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Let $\mathit{\Pi}$ be a cohomological irreducible cuspidal automorphic representation of ${\rm GL}_2(\mathbb{A}_{\mathbb F})$ with central character $\omega_{\mathit{\Pi}}$ over a totally real number field ${\mathbb F}$. In this paper, we prove the algebraicity of the near central non-critical value of the symmetric fourth $L$-function of $\mathit{\Pi}$ twisted by $\omega_{\mathit{\Pi}}^{-2}$. The algebraicity is expressed in terms of the Petersson norm of the normalized newform of $\mathit{\Pi}$ and the top degree Whittaker period of the Gelbart-Jacquet lift ${\rm Sym}^2\mathit{\Pi}$ of $\mathit{\Pi}$.

Aims: There have been links between healthcare-acquired infections, contaminated surfaces, and medical instruments. The aim of this study was to: (i) investigate the variety of microorganisms that persist on inanimate/noncritical devices at Benue State University Teaching Hospital Makurdi, Nigeria, as a possible source of healthcare-acquired bacterial and fungal infections, and (ii) determine the prevalence of microorganisms on the instruments sampled. Study design: This study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Microbiology Laboratory (Bacteriology, Media/Washroom, Serology, and Phlebotomy Units), Benue State University Teaching Hospital Makurdi, Nigeria, between January 2021 and May 2021. Methodology: Swab specimens were collected from tables (14), sinks (8), hand jars (7), scissors (5), inoculating loops (7), refrigerators (6), and autoclaves (3) using sterile stick swabs. The bacterial and fungal investigation was performed using standard culture tests-gram stain, colony morphology, and biochemical tests. Results: All the samples tested positive for either bacteria or fungi, indicating a contamination rate of 100%. Tables were the most contaminated (28%), sinks (16%), inoculating loops (14%), hand jars (14%), refrigerators (12%), scissors (10%), and autoclaves (6%). Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and the fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were identified. Conclusion: The results of this study have shown that hospital surfaces and healthcare-associated equipment is a potential source of nosocomial infections for patients, visitors, and health care workers. Hospitals should enforce regular cleaning and decontamination to forestall the occurrence of nosocomial infections.

Introduction: Patient’s environment in Health care settings responsible for causing variety of infections to patients and to the healthcare professions. Many of them are MDRO which may get transmitted as hospitals acquired infections that increases the chances of mortality and morbidity. These study was undertaken to isolate and identify aerobic bacteria with their resistance pattern in high touch areas of critical and noncritical care units of tertiary care hospital in absence of defined outbreaks. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional analytical study was carried out in the Microbiology Department, after obtaining the Institutional Ethics Committee clearance with waiver of consent during a period of two months. A total 100 samples from nine surface locations of critical and non critical care units of tertiary care hospital were included in this study. All tubes were vortexed and 0.5 ml of the peptone water was inoculated immediately on Blood Agar and MacConkey Agar for semi-quantitative estimation of the organisms. Result: The environmental screening for MDROs from high touch areas was carried out in the 650 bedded tertiary care hospital.. A total of 34/126 (26.98%) samples from various areas had the growth of microorganisms where Staphylococcus aureus predominated. 24.60% showed S. aureus growth while 2.38% were E.coli. A total of 47.05% strains were isolated from the critical care areas all of which were S. aureus whereas 52.94% strains were from the non-critical areas. Conclusion: This study established to isolate and identify aerobic bacteria with their resistance pattern in high touch areas of critical and non critical care units of tertiary care hospital in absence of defined outbreak. These creates awareness regarding emerging of MDROs in hospital settings and also leads to improve in imperfect techniques of hand hygiene practices as well as inadequate surface disinfection practices especially in high touch areas. Keywords: MDROs, MRSA, Blood aga

Aims: The hospital environment is an important reservoir of microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant pathogens, which can cause in-patient contamination and healthcare-related infections. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of bacterial contamination (contaminated sites, pathogen species and their antimicrobial susceptibility, and identifying of multidrug-resistant microorganisms - MDR) of inert hospital surfaces and medical equipment in two public hospitals in Northern Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 243 samples (n = 208, from Hospital A; and n = 35, from Hospital B) collected by friction with humidified swabs from inert surfaces and equipment. Sequentially the samples were cultivated and bacterial species were identified by culture-based methods and tested for their susceptibility through agar diffusion assay according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Most inert surfaces and equipment analyzed presented bacterial contamination (95.5%). Staphylococcus aureus was the main pathogen of clinical significance detected both in Hospital A (61.8%) and B (68.6%). Hospital A showed higher rates of isolated MDR bacteria than Hospital B, especially in the Adult Intensive Care Unit, which included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (52.7%), Enterobacteria resistant to 4th generation cephalosporins (19.4%), and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.8%). Conclusion: The failures in the control of bacterial contamination of inert surfaces and equipment in the two hospitals analyzed reinforce the need for a revised protocol for cleaning and disinfection of the inert surfaces and equipment, and for regulation of antibiotic dispensing, mainly in the AICU of Hospital A, which was found to be a reservoir of MDR pathogens.

