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Compressional Pc 5 waves are important for the energy dynamics in the terrestrial inner magnetosphere because they can accelerate the relativistic electrons (Ukhorskiy et al., 2009). One of the origins of compressional Pc 5 waves is local plasma instability, but the generation mechanism of the compressional Pc 5 waves is still controversial. Recently, drift compressional instability has been focused on because it can generate compressional waves even if plasma beta is less than unity (Rubtsov et al., 2018; Mager et al., 2019; Takahashi et al., 2022). However, the wave property and excitation mechanism of the drift compressional mode are not fully understood due to the lack of observation.This study reports the role of drift resonance in the excitation of drift compressional waves observed by the Arase satellite on 19th November 2018. From the theoretical calculations of the wave frequency (Mager et al., 2013) and pressure perturbation (Takahashi et al., 2022), we concluded that the observed wave is the drift compressional mode. We estimated the azimuthal wave number (m number) from the finite Larmor radius effect and obtained m ~ -140. This is consistent with the drift resonance with protons at 20-30 keV, whose fluxes showed the most coherent oscillations. In addition to a positive radial gradient of ion temperature, we found that an inward phase space density gradient and positive df/dW sometimes appeared, which indicates that the drift resonance gives free energy to the wave, where f and W are phase space density and energy, respectively., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

With the advent of the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory (H/GSO), acomplement of multi-spacecraft missions and ground-based observatories to study the space environment, data retrieval, analysis, and visualization of space physics data can be daunting. The Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), agrass-roots software development platform (www.spedas.org), is now officially supported by NASA Heliophysics as part of its data environment infrastructure. It serves more than a dozen space missions and ground observatories and can integrate the full complement of past and upcoming space physics missions with minimal resources, following clear, simple, and well-proven guidelines. Free, modular and configurable to the needs of individual missions, it works in both command-line (ideal for experienced users) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) mode (reducing the learning curve for first-time users). Both options have "crib-sheets," user-command sequences in ASCII format that can facilitate record-and-repeat actions, especially for complex operations and plotting. Crib-sheets enhance scientific interactions, as users can move rapidly and accurately from exchanges of technical information on data processing to efficient discussions regarding data interpretation and science. SPEDAS can readily query and ingest all International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP)-compatible products from the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), enabling access to a vast collection of historic and current mission data. The planned incorporation of Heliophysics Application Programmer's Interface (HAPI) standards will facilitate data ingestion from distributed datasets that adhere to these standards. Although SPEDAS is currently Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based (and interfaces to Java-based tools such as Autoplot), efforts are under-way to expand it further to work with python (first as an interface tool and potentially even receiving an under-the-hood replacement). We review the SPEDAS development history, goals, and current implementation. We explain its "modes of use" with examples geared for users and outline its technical implementation and requirements with software developers in mind. We also describe SPEDAS personnel and software management, interfaces with other organizations, resources and support structure available to the community, and future development plans.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11214-018-0576-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In vivo anti-nuclear antibody positive phenomenon in the renal tissues except for necropsy/autopsy cases or very severe cases of systemic lupus erythematosus is a controversial issue until today. However, we experienced a case of lupus nephritis that showed in vivo anti-nuclear antibody-positive cells in the renal tissues. Four successive renal biopsies over 17 years were studied with immunofluorescence as well as immunohistochemical and immuneelectron microscopic staining. The first, second and third biopsies did not reveal any in vivo anti-nuclear antibodypositive cells. However, the fourth biopsy in relapse showed positive cells, and the transfer of the patient’s serum into the mice provoked in vivo anti-nuclear antibody-positive cells in the mouse intestines. We present this case in detail and discuss the implications of these observations.

Murine lupus is a useful animal model for the study of disease based on some defect in the immune system including the so-called collagen diseases. Seven strains are available in Japan; NZB, NZB/WF1, MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr, BxSB, SL/Ni, NC and C3H/HeJ-gld/gld. Characteristics of these strains of mice are outlined. Care should be taken about applying the knowledge or information obtained from animal models to the analysis of related human disease because there are various genetic or species barriers which cannot be overcome. Therefore, it is rather dangerous to conclude that the pathogenesis of some human disease is similar to that of an animal model from a study of the latter. Therefore, one should divide the data obtained from animal experiments into "factors" and insert each factor in the "formula" of a human disease in order to better understand it. Recent studies by the authors on two strains of lupus mouse; SL/Ni and MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr from such a standpoint are presented and discussed in detail.

