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Agradecimentos: This work has been made possible by financial support from CNPq, FAPEMIG and CAPES (Brazil). We also acknowledge clarifying discussions with Mario S C Mazzoni and Matheus J S Matos Abstract: In this work, we demonstrate the nanofabrication of monolayer MoS2 islands using local anodic oxidation of few-layer and bulk MoS2 flakes. The nanofabricated islands present true monolayer Raman signal and photoluminescence intensity up to two orders of magnitude larger than that of a pristine monolayer. This technique is robust enough to result in monolayer islands without the need of meticulously fine-tuning the oxidation process, thus providing a fast and reliable way of creating monolayer regions with enhanced optical properties and with controllable size, shape, and position CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS - FAPEMIG COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES Fechado

In this work we show the fabrication of disordered structures for organic random lasing devices by means of the combined use of two high resolution techniques, namely electron beam lithography (EBL) and nano imprint lithography (NIL). We have developed a model for random lasing disordered structures by introducing a well defined degree of disorder in a regular photonic crystal (PC) pattern. Before the fabrication of the device, a preliminary modelling of the ordered 2D-PC has been realized by a finite difference time domain (FDTD) based simulation software. Subsequently, random point defects were introduced in the ordered pattern in order to study the influence of disorder on the reflection spectra and to establish the presence of localized modes. The engineered random pattern was transferred through EBL and reactive ion etching (RIE) onto a Si substrate, thus obtaining an hard master used in the following imprint process of polyfluorene (PFO). Preliminary optical characterization collected from one edge of the structure show the occurrence of localized modes which have been attributed to random scattering in the patterned organic layer. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Un dels reptes tecnològics més importants del segle XXI és el desenvolupament i organització de materials funcionals a escala nanomètrica ja que permet modificar-ne les propietats fonamentals i generar-ne de noves. En el cas dels òxids complexos aquesta tecnologia ha generat grans perspectives en diferents àrees d’estudi perquè presenten propietats molt interessants com la magnetoresistència colossal, superconductivitat o multiferroicitat. En particular, en l’òxid complex superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) s’ha demostrat que la formació de capes superconductores sobre plantilles nanoestructurades o bé la formació de nanocompostos en una matriu superconductora permet millorar de manera espectacular les seves propietats (corrent crític). Aquests resultats introduiran canvis paradigmàtics en la tecnologia de l’energia elèctrica (cables, motors, generadors) i en totes aquelles aplicacions que requereixin camps magnètics intensos. Ara bé, cal aconseguir-ho mitjançant tècniques de baix cost i que permetin un fàcil escalat. Durant els 4 mesos que s’ha disfrutat de l’ajut BP s’han preparat amb èxit noves capes primes superconductores nanoestructurades mitjançant la introducció d’una fase secundària nanomètrica complexa, Ba2YTaO6 (BYTO), dins la matriu d’YBCO pel mètode de baix cost de deposició de solucions químiques. Aquesta nova composició ha donat lloc a un augment significatiu de les propietats superconductores comparat amb la fase tradicional d’YBCO i per tant tenen gran potencial per fabricar futures cintes superconductores. One of the most imposing technological challenges of the 21st century is the development and organization of funcional materials at the nanometer scale. It constitutes a unique opportunity for the generation of new functionalities or to modify the existing ones. The superconducting complex oxide YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) is particularly attractive because its performance can be strongly improved by forming nanocomposite films or thin superconducting films on nanostructured templates. However, to radically revolutionize the use of electrical energy, especially in motors, electromagnetic energy storage systems and magnets it is mandatory to achieve low cost techniques on an industrial scale. During the 4 months I enjoyed the BP contract, we have successfully prepared new nanocomposites films of YBCO with the incorporation of Ba2YTaO6 (BYTO) by the low cost and scalable chemical solution deposition approach. This novel composition led to a significant increase of YBCO performance compared to the pristine YBCO films and therefore appeared as a strong candidate to fabricate coated conductors.