The aim of this paper is to present the concept of a simple and cheap upgrade for electric water boilers, allowing them to provide power quality services to the distribution grid. The upgrade requires only minimum additional hardware and it is easily installable. “Smart Boilers”, as the upgraded boilers are named, perform precise active and reactive power control, but most significantly mitigate line current harmonics. Αctive and reactive power control is implemented by appropriate regulation of the modulation sinewave amplitude and phase, respectively. This type of control is easily customizable in order to accommodate a variety of power quality targets, depending on the required level of services and available grid monitoring equipment. The method used for line current harmonic compensation is based on the injection of mirror harmonics created at the modulation stage of the converter. It is indifferent of harmonic source: it is equally successful at mitigating harmonics caused by the power electronic converter of the Smart Boiler, other sources of current harmonics or loads. The achieved grid services are clearly beyond the “on/off” operation of electric boilers, currently implemented by Demand Side Management (DSM) in order to shift load away from peak hours. It has been demonstrated through simulations, that Smart Boilers can assist voltage regulation at terminal buses, compensate reactive power and suppress harmonic currents at lines.

Machine learning uses historical data to make predictions about new data. It has been frequently applied in healthcare to optimise diagnostic classification through discovery of hidden patterns in data that may not be obvious to clinicians. Congenital Heart Defect (CHD) machine learning research entails one of the most promising clinical applications, in which timely and accurate diagnosis is essential. The objective of this scoping review is to summarise the application and clinical utility of machine learning techniques used in paediatric cardiology research, specifically focusing on approaches aiming to optimise diagnosis and assessment of underlying CHD. Out of 50 full-text articles identified between 2015 and 2021, 40% focused on optimising the diagnosis and assessment of CHD. Deep learning and support vector machine were the most commonly used algorithms, accounting for an overall diagnostic accuracy > 0.80. Clinical applications primarily focused on the classification of auscultatory heart sounds, transthoracic echocardiograms, and cardiac MRIs. The range of these applications and directions of future research are discussed in this scoping review.

Background:High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a recent respiratory support technique used for patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure; its use usually takes place in critical care wards. During the second wave of Covid-19, almost 400 000 people were hospitalized in France, and intensive care units were overwhelmed. For patients who did not meet criteria for admission to an intensive care unit because of their age or their medical background, we proposed HFNC in non-critical care unit instead of standard oxygen therapy to improve patient survival and comfort.Objectives: To describe characteristics and outcomes of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 with HFNC in non-critical care wards between September 2020 and June 2021.Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study conducted between September and June 2021 in Clamart Hospital, France. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 confirmed, who were not suitable for intensive care unit escalation, and who were proposed HFNC because of respiratory failure were assessed.Results:Thirty-one patients with SARS-CoV-2 were included, median age 87.0 years (interquartile range (IQR), 82.0-91.0), 52% men. Nineteen (61%) patients were OMS score 0, i.e. no disability in daily-life activities. HNFC was started a median of 3 days (IQR, 1-5.5) after hospitalization. Overall, median duration of HNFC was 6 days (IQR, 4-10). Eleven patients (35.5%) survived and were discharged from hospital.Conclusions:Our experience of HFNC for patients with COVID-19 outside of a critical care environment because of their age and comorbidities is positive allowing survival of 35% of old patients not admitted to an intensive care unit. Trial registration:Not applicable

While using highly automated systems, various non-critical automated driving scenarios can be identified in which trust plays a role. In this study, we investigated the change of trust in these scenarios with a digital “Feeling of Trust” indicator, through video-based online experiments simulating automated driving. Initial results show that trust even changes in these scenarios and revealed multiple influential factors. While trust seems to drop consistently in certain cases, we found individual differences in other events. With our experimental setup and findings, we provide a tool to examine trust aspects in an online study. This contributes to the understanding of how to design human-vehicle interactions in highly automated cars with the goal to calibrate trust under ordinary non-critical events.

Introduction: Tocilizumab is one of the main repurposed therapies investigated for COVID-19 pneumonia since the start of the pandemic, but there has been conflicting evidence for its use. Areas covered: This review covers the physiology of interleukin-6 and its role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. We discuss the use of tocilizumab in other diseases and the rationale for its use in COVID-19. We summarize the design, contrasting results, and implications of the clinical trials of tocilizumab in COVID-19 to date and discuss the current guidance for its use. Expert opinion: The evidence to date suggests benefit with the use of tocilizumab in some but not all patients with COVID-19. Benefit seems to be greatest when given early after clinical deterioration with the presence of systemic inflammation. However, questions remain around the optimal timing, patient selection, and concomitant treatments.

