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We report additional fossil evidence for pygoscelid penguins breeding on King George (25 de Mayo) Island, South Shetland Islands, in the Holocene beginning at ~7000 cal. yr BP. This evidence comes from a raised marine beach deposit formerly studied and described as Pingfo I at Stranger Point, Potter Peninsula. We relocated and exposed deposits at this site and recovered additional samples of penguin bones from five stratigraphic beds that are redescribed here. Most of these bones are from juvenile penguins and exhibit little or no wear indicating minimal transport to the beach deposits. Some of the bones are developed enough to be identifiable to Adélie ( Pygoscelis adeliae), Gentoo ( Pygoscelis papua), and Chinstrap ( Pygoscelis antarctica) penguins, indicating that all three species were breeding at Stranger Point from ~7320 to 4865 cal. yr BP. This breeding occupation corresponds with the first warming and deglaciation that occurred in the northern Antarctic Peninsula by this time and ends with the onset of reglaciation of the Peninsula. At least 31 abandoned penguin mounds and ornithogenic soils also were located and sampled at Stranger Point and indicate that the current occupation of this area by all three pygoscelid penguins dates no older than ~535 cal. yr BP. The absence of ornithogenic soils from earlier Holocene breeding was probably due to glacial activity and soil solifluction during periods of warming in the mid to late Holocene.

A região central do estado de Minas Gerais, especificamente o Quadrilátero Ferrífero e a Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, é marcada pela ocupação em busca de riquezas minerais tais como diamante e ouro. Possui, ainda, relevância ecológica, o que levou a declaração desta região, pela Unesco em 2005, como Reserva da Biosfera da Serra do Espinhaço. Vislumbrou-se, nesse artigo, a caracterização e análise de processos de degradação ambiental em literatura de viagem de naturalistas estrangeiros que percorreram esta região no século XIX. Trabalhos de campo ocorreram em roteiros estabelecidos a partir da leitura das obras, com enfoque no entendimento da paisagem. Evidências de degradação ambiental pelo extrativismo mineral do ouro e diamante, apresentadas nas narrativas em áreas dos caminhos da Estrada Real, caracterizam-se pela supressão da vegetação nativa por meio de queimadas, mudança/desvio de cursos fluviais, uso de mercúrio para beneficiamento mineral além de ocorrência significativa de espécimes monotípicas invasoras, como o capim-gordura e a samambaia. O estudo, pela descrição analítica em relatos de naturalistas viajantes analisados no território da reserva da biosfera, permite um resgate memorial que vincula o ser humano à natureza, como parte de sua história ambiental.Palavras-chave: relatos de viajantes, mineração, mercúrio, queimadas, capim-gordura.AbstractThe central region of Minas Gerais state, specifically the Iron Quadrangle and the Southern Espinhaço Range, has a unique occupation history due to mineral riches such as diamond and gold. Furthermore, it has significant ecological relevance, which has led to the declaration of the Espinhaço Range Biosphere Reserve by Unesco in 2005. To characterise and analyse the historical processes of environmental degradation of this region, the travel literature of foreign naturalists who travelled throughout the region in the 19th century was investigated. The research involved studying scripts produced from reading works, with a focus on the understanding of the landscape. Evidence of environmental degradation by gold and diamond extractivism is presented in several areas of the Estrada Real, characterised by the suppression of native vegetation by anthropic burning, change of river courses and use of mercury for mineral processing, in addition to a significant occurrence of invasive monotypic species, such as molasses grass and fern. From the analytical description in reports of travelling naturalists, the analysis of the reserve territory of the present study allows the recovery of part of a memory that binds human to nature as part of its environmental history.Keywords: travellers’ accounts, mining, mercury, burning, molasses grass.

Investigating the joint exposure to several risk factors is becoming a key component of epidemiologic studies. Individuals are exposed to multiple factors, often simultaneously, and evaluating patterns of exposures and high-dimension interactions may allow for a better understanding of health risks at the individual level. When jointly evaluating high-dimensional exposures, common statistical methods should be integrated with machine learning techniques that may better account for complex settings. Among these, Logic regression was developed to investigate a large number of binary exposures as they relate to a given outcome. This method may be of interest in several public health settings, yet has never been presented to an epidemiologic audience. In this paper, we review and discuss Logic regression as a potential tool for epidemiological studies, using an example of occupation history (68 binary exposures of primary occupations) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a population-based Danish cohort. Logic regression identifies predictors that are Boolean combinations of the original (binary) exposures, fully operating within the regression framework of interest (e. g. linear, logistic). Combinations of exposures are graphically presented as Logic trees, and techniques for selecting the best Logic model are available and of high importance. While highlighting several advantages of the method, we also discuss specific drawbacks and practical issues that should be considered when using Logic regression in population-based studies. With this paper, we encourage researchers to explore the use of machine learning techniques when evaluating large-dimensional epidemiologic data, as well as advocate the need of further methodological work in the area.