[spa] La presente tesis titulada "Construcción de nanoplataformas biomoleculares versátiles vía Nanolitografía Dip-pen y su aplicación en bio-sensing y diferenciación celular" pretende contribuir al campo de la nanobiotecnología, definida como la biotecnología en miniatura donde se utiliza la tecnología de nanofabricación con fines biológicos. Con este objectivo, este trabajo de investigación emplea la relativamente novedosa técnica de nanofabricación llamada Dip-Pen Nanolitografía (DPN) para obtener un patrón de moléculas biológicamente relevantes a micro y nanoescala, tanto para aplicaciones de biosensores como para los estudios de diferenciación celular. - El primer capítulo trata de los desafíos encontrados al trabajar con Dip-Pen Nanolitografía y los llamados multi-pens. Con el fin de facilitar la nivelación de la punta con respecto al sustrato y obtener un control constante de la fuerza ejercida desde las puntas al sustrato, se desarrolló y fabricó un dispositivo. El dispositivo piezo-resistivo resultante se pudo aplicar con éxito y se utilizó para la fabricación de patrones de dos moléculas diferentes en sustratos de oro. Se obtuvo una mejora de la sensiblidad en la detección del punto de contacto en comparación con puntas convencionales - El segundo capítulo trata de la miniaturización de una plataforma biosensora que ya se había desarollado previamente en el laboratorio. Se evaluaron varios métodos diferentes para la fabricación de un patrón de oligonucleótidos mediante DPN sobre oro o sobre vidrio modificado químicamente con el fin de asegurar una unión covalente. La estrategia más exitosa resultó ser la ruta de química click, donde un oligonucleótido con un grupo azida se acopla a un sustrato de vidrio que presenta un grupo alquino, utilizando un catalizador de cobre (cicloadición 1,3-dipolar) y produciendo un triazol. De esta manera, se pudo establecer una plataforma sensora y se pudo evaluar su sensibilidad - El tercer capítulo trata del desarrollo y la fabricación sustratos con patrón mediante DPN para experimentos de diferenciación celular. Una molécula de biotina-tiol fue elegida como patrón, ya que permite la derivatización con estreptavidina y, en un segundo paso, cualquier tipo de molécula de biotina. El patrón se llevó a cabo usando un lípido como molécula para facilitar el transporte de la tinta. De esta manera, el tamaño de la característica del patrón fue de alrededor de 5 micras y el área de patrón general más grande que 1 mm ². Los sustratos se aplicaron con éxito en experimentos de diferenciación celular, usando la proteína BMP-2 biotinilada inmovilizada sobre los sustratos., [eng] The present thesis entitled “Construction of versatile biomolecule nano-platforms via Dip-pen Nanolithography and their application in bio-sensing and cell differentiation” aims at contributing to the field of Nanobiotechnology, best defined as miniaturized biotechnology where nanofabrication technology is used for biological purposes. To this end, this research work employs the relatively novel nanofabrication technique called Dip-pen Nanolithography (DPN) for direct patterning of biologically relevant molecules at the micro- and nanoscale, both for biosensor applications and cell differentiation studies. - The first chapter deals with the challenges encountered when working with Dip-pen Nanolithography and so called multi-pens. In order to facilitate the levelling of the tips with respect to the substrate and also to obtain a constant feedback of the force exerted from the tips to the substrate, a device was developed and fabricated together with a collaboration. The resulting piezoresistive device could be implemented successfully and was used to pattern two different molecules on gold substrates. An improved sensitivity at detecting the touching point could be shown when compared to conventional tips. - The second chapter deals with the miniaturization of an already in-house developed biosensor platform. Therefore, several different approaches were evaluated for the DPN patterning of oligonucleotides on gold or chemically modified glass in order to ensure a covalent attachment. The most successful strategy was the click chemistry route, where an azide bearing oligonucleotide was coupled to an alkyne bearing glass substrate, using a copper catalyst (1,3-dipolar cycloaddition) yielding an triazole. This way, a sensor platform could be established and the sensitivity could be assessed. - The third chapter deals with the development and fabrication of DPN patterned substrates for cell differentiation experiments. A biotin-thiol was chosen for patterning because it allows derivatization with streptavidin and any type of biotinylated molecule. The patterning was accomplished, using a lipid as a carrier molecule. This way, the feature size of the pattern was around 5 µm and the overall pattern area was bigger than 1 mm². The substrates were applied successfully in cell differentiation experiments, having a biotinylated BMP-2 immobilized on the substrates.