Objectives To investigate therapeutical drugs other than antimicrobials as risk factors for the acquisition of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E). Methods This matched case–control study is based on rectal surveillance screening data obtained during a larger trial between 2014 and 2016 upon patients’ admission and at least once before discharge in eight non-ICU wards. Patients with ward-acquired ESBL-E (cases) were matched 1:1 to non-ESBL-E carriers (controls) based on ward, number of screening samples, days at risk and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Daily medication data were documented according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate risk factors for ESBL-E acquisition. Results Of the 232 cases and 232 controls analysed, baseline characteristics such as gender (male 56.9%), median age (65 years old, IQR 52–74), number of screening samples (N = 3, IQR 2–4), days to first sample (2, IQR 1–2), days at risk (8, IQR 6–11) and CCI (4, IQR 2–6) were similar. Multivariable analysis showed that glucocorticoids, opium alkaloids and selective β-2-adrenoreceptor agonists increased the chance to detect ESBL-E (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.001–1.13, P = 0.047; OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.007–1.12, P = 0.027; and OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.105–1.55, P = 0.001, respectively), while antihistamines decreased it (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39–0.97, P = 0.034). In a sensitivity analysis, including drugs prescribed to at least 50 patients, proton pump inhibitors remained as risk factors (OR 1.049, 95% CI 1.001–1.100, P = 0.047). Conclusions In a non-ICU setting, drugs other than antimicrobials were determined as potential independent risk factors for ESBL-E acquisition.

In current literature, one is offered a number of ways of discussing critical thinking, and furthermore, authors follow different tracks grounded in a variety of disciplines (philosophical, psychological and educational) to approach the concept. The only consensus within this topic seems to be the claim that there is no consensus concerning the definition and the construct of critical thinking. I propose that the critical thinking is a complex concept, which simultaneously involves components at three levels, at the level of the culture, the individual and the language. I call the resulting framework a multilevel model (MLM) of the critical thinking concept. The paper argues that the study of critical thinking and non-critical thinking instances within the framework of the MLM allows us a better understanding of the phenomena internationally, and in addition, that no one level can be singled out as the only appropriate level of analysis of critical thinking instances. Keywords: Critical thinking, language, emotion, context, social environment, culture.

Due to the limited number of critical care providers in the United States, even well-staffed hospitals are at risk of exhausting both physical and human resources during the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). One potential response to this problem is redeployment of non-critical care providers to increase the supply of available clinicians. To support efforts to increase capacity as part of surge preparation for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, we created an online educational resource for non-intensivist providers to learn basic critical care content. Among those materials, we created a series of one-page learning guides for the management of common problems encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU). These guides were meant to be used as just-in-time tools to guide problem-solving during the provision of ICU care. This article presents five guides related to managing complications that can arise in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation.

Due to the limited number of critical care providers in the United States, even well-staffed hospitals are at risk of exhausting both physical and human resources during the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). One potential response to this problem is redeployment of non-critical care providers to increase the supply of available clinicians. To support efforts to increase capacity as part of surge preparation for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, we created an online educational resource for nonintensivist providers to learn basic critical care content. Among those materials, we created a series of one-page learning guides for the management of common problems encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU). These guides were meant to be used as just-in-time tools to guide problem-solving during the provision of ICU care. This article presents five guides related to the evaluation and management of patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure and the basics of invasive mechanical ventilation.

In many public and private sectors that provide services there are physical queues. Waiting in the queue can affect the clients experience and can exhaust them as well. On the other hand, idle time in many sectors of valuable resources, such as, healthcare sectors, can be expensive. In this paper we aim to enhance the clients experience when they are looking for non critical services. The paper suggests an approach for appointments using queue management system. The customers in the queue are divided into several priority classes that is considered in computing the expected waiting time. To show the efficiency of the suggested approach, we applied it on healthcare vaccination system.

Introduction: Clinical education is the basic pillar and heart of medical education. In fact, it is one of the most important manifestations of teaching and learning in professions related to medical sciences, which leads to the clinical competency of learners. Assessing new physicians before entering the field of clinical activities can be a reliable criterion for evaluating the quality of their clinical skills.The current study was done to investigate the knowledge, practice, and general clinical competency of general medicine graduates before entering the field of clinical activities. The study was in line with according to the document of the minimum competency expected from general practitioners in Iran. Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the scores of different stations of the national Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), which be held at the end of the general medicine course in Iran, were collected at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. These scores were subdivided into four specific areas and two critical and non-critical indicators of capability were gathered from the exam assessors' checklists. Totally, 266 students who participated in six periodicities of clinical competency tests at the end of the general medicine course at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were included in the study by the census method. The clinical competency of general medicine graduates assessed in the areas of problem-solving, communication skills, practical action (procedures and critical skills), taking the history, performing physical examinations, and critical and non-critical indicators by the OSCE. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics including independent t-test, one-way and two-way analysis of variance by using SPSS. Results The results showed that the effect of different areas of the OSCE (F(3,5652) = 7.022 and P = 0.001) and participants' performance based on their critical and non-critical indicators (T = 1.976 and P = 0.04) are significant with 95% confidence interval. Conclusion The OSCE improves the standards of clinical competencies of new physicians and can make beneficial changes in clinical education at medical schools.

