this leads to borrowers switching less yet paying higher prices for credit.

IoT-driven smart cities are popular service-networked ecosystems, whose proper functioning is hugely based on digitally secure and reliable supply chain relationships. However, the naivety in the current security efforts by concerned parties to protect IoT devices, pose tough challenges to scalable and expanding cyber-risk management markets for IoT societies, post a systemic cyber-catastrophe. As firms increasingly turn to cyber-insurance for reliable risk management, and insurers turn to reinsurance for their own risk management, questions arise as to how modern-day cyber risks aggregate and accumulate, and whether reinsurance is a feasible model for reliable catastrophic risk management and transfer in smart cities. In this introductory effort, we analyze (a) whether traditional cyber-risk spreading is a sustainable risk management practice and (b) under what conditions, for the quite conservative scenario when proportions of i.i.d. catastrophic cyber-risks of a significant heavy-tailed nature are aggregated by a cyber-risk manager.

Results of the efficAcy and safety of Trimetazidine in patients with angina pectoris having been treated by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (ATPCI) study showed no significant difference in the incidence of primary endpoint events between trimetazidine and placebo group in angina patients who recently underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the study had limitations specific to both, design and selection of patient population. Here, we present some explanations for the null effects of trimetazidine in the ATPCI study and their relevance in routine clinical practice.

Brazil experienced a dramatic see-saw in relations with Africa in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. Booming ties in diplomacy, development cooperation and trade saw Brazil established as a major partner for the continent under the leadership of Lula’s PT administration. Subsequent governments increasingly dismantled many of the policies supporting this boom. However, this collapse, and what it signifies about Brazil’s Africa relations, is still little understood, and more widely, there are few detailed case studies of this trend. This chapter tackles both gaps with a study of Brazil-Tanzania, which mirrored the wider boom and bust. Its analysis demonstrates the degree to which the spread of ties beyond lusophone countries was state-initiated, with diplomacy playing a central role, but then implemented by companies who shaped what occurred ‘on the ground’. This created a weakness in Brazil-Africa relations, given Brazil’s presidential system and its influence over foreign policy priorities and development cooperation spending. Additionally, the chapter introduces the concept of naivety amongst Brazilian actors, as a misreading of Tanzanian politics prevented infrastructure companies from establishing projects. However, the chapter concludes by arguing that any understanding of Brazil-Africa must appreciate the crucial role of African agency. As demonstrated here by Tanzanian politicians and government officials, countries on the continent fundamentally shape the processes, activities and successes of Brazilian involvement.

Introduction: This paper presents a quantitative and qualitative study exploring patients’ knowledge and experience of hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT). Methods: Participants included 29 patients with appropriate indications who were undertaking HBOT at facilities in two different locations: Hobart, Australia, and Plymouth, United Kingdom. Participants completed surveys prior to commencing HBOT, after five sessions, and on completion of HBOT. Semi-structured one-to-one interviews were conducted with each individual on conclusion of their course. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and interpretive description. Results: Prior to referral, 15/29 (52%) of participants knew HBOT was used to treat divers, and of these, 9/15 (60%) were familiar with its use for non-divers. Only one third sought additional information about the process between referral for HBOT and attending their medical assessment. Anxiety was a pre-treatment concern amongst participants. However, when re-measured after five sessions and upon completion of the HBOT course, anxiety was reduced. The interview data revealed themes based around the physical, emotional and social aspects of HBOT: (1) anxiety within self; (2) naivety to normalisation; (3) enjoyment being a ‘diver’; and (4) burdens of HBOT. Conclusions: Many patients experienced anxiety prior to commencing HBOT but, with support, quickly adjusted to treatment, transitioning from a state of naivety to normalisation in their experience of the hyperbaric chamber. They enjoyed feeling like a ‘diver’ and considered aspects of the burdens of treatment, such as finances or logistics, a minor inconvenience. These results highlight the need for psychosocial support during treatment by identifying gaps in patient preparation for HBOT.