The article deals with the work of A. V. Nemenko, devoted to the period of occupation of the Crimea in 1941–1944 by the German-Romanian troops. The author analyzes the content of German, Romanian and Soviet archival sources related to the military actions on the peninsula, with the course of organization and conduct of the guerrilla war, the Nazi occupation system of governance and ethnic policy. By conducting a comparative analysis of various sources on the partisan movement, the author exposes the myth of the “Tatar issue”, created in the postwar period to justify the total deportation of the Crimean Tatars.

This paper presents a series of 25 previously unpublished radiocarbon dates from the oppidum of San Cibran de Las, one of the most important and thoroughly excavated Iron Age sites in the NW Iberian Peninsula. These 14C dates are discussed on the basis of a Bayesian analysis. The results reveal a much longer occupation history of the site than previously thought. Moreover, the data offer new light into the much-debated question of the origin of the large fortified sites known as oppida in the region. The evidence from San Cibran de Las clearly suggests a pre-Roman origin for at least some of the oppida, thus challenging traditional interpretations about the origins of urbanism in northern Iberia.

Recently a cremation cemetery was excavated at the site of Wijnegem where 29 cremation graves and 9 funerary monuments were uncovered. Thirty radiocarbon (14C) dates were carried out, mostly on cremated bone but also 10 charcoal samples were dated. Twenty-four cremations were studied. Four ring ditches were dated by charcoal samples from the infill of the ditch. The 14C dates showed an interesting long-term occupation of the cemetery. Different phases were ascertained. The history of the cemetery starts in the northern part of the site around a circular funerary monument. Two cremations were dated at the transition of the Early to Middle Bronze Ages. Two other graves represent the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Ages. The main occupation period dates between the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Finally, an isolated cremation grave marks the definite abandonment of the site during the Late Iron Age.

We excavated active and abandoned Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colonies at Seymour Island and Hope Bay, Antarctic Peninsula, to determine an occupation history for this species at these sites. Previous research at Hope Bay has indicated an occupation there since the middle Holocene, based on a sediment record from Lake Boeckella. Excavations revealed only shallow and relatively fresh ornithogenic soils in the active colonies at the two localities. At least 53 abandoned pebble mounds were located at Hope Bay of which nine were excavated and four were sampled by probing to recover organic remains to determine their age. Radiocarbon dating of egg membrane, feather, and bone from both sites revealed a young occupation dating to less than ~600 years after correcting for the marine carbon reservoir effect. The mismatch in the geologic record of Adelie Penguin occupation in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, including Lake Boeckella sediments and geologic deposits and lake sediments on King George Island, with more direct evidence of breeding colonies from ornithogenic soils from active and abandoned colonies is hereby referred to as the ‘northern enigma’ as it does not occur in other regions of Antarctica including the southern Antarctic Peninsula, East Antarctica, or the Ross Sea, where the penguin record extends to the early to middle Holocene and matches well with the geologic record of deglaciation and penguin occupation. As yet, there is no convincing explanation for the ‘northern enigma’., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

This paper reports on the typological and archaeometallurgical studies of an assemblage of long forgotten but often misidentified metallurgical crucibles and moulds from Great Zimbabwe's century old archive. It exposes that specialised crucibles, non-specialised crucibles (common pottery), as well as an eclectic assortment of moulds, were primarily used to hold the melt and to form ingots during non-ferrous metallurgical operations, throughout the site's occupation history (1000–1700 CE). The moulds appear in different types, some elongated but others more circular as if they were used to produce small gold ‘buttons’. Available records indicate that the various types of metallurgical ceramics were often found in the same stratigraphic contexts as domestic debris. The characterisation of the crucible fabrics and attached slags suggest that while the two types of crucibles were made using local granitic clays, they were also used to process similar metals and alloys, but sometimes representing different stages in the chaine operatoire . This raises significant questions relating to the techno-cultural choices behind the typological variation, if the intention of their producers and users, was to work the same metals and alloys.

Palaeoecological and geoarchaeological investigations which cover the Anglo-Saxon period are rare, particularly in chalk downland landscapes which are considered to have limited palaeoenvironmental potential. The present study explores a sequence which can be directly related to the occupation history of the major Anglo-Saxon settlement at Lyminge, Kent. This work demonstrated a sequence of palaeochannels and organic deposits associated with the latter part of an archaeological sequence which spans the 5th to the 11th centuries AD. A range of evidence for the environment and economic activity is presented which suggests landscape continuity, possibly stretching back as far as the Romano-British period. The sequence revealed worked wood and evidence for livestock management and cereal cultivation, some of which is contemporary with the final phases of occupation of a 7th century ‘great hall complex’ and its subsequent transformation into a royal monastery. Agricultural activity following the abando...