Daily disinfection of the hospital room and non-critical items is an important component of healthcare infection prevention. Barriers exist for heightened and reliable daily disinfection in the healthcare setting, and definitions are lacking for clean or acceptable levels of microbial burden on hospital surfaces. Current methods for manual, daily cleaning of patient rooms are likely suboptimal for bioburden reduction. The use of UV-C and HP vapor light for decontamination of HTS may reduce bioburden yet requires investment in both resources and deployment. Applying the principles of HFE to daily disinfection processes may improve reliability and reduce microbial surface burden. All disinfectants must be EPA-approved for low-level disinfection (LLD).No single method exists for accuately monitoring the adequacy of the cleaning process; strategies include observation and feedback, the use of ATP bioluminescence assays and flourescent markers, ultraviolet UV light along with formal process audits and feedback. Safety programs must be aware that not all EPA hospital disinfectants approved for LLD will disinfect select organisms such as C. difficile. Further studies are needed to define optimal daily disinfection strategies and to demonstrate the impact of environmental hygiene on patient-centered healthcare infection outcomes.

INTRODUCTION. Emerging evidence associates COVID-19 to an increased risk of acute pulmonary embolism (APE). The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of APE in patients admitted to internal medicine department wards for non-critical COVID-19 who presented clinical deterioration, and to investigate the association of clinical and biochemical variables with a confirmed diagnosis of APE in these subjects. METHODS. All consecutive patients admitted to the internal medicine department of a general hospital with a diagnosis of non-critical COVID-19, who performed a Computer Tomography Pulmonary Angiography(CTPA) for respiratory deterioration in April 2020, were included in this retrospective cohort study. RESULTS. Study populations: 41 subjects, median(IRQ) age: 71.7(63-76) years, CPTA confirmed APE=8(19.51%,CI95%:8.82%-34.87%). Among patients with and without APE, no significant differences were found with regards symptoms, comorbidities, treatment, Wells score and outcomes. The optimal cut-off value of D-dimer for predicting APE was 2454 ng/mL, sensitivity(CI95%):63(24-91), specificity:73(54-87), Positive Predictive Value:36(13-65), Negative Predictive Value: 89(71-98) and AUC:0.62(0.38-0.85). The standard and age-adjusted D-dimer cut-offs, and the Wells score > 2 did not associate with confirmed APE, albeit a cut-off value of D-dimer=2454 ng/mL showed an RR:3.21;CI95%:0.92-13.97;p=0.073.CONCLUSION. Among patients presenting pulmonary deterioration after admission to internal medicine wards for non-critical COVID-19, the prevalence of APE was high. The traditional diagnostic tools to identify high APE pre-test probability patients does not seem to be clinically useful. These results support the use of a low threshold of suspicion for performing CTPA to exclude or confirm APE as the most appropriate diagnostic approach in this clinical setting.

Our modern era doesn’t mean only that we have industrialized or have advancements in technology but the increment in pollution is also the result of modernization. With the increase in population, the burden on the urban infrastructure of city centers is increasing with each passing day. This increased burden is specially manifested in the increase in traffic density on roads and traffic flow and is mainly known for the production of noise pollution. University Road, Peshawar Pakistan which is a very dense and important hub for education, hospitals and other commercial markets was studied for noise pressure levels and identification of vulnerable regions. Among 30 regions of section 8 were categorized as non-critical,17 were found moderate critical and 5 were found most critical regions.