The article proves the need to study the psychological characteristics of female service personnel, in connection with increasing the role and place of women in society, the imperfection of legal documents, the lack of psychological support for female service personnel of the National Guard of Ukraine, as a specific group of military professions. Using the method of expert evaluation of the effectiveness of military service of servicewomen, indicators of the positive attitude of female service personnel to military service and the motives that ensure their adaptation and self-realization in the military profession are revealed. It has been established that for high efficiency in the performance of military service activities by military women, the leading motive can be any positive motive that conquered the entire motivational sphere. The results of the study of psychological features of female service personnel of the National Guard of Ukraine depending on the effectiveness of military service, are presented, namely: types of accentuation of character traits and temperament in women servicemen; features of intelligence, adaptability and motivation in female service personnel with different effectiveness of combat service. It is revealed that servicewomen with high level of efficiency of combat service are characterized by: more developed abstract thinking, efficiency, high level of general culture, especially a verbal one, better emotional stability, greater orientation to reality, integrity, responsibility, commitment, developed sense of duty and responsibility, business orientation, honesty, simplicity, naivety, emotionality, inability to analyze partner's motives, purposeful Strength, strong will, ability to control their emotions and behavior. Servicewomen with a low level of effectiveness of combat service are characterized by: greater independence, perseverance, but sometimes conflict, aggressiveness, tendency to authoritarian behavior.

Purposeof this work isto find the key to understanding the paradox of Descartes’ way of philosophizing during the recourse to the text of "early writings". Realization of the set purpose involves the consistent solving of such tasks: by referring to the research literature, to outline the forms of transition to modern methodology; to explicate the main reasons for philosophy anthropologization by Descartes; to analyze the role of art as the main form of expressing Descartes’ worldview in the "early writings".Theoretical basis.Studies by Descartes experts and the phenomenological tradition.Originality.The analysis of the "early writings" allows to determine the origins of the main doctrine of Descartes’ philosophizing. Its role is manifested in the course of clarifying the main motives of the anthropological approach of the French philosopher. That entails their rootedness in the Copernican-based scientific revolution of the New Age. A prerequisite for the authentic comprehension of the radical change carried out by Descartes is the attention to the paradigmatic significance of art, which is most fully asserted in the "early writings". It is substantiated that the appeal of young Descartes to the experience of art influences his understanding of science, as well as the awareness of human presence in the development of the scientific picture of the world and the distinction of the main components of human nature – mind and will.Conclusions.During the analysis of the contemporary literature devoted to Descartes, there is outlined the tendency to go beyond the notions of naivety and simplicity of his position, one of the manifestations of which is the increased attention to anthropology. The main motives for its actualization are rooted in the scientific revolution of the New Age, which are the form of completion of the radical worldview change initiated by Copernicus. It is about the vision of man as the main component of the universe, attention thereto in the search for the source point and the decisive authority for the world development, reflection of the thinker’s desire to build his own ethical doctrine based on human nature. While comprehending the "early wri-tings", the author focuses on the interpretation by young Descartes of art as a form of expression of truth, which enables the authentic comprehension of human nature. These ideas became the basis for the further work of the thinker, and today they open up new perspectives of exploring the anthropological foundation for later works.

Participants in cryptocurrency markets are in constant communication with each other about the latest coins and news releases. Do these conversations build hype through the contagiousness of excitement, help the community process information, or play some other role? Using a novel dataset from a major cryptocurrency forum, we conduct an exploratory study of the characteristics of online discussion around cryptocurrencies. Through a regression analysis, we find that coins with more information available and higher levels of technical innovation are associated with higher quality discussion. People who talk about "serious" coins tend to participate in discussion displaying signatures of collective intelligence and information processing, while people who talk about "less serious" coins tend to display signatures of hype and naïvety. Interviews with experienced forum members also confirm these quantitative findings. These results highlight the varied roles of discussion in the cryptocurrency ecosystem and suggest that discussion of serious coins may be oriented towards earnest, perhaps more accurate, attempts at discovering which coins are likely to succeed.