The in vitro immunosuppressive ability of a monoclonal IgG2b-anti-trinitrophenyl antibody lacking carbohydrate chains (GORK-Tm) has been compared with the immunosuppressive ability of the intact antibody (GORK). The carbohydrate depletion of GORK-Tm was achieved by culturing the GORK hybridoma cells in media containing tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation. Both antibodies have been shown to have the same antigen and protein A-binding capacity, although GORK-Tm is deficient in complement fixation, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, binding to Fc receptors on macrophages, and rapid elimination of antigen-antibody complexes from the circulation. It is shown in these studies that although GORK antibodies are efficient immunosuppressors, suppressing up to 95% of the plaque-forming cell response, GORK-Tm antibody preparations with identical hemagglutinating and antigen-binding capacity are highly deficient in suppressing the immune response. These findings are of interest in two ways. First, it shows that the carbohydrate chains are of great importance for the immunosuppressive effects of IgG. Secondly, it also shows that the isotype IgG2b, in addition to all other murine isotypes, can efficiently suppress the humoral immune response.

Mutagenesis of mAb is a useful means for studying the biologic and pathologic functions of immune complexes. Treatment of the Hy-1.2 hybridoma-producing IgG2a-anti-TNP antibodies with ethylmethanesulfonate provided us with a mutant clone, producing antibodies with reduced capacity for C activation. The antibodies retained normal Ag-binding capacity, staphylococcal protein A reactivity, and association to FcR for IgG on murine macrophages. No significant polypeptide deletion or class-switch was observed, but a significant change in clonotype was revealed by IEF. Intravenous injection of the mutant antibodies in immune complex form induced different tissue distributions of Ag in mice; i.e., more in kidneys and less in spleen, and developed more mesangial deposits in renal glomeruli compared with those of the wild type. Moreover, the production of granulomatous lesions in vivo caused by immune complexes of TNP-Sepharose was augmented by using mutant antibodies. These lesions demonstrated an enhanced accumulation of macrophages with multinucleated giant cells. Availability of this kind of mutant mAb is thus helpful in the elucidation of the biologic functions and consequences of immune complexes.

Removal of asparagine (Asn)-linked carbohydrate chains from IgG antibody molecules reduces their antibody effector functions such as C activation and FcR binding. We have prepared IgG2a mAb with modified structure of carbohydrate chains by treating the hybridoma cells with swainsonine, which inhibits the processing of Asn-linked carbohydrate chains at the site of action of mannosidase II. These antibodies have obtained the capacity to bind lentil lectin and have become sensitive to endoglycosidase H digestion, indicating the structural changes of oligosaccharides from complex type to hybrid type. They behaved in an identical manner to the normal IgG2a antibodies with regards to extracellular secretion, Ag-binding capacity, C-mediated hemolysis and FcR-mediated functions. Critical moieties of Asn-linked carbohydrate chains on IgG molecules to retain their antibody effector functions were discussed.

Introduction Depression is a highly prevalent condition in the elderly, with a vast impact on quality of life, life expectancy, and medical outcomes. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed agents in this condition and, although generally safe, tolerability issues cannot be overlooked. Vortioxetine is an antidepressant with a novel mechanism of action. Based on studies to date, it may have a promising tolerability profile in the elderly, as it does not adversely affect psychomotor or cognitive performance and does not alter cardiovascular and endocrine parameters. The present study aims to assess the tolerability profile of vortioxetine in comparison with the SSRIs considered as a single group in elderly participants with depression. The rate of participants withdrawing from treatment due to adverse events after 6 months of follow up will be the primary outcome. Methods and analysis This is a pragmatic, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, superiority, randomized trial funded by the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA - Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco). Thirteen Italian Community Psychiatric Services will consecutively enrol elderly participants suffering from an episode of major depression over a period of 12 months. Participants will be assessed at baseline and after 1, 3 and 6 months of follow up. At each time point, the following validated rating scales will be administered: Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Antidepressant Side-Effect Checklist (ASEC), EuroQual 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), Short Blessed Test (SBT), and Charlson Age-Comorbidity Index (CACI). Outcome assessors and the statistician will be masked to treatment allocation. A total of 358 participants (179 in each group) will be enrolled. Ethics and dissemination This study will fully adhere to the ICH E6 Guideline for Good Clinical Practice. Participants’ data will be managed and safeguarded according to the European Data Protection Regulation 2016/679. An external Ethical Advisory Board will help guarantee high ethical standards. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03779789, Registered on 19 December 2018. Submitted on 19 December. EudraCT number: 2018–001444-66. Trial status Protocol version 1.5; 09/06/2018. Recruitment started In February 2019 and it is ongoing. It is expected to end approximately on 30 September 2021.