Background Delays in diagnosing tuberculosis lead to longer infectious periods, posing a challenge in tuberculosis control. This is particularly relevant in high incidence areas (critical). Thus, the objectives of this work were to characterize tuberculosis diagnosis delay and its components (patient delay and health delay) in incidence critical and non-critical areas in Portugal, as well as associated factors. Methods Notified cases of pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed due to symptoms (passive screening) in the Portuguese Tuberculosis Surveillance System were analysed (2008-2017). Patient, health and overall delays were calculated. Factors associated with each delays' components were identified utilising Cox regression, while adjusting for sex, age and education level. Analyses were stratified by area type (critical and non-critical). Results Median (1st-3rd quartile - Q1-Q3) delays in patient, health and overall delay in critical areas were: 40 (Q1-Q3: 21-76), 8 (Q1-Q3:1-31), and 65 (Q1-Q3: 40-105) days, respectively; similar delays in non-critical areas were 32 (Q1-Q3:16-63); 9 (Q1-Q3: 1-34) and 58 (Q1-Q3: 35-98), respectively. More recent cases, adults younger than 65 years and alcoholic presented longer patient delays (both areas); healthcare professionals and patients with HIV infection presented shorter patient delays (only critical areas). Tuberculosis high-risk groups (males, alcohol dependency, homelessness, community residency) presented shorter health delays in both areas; drug use also presented shorter health delays but only in critical areas. Existing comorbidities was associated with longer health delays in both areas. Conclusions Patient delays increased between 2008 and 2017. Groups with longer/shorter delays differed between delay type and area type. Intervening in tuberculosis diagnosis delays requires different action for critical and non-critical areas, targeting health literacy from the general population and training of healthcare professionals. Key messages Delays in diagnosing in Portugal are mainly driven by delays in patient seeking care and are longer in areas of higher tuberculosis incidence. Intervening in tuberculosis diagnosis delays in Portugal requires different action in different areas, targeting health literacy in the general population and training of professionals.

IMPORTANCE: Critical access hospitals (CAHs) provide care to rural communities. Increasing mortality rates have been reported for CAHs relative to non-CAHs. Because Medicare reimburses CAHs at cost, CAHs may report fewer diagnoses than non-CAHs, which may affect risk-adjusted comparisons of outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To assess serial differences in risk-adjusted mortality rates between CAHs and non-CAHs after accounting for differences in diagnosis coding. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Serial cross-sectional study of rural Medicare Fee-for-Service beneficiaries admitted to US CAHs and non-CAHs for pneumonia, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arrhythmia, urinary tract infection, septicemia, and stroke from 2007 to 2017. The final date of follow-up was December 31, 2017. EXPOSURE: Admission to a CAH vs non-CAH. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Discharge diagnosis count including trends from 2010 to 2011 when Medicare expanded the allowable number of billing codes for hospitalizations, and combined in-hospital and 30-day postdischarge mortality adjusted for demographics, primary diagnosis, preexisting conditions, and with vs without further adjustment for Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) score to understand the contribution of in-hospital secondary diagnoses. RESULTS: There were 4 094 720 hospitalizations (17% CAH) for 2 850 194 unique Medicare beneficiaries (mean [SD] age, 76.3 [11.7] years; 55.5% women). Patients in CAHs were older (median age, 80.1 vs 76.8 years) and more likely to be female (58% vs 55%). In 2010, the adjusted mean discharge diagnosis count was 7.52 for CAHs vs 8.53 for non-CAHs (difference, −0.99 [95% CI, −1.08 to −0.90]; P

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis created pressure on healthcare institutions to be prepared with maximum workforce and bed capacity. Clinical education during COVID-19 has high risk of disease transmission to learners due to contamination of equipment, supplies and surfaces, in addition to increased clinical-related stress and fear. Simulation-based education (SBE) has potential to help manage the pandemic by rapidly upskilling nurses’ clinical responsibilities.MethodsUpskilling of 445 non-critical care nurses was conducted using SBE between 14th March and 30 May 2020. Training consisted of completing a mandatory online critical care awareness module, followed by 3 hours of critical care simulation-based scenarios using demonstration and return-demonstration approach.ResultsAll 445 non-critical care nurses completed required modules and simulation experiences. The critical care simulation-based upskilling programme was evaluated as an effective way to learn how to manage critically ill patients. The majority of evaluation items were rated over 95% for effectiveness of the education; four items were less than 95% (88–94%). Lower rated items considered training and practice time, improved competency and commitment to apply learning.ConclusionRapidly developed and implemented upskilling of critical care nurses was effectively accomplished with SBE. However, learners noted the need for longer learning times and increased practice opportunity to improve competency. Lack of intent to apply the patient care techniques requires further study. SBE has potential as an effective educational method for rapid preparedness in future crisis.

This article is a Letter to the Editor and does not include an Abstract.