This article undertakes a critical exploration of the current relationship between ecclesiology and ‘ecclesial ethnography’. It begins by proposing that ecclesiology should be a realistic, critical and practical discipline and that in these respects it can learn from ethnographical principles. It goes on to raise some questions about how the relationship between ecclesial ethnography and ecclesiology is presented in some recent literature, pointing out instances of over-drawn distinctions, exaggerated claims and methodological naivety. It concludes by affirming the vital role of ethnographical study to the overall theological investigation of the church and suggests that this would be strengthened if the weaknesses mentioned above were addressed.

Without knowing anything of the contentious history between Sulawesi's Chinese and Indonesian Moslem communities, Taiwanese director Peng Ya-ling went to Makassar to conduct a reconciliation workshop. As director of Uhan Shii Theatre, Peng creates performances from oral histories she collects in interviews. She applied this technique in Indonesia, first having to overcome deep-seated suspicion from both sides. The Moslem Indonesian actors performed symbolic re-enactments of the Chinese settlers’ stories for a mixed audience from both communities, thus effecting a moment of racial harmony.

Charged with ethical and political purpose, disassociated from traditional cosmopolitan detachment, and distanced from the naivety of post-Cold War cosmopolitan perspectives, post-9/11 literary cos...

Resumen Las investigaciones de Markham, primero, y luego de Spruce, llevadas a cabo en medio de múltiples peligros, internándose en selvas espesas, vadeando salvajes ríos y enfrentando nativos muchas veces hostiles, permitieron conocer el ciclo de vida del árbol del caucho para el traslado de sus semillas, su aclimatación en Asia y cultivo a nivel industrial. Indudablemente ellos fueron los héroes de esta epopeya al hacer esta investigación venturosa, pero los sabios son modestos y callados, de manera que la gloria se la llevó un empresario decidido y de pocos escrúpulos cual Wickham. En cuanto a Brasil, como buena nación latinoamericana, pecó de ingenuidad, improvisación y negligencia, dejándose arrebatar una inimaginable fortuna: el monopolio del caucho. Creemos que las múltiples aplicaciones médicas del caucho, haciendo menos dolorosos los exámenes y procedimientos, pudieran ser de interés para nuestros colegas.

Summary In the consensus‐based state estimation, multiple neighboring nodes iteratively exchange their local information with each other and the goal is to get more accurate and more convergent sta...

Conservation and education outreach programs often highlight charismatic species or species of economic or ecological importance. However, without appreciable connections to nature, the foundation necessary to empathize with these programs is insufficient. While many students are familiar with charismatic organisms, such as large mammals or sea turtles, there are countless other species of conservation concern that many students are entirely unaware of. As species loss is expedited, it is imperative to counter biodiversity naivety, particularly as public education and awareness are central to successful conservation efforts. The most impactful educational experiences foster direct engagement with biodiversity by students. We highlight the use of project-based learning to nurture student exposure and understanding of biodiversity in undergraduate- and graduate-level courses through the use of iNaturalist. In these courses, students were required to document observations from class field experiences as well as personal explorations. These projects transformed the learning of biodiversity from passive in nature to a meaningful and active process allowing students to connect with species observed while concurrently participating in citizen science initiatives. We share recommendations for successful implementation of iNaturalist projects by educators as well as challenges and issues based on our experiences.

In the past year, we have all witnessed epistemic trespassing: the politician, celebrity, friend or relation with no scientific or health background that through arrogance, ignorance or naivety believes that their (often misguided) beliefs on COVID19, its treatment or prevention are correct. We have also witnessed the damage that ignoring the experts, acting on incorrect advice or passing it on have caused. Yet some pharmacy researchers may, either unwittingly or deliberately, be guilty of epistemic trespass.

Children are an attractive target group for companies, not only because of the financial resources they have, but also due to the impact they have on their parents when making purchasing decisions. For these reasons, a wide range of marketing communication activities is addressed to them through various media. The main goal of the article is to analyze the extent of Internet use by children and to assess the impact of online advertising on young audience. The Internet as a modern communication channel creates the possibility of affecting children through many stimuli and in different ways. Polish and European legislation tries to protect the youngest consumers from exploiting their ignorance and naivety, however, online advertising is more difficult to control than, for example, a TV commercial.

From climate to COVID, naivety about how science is hijacked promotes more of the same. From climate to COVID, naivety about how science is hijacked promotes more of the same.