Background: Ultrasound is used to observe the imaging manifestations of COVID-19 in order to provide reference for real-time bedside evaluation.Purpose: To explore the ultrasonic manifestations of peripulmonary lesions of non-critical COVID-19, so as to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and efficacy evaluation.Materials and Methods: The clinical and ultrasonic data of 20 patients with clinically diagnosed non-critical COVID-19 treated in Xi'an Chest Hospital during January and February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Conventional two-dimensional ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound were used to observe the characteristics of lesions. Results: All 20 patients (40 lungs and 240 lung areas) had a history of travel, residence or close contact in/with Wuhan, and 5 of them caught COVID-19 after family gatherings. Lesions tended to occur in both lungs. Lesions in the lung areas: 14 in L1+R1 area (14/40), 17 in L2+R2 area (17/40), 17 in L3+R3 area (17/40), 17 in L4+R4 area (17/40), 20 in L5+R5 area (20/40), and 28 in L6+R6 area (28/40). Lesion types: rough and discontinuous pleural line (36/240), subpleural consolidation (53/240), air bronchogram sign or air bronchiologram sign in subpleural peripleural consolidation (37/240), visible B lines (91/240), localized pleural thickening (19/240), localized pleural effusion (24/240), poor blood flow in the consolidation detected by color Doppler ultrasound (50/53).Conclusion: The non-critical COVID-19 has characteristic ultrasonic manifestations, which are visible in the posterior and inferior areas of the lung. The lesions are mainly characterized by a large number of B lines, subpleural pulmonary consolidation and poor blood flow. Lung ultrasound can provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and efficacy evaluation. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000030032Approval for Scientific Research Project: No. 2020-S0001

This is a descriptive qualitative study of speaking classroom discourse. This study aims to discuss an authentic spoken discourse of an EFL class by employing Bowers’ model (1980) to determine which teaching functions enhance the communication opportunities for students. In this article, the concept of Bower’s model is first discussed and how it is of a vital significance to classroom interaction in an EFL class and the efficiency and effectiveness of the various patterns of discourse. In this article, the distribution of teacher-talk and student-talk is investigated and who has a higher degree of control over the discourse in the class is highlighted. It also examines the structure of interactions and how the teacher manages the conversation and turn-taking. The article includes how teachers understand their language affects the role in the classroom as well as how learners are aware of when and where they have to engage in the speaking process. In addition, the article also investigates the functions in a speaking class and how different teacher acts are used in urging learners to participate in classroom discussion. The last section is a conclusion to summarize the main ideas discussed in the article.

Background: The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2-associated pneumonia, a disease called COVID-19, caused global concern New cases of COVID-19 were gradually reduced unde

Purpose The goal of making buy-in decisions is to purchase materials at the right time with the required quantity and a minimum material cost (MC). To help achieve this goal, the purpose of this paper is to find a way of optimizing the buy-in decision with the consideration of flexible starting date of non-critical activities which makes daily demand adjustable. Design/methodology/approach First, a specific algorithm is developed to calculate a series of demand combinations modeling daily material demand for all the possible start dates. Second, future material prices are predicted by applying artificial neural network. Third, the demand combinations and predicted prices are used to generate an optimal buy-in decision. Findings By comparing MC in situation when non-critical activities always start at the earliest date to that in situations when the starting date is flexible, it is found that making material buy-in decision with the consideration of the flexibility usually helps reduce MC. Originality/value In this paper, a material buy-in decision-making method that accounts non-critical activities’ flexible starting date is proposed. A ternary cycle algorithm is developed to calculate demand combinations. The results that making material buy-in decision considering non-critical activities’ flexible starting date can reduce MC in most times indicates that contractors may consider non-critical activities’ flexibility a part of the buy-in decision-making process, so as to achieve an MC decrease and profit increase.

With the increasing load demand and the increase of interconnections to meet the load demand, the system has to be operated not only economically but also securely. Nowadays in deregulated market the transmission lines are stressed heavily because of load demand and to operate economically. N-2 contingencies are important enough to study for on line security assessment. In this paper, we had focused on contingency selection of N-2 transmission line contingencies by using contingency screening and ranking methods, so we can differentiate between critical and non critical contingencies and also measure the severity of the contingency.

Background Telehealth has been used extensively in emergency departments to improve healthcare provision. However, its impact on the management of non-critical emergency presentations within rural and remote emergency department settings has not been adequately explored. The objective of this systematic review is to identify how telehealth has been used to assist in the management of non-critical presentations in rural and remote emergency departments and the outcomes. Methods Articles were identified through database searches of CINAHL, Cochrane, MEDLINE (OVID), Informit and SCOPUS, as well as the screening of relevant article reference and citation lists. To determine how telehealth can assist in the management of non-critical emergencies, information was extracted relating to telehealth programme model, the scope of service and participating health professionals. The outcomes of telehealth programmes were determined by analysing the uptake and usage of telehealth, the impact on altering a diagnosis or management plan as well as patient disposition including patient transfer, discharge, local hospital admission and rates of discharge against medical advice. Results Of the 2532 identified records, 15 were found to match the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Uptake and usage increased for telehealth programmes predominantly utilised by nursing staff with limited local medical support. Teleconsultation conservatively altered patient diagnosis or management in 18–66% of consultations. Although teleconsultation was associated with increased patient transfer rates, unnecessary transfers were reduced. Simultaneously, an increase in local hospital admission was noted and fewer patients were discharged home. Discharge against medical advice rates were low at 0.9–1.1%. Conclusion The most widely implemented hub-and-spoke telehealth model could be incorporated into existing referral frameworks. Telehealth programmes may assist in reducing unnecessary patient transfer and secondary overtriage, while increasing the capacity of emergency department staff to diagnose and manage patients locally, which may translate into increased local hospital admission and reduced discharge rates following teleconsultation.

Variant angina also called Prinzmetals angina is an enigma characterized by transient circadian symptoms of chest pain associated with ECG changes. The patient is symptom free with normal ECG and echo during symptom free periods. We present a case associated with transient ST-segment elevation with non critical lesion with normal FFR.

One trend in the development of autonomous driving is to take the human completely out-of-the-loop. However, we believe that there are good grounds to keep the human in the loop, at some level of control (in particular tactical control), even in the case of full automation. One reason to do so is that the technology may not be flexible enough to always behave according to human needs and preferences, which may vary across people and situations. There are still many scenarios driver want to spontaneously intervene the behaviour of the system, e.g. picking up a friend in a crowded area, selecting a parking lot, that the driver would not like to follow a big truck and want to turn to another road to explore and find new places. In this paper, we present a framework of human intervention in Non-critical Spontaneous Situations (NCSSs). The framework facilitates a systematic definition of these scenarios, which ensures that all relevant aspects are addressed when eliciting requirements or validating concepts.

Hypotension, defined as a mean arterial pressure of maximum 70 mmHg, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine in initially non-critical hypotensive adult patients the proportion of sepsis and if septic patients had different outcome and clinical factors than non-septic patients.This retrospective observational study was conducted over a year on adult hypotensive emergency department patients initially considered by triage as non-critical. Patients were separated into three groups: hypotensive septic patients (HSP), hypotensive non-septic infected patients (HNSIP), and other hypotensive patients (OHP). Clinical scores, signs, length of stay (LOS), and mortality were compared using analysis of variance for continuous variables and chi-square analysis for categorical variables.There were 136 (35.5%) septic patients, 37 (9.7%) with non-septic infection, and 210 (54.8%) with another cause of hypotension. Overall in-hospital mortality was 12.0% and total mortality was greater in HSP than in HNSIP (20.6% vs. 5.4%, p = 0.031) or OHP (20.6 vs. 7.6%, p 0.001). LOS was greater for HSP when compared to HNSIP (median(IQR): 9(6-17) vs. 6(1-13), p = 0.004) and OHP (median(IQR): 9(6-17) vs. 3(1-8) days, p 0.0001).Sepsis in a priori non-critical hypotensive adult patients, when compared with other causes of hypotension, is associated with significantly higher mortality and increased LOS. Patients that present to the emergency department and have a MAP of 70mmHg or less must be rigorously evaluated and have consistent follow-up.

The combination of the progressive growth of an aging population, increased life expectancy and a greater number of chronic diseases all contribute significantly to the growing demand for emergency medical care, and thus, causing saturation in Emergency Departments (EDs). This saturation is usually due to the admission of non-urgent patients, who constitute a high percentage of patients in an ED. The Agent-based Model (ABM) is one of the most important tools that helps to study complex systems and explores the emergent behavior of this type of department. Its simulation more accurately reflects the complexity of the operation of real systems. Our proposal is the design of an ABM to schedule the access of these non-critical patients into an ED, which can be useful for the service management dealing with the actual growing demand for emergency care. We suppose that a relocation of these non-critical patients within the expected input pattern, provided initially by historical records, enables a reduction in waiting time for all patients, and therefore, it will lead to an improvement in the quality of service. It would also allow us to avoid long waiting times. This research offers the availability of relevant knowledge for Emergency Department managers in order to help them make decisions to improve the quality of the service, in anticipation of the expected growing demand of the service in the very near future.

Objectives To evaluate the relationship among occupational stress, burnout and the perception of patient safety culture in health workers in critical care compared to non critical care units. Research Methodology A cross-sectional study with health workers in the critical care and non critical care units of a university public hospital in Brazil. Data were collected using the Demographic and Labour Profile Questionnaire, Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, Job Stress Scale and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. An analysis of descriptive and inferential statistics was performed in PASW Statistics® software. Results A total of 393 health workers participated in the study, with 58.3% from critical care units and 41.7% from non critical care units. There was a prevalence of workers in high demand in non critical care units and 13.4% were experiencing burnout; there was a predominance of active work in the reviews and 8.3% were experiencing burnout. The patient safety culture perception was negative in both. The multivariate analysis pointed out that the variables such as high demand and burnout increased the prevalence of negatively assessing the safety culture. Conclusion Workers from non critical care units were more affected by occupational stress and burnout and seemed to evaluate the safety culture more negatively, which can interfere in the quality of care provided.

A lithographic illuminator lens design focused on telecentricity matching is proposed in this manuscript. Each part of the system together with original design concepts and key technology is specifically discussed in detail. The most significant discussion is about the principle and mathematical derivation of the homogenization induced discreteness on pupil pattern. The influence of such discreteness on telecentricity is thoroughly studied based on rod and diffusing components. Also, the factors that impact on telecentricity matching errors such as lens design, misalign and coating defect are discussed and deduced into formula expression. According to the simulation results, our design fully meets the target requirements and our expectation, and the viewpoints on discrete pupil pattern with its impacts on telecentricity are verified. The matching error on reticle level is superior to -1.44 mrad, and the Comprehensive telecentricity on wafer level is less than 4 mrad via simulation.

This study describes emergency department (ED) sepsis patients with non-critical serum venous lactate (LAC) levels (LAC4.0 mmol/L) who suffered in-hospital mortality and examines LAC in relation to survival times.An ED based retrospective cohort study accrued September 2010 to August 2014. Inclusion criteria were ED admission, LAC sampling,2 systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria with an infectious source (sepsis), and in-hospital mortality. Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival estimates. An a priori sub-group analysis for patients with repeat LAC within 6 hours of initial sampling was undertaken. The primary outcome was time to in-hospital death evaluated using rank-sum tests and regression models.One hundred ninety-seven patients met inclusion criteria. Pulmonary infections were the most common (44%) and median LAC was 1.9 mmol/L (1.5, 2.5). Thirteen patients (7%) died within 24 hours and 79% by ≤28 days. Median survival was 11 days (95% CI, 8.0-13). Sixty-two patients had repeat LAC sampling with 14 (23%) and 48 (77%) having decreasing increasing levels, respectively. No significant differences were observed in treatment requirements between the LAC subgroups. Among patients with decreasing LAC, median survival was 24 days (95% CI, 5-32). For patients with increasing LAC median survival was significantly shorter (7 days; 95% CI, 4-11, P = .04). Patients with increasing LAC had a non-significant trend toward reduced survival (HR = 1.6 95% CI, 0.90-3.0, P = .10).In septic ED patients experiencing in-hospital death, non-critical serum venous lactate may be utilized as a risk-stratifying tool for early mortality, while increasing LAC levels may identify those in danger of more rapid deterioration.

Background While Video Remote Interpreting services provides prompt services for emergency care and is cheaper than in-person interpreting services, there have been several issues, such as poor connection and limited flexibility to maneuver. Objectives This study proposes three research questions and four hypotheses to identify healthcare providers and deaf/hard of hearing (DHH) patients’ preferences for VRI and in-person interpreting on critical care and non-critical care. Methods The study utilizes a mixed methods design incorporating both an online survey and qualitative interviews. A total of 103 participants responded to the online survey. This included 36 healthcare providers who worked with limited English proficiency (LEP) patients, 26 healthcare providers who worked with DHH patients, and 41 DHH patients. Qualitative interviews were also conducted with eight healthcare providers and eight DHH patients to explore the online survey findings. Results In the Part I study, healthcare providers (n = 62) included 16 males and 45 females; most professions were dentists, nurse practitioners, and students. DHH patients (n = 41) included 17 males and 22 females; most education was graduate or professional degrees. There was no statistical difference in their preference uses for critical care (p = 1.000), but there was a statistical difference for non-critical care (p = .035). In the Part II study, both healthcare providers and DHH patients preferred in-person interpreting for critical care to obtain effective communication, translation accuracy, and better treatment. Conclusions Recommendation to improve VRI equipment and training with healthcare providers, hospital administrators, VRI companies, VRI interpreters, and DHH patients to improve healthcare communication.

There has been a rising trend of telemetry use in non-critical care setting for non-cardiac related diagnoses. This practice had led to overusing of telemetry monitoring. The objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of multifaceted interventions to reduce telemetry utilization at a tertiary

Background: Proton pump inhibitors are one of the most commonly used drugs worldwide. Often they are used for inappropriate indications too, imposing economic burden to patients and governments. Many studies have showed equipotent efficacy of oral and intravenous proton pump inhibitor therapy. Despite that, most of the hospitalized patients receive intravenous proton pump inhibitor without appropriate indications. This study aimed to assess use of proton pump inhibitors in government hospital.Methods: It was an observational cross-sectional study done in the general medicine department of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Eastern India, including 800 noncritical patients. Objective was to assess the use of proton pump inhibitors (indications, route of administration, dosing frequency).Results: 100% patient received intravenous proton pump inhibitor irrespective of diagnosis. 80% of them received it twice daily and 18% received it once daily. Majority of the patients received intravenous proton pump inhibitor despite taking other drugs by oral route.Conclusions: Most of the PPI administration was done without appropriate indication. All patients received Intravenous proton pump inhibitors, which may impose economic burden on a government hospital. Majority of the patients received proton pump inhibitors twice daily. These approaches are not cost effective and need to be rectified.