The settlement of high-altitude uplands by early agropastoralists demanded specific kinds of social and economic adaptation. Upland valley systems in north-west Argentina were used extensively during the Formative period (200 BC to AD 850). New investigations of the alluvial fans of the Tafi Valley show how the occupation history of the region developed across time and space, demonstrating remarkable stability over 1000 years of agropastoral exploitation. The dense but scattered distribution of early farmers across this landscape highlights household continuity through a period of regional population growth.

The modern city of Amasya (NE Central Turkey), hometown of the great geographer Strabo, is a former fortified city of antiquity built in a unique geological and geomorphological setting of a narrow gorge. The gorge is carved into the mountains of the Pontide Range, which connects a major river, Yesilirmak of the Central Anatolian drainage network, to the Black Sea. Although the kings of Pontus founded the city during the Hellenistic Period, the remains of human occupation of the surroundings can be traced back to the Middle Paleolithic. Continuous settlement during the historical times makes possible to see monuments from different cultures, from Hellenistic to Roman and Seljuk to Ottoman Periods. The city, from foundation to modern times, has direct interaction with the landforms and also with the evolution of the landscape under control of different geomorphological processes. This paper is an attempt to relate this interaction within the cultural geology perspective.

Este artigo apresenta a metodologia de salvamento arqueológico empregada no resgate de sítios localizados em área de floresta tropical situada no sudeste do estado do Pará, município de Marabá. A delimitação sistemática através de tradagens em malha com intervalos equidistantes entre 10 m e 1 m, aliada a escavações por níveis naturais nas áreas centrais e periféricas dos sítios arqueológicos, possibilitaram a observação de processos de continuidade e descontinuidade na ocupação dos assentamentos e da formação da Terra Preta Arqueológica, aqui relacionada a áreas de atividade dentro das aldeias. A metodologia aplicada demonstrou a viabilidade de pesquisas sistemáticas em áreas com densa cobertura vegetal, assim como a análise crítica de seus alcances e limites. Os 22 sítios arqueológicos pesquisados forneceram informações que auxiliaram no entendimento da história de ocupação desta área, iniciada há 6.000 anos. Essas informações abrangem dados sobre a implantação dos sítios na paisagem, tipologia funcional dos assentamentos (habitação e acampamento) e cronologias de ocupação (inter e intra-sítios). Este trabalho contribuirá ainda na construção do conhecimento da ocupação pré-história local e regional.

This chapter explores some of the complex issues concerning French historiography and the Occupation raised by the treatment of the Raymond and Lucie Aubrac in the 1990s. It focuses on how French historians and crucial witnesses construct the relationship between history and memory, written sources and oral testimony, past events and their present rememoration. The treatment of the Aubracs highlights the increasingly important influence of two other constituencies on the making of Occupation history: the justice system and the media. The place accorded to historical research at the Papon trial is revealing because a number of those present at the Aubrac round table demonstrated similar misconceptions of the work of the historian. The treatment of the Aubracs as historical witnesses could therefore be said to reveal a deep-seated ambivalence about witness testimony on the part of the French historical community.

This paper presents the first detailed record of Paleoeskimo occupation history of Foxe Basin, Nunavut, Arctic Canada, the traditional Paleoeskimo “core area.” Rather than continuous, stable occupations from approximately 4000–1000 B.P. traditionally assumed for the core area, the region has undergone a series of demographic oscillations, including several instances of abandonment of key areas, most notably Igloolik. The Foxe Basin demographic trends are reminiscent of Paleoeskimo “boom and bust” cycles recognized elsewhere, but show no consistent chronological pattern either within Foxe Basin or inter-regionally. Equally important, our results bear on the critical question of the Pre-Dorset to Dorset transition. Rather than having been a gradual in situ process centered within the core area, the demographic patterns, including the abrupt and widespread appearance of semi-subterranean dwellings during earliest Dorset, are consistent with newly arrived populations from outside of Foxe Basin. While there is no obvious “parent” culture to Dorset within the Eastern Arctic, it is suggested that a Western Arctic origin, specifically Norton Culture, invoking to some extent Jorgen Meldgaard’s “smell of the forest”, may have played a significant role.

Okupacyjno-wojenna historia Suwalk i Suwalszczyzny kojarzona jest wylącznie z agresją niemiecką i poźniejszą przynaleznością do III Rzeszy. Pierwotnie owe terytorium znalazlo sie jednak pod okupacją sowiecką. Tak stanowil pakt Ribbentrop-Molotow z 23 VIII 1939 r. Artykul opisuje dzialania militarne strony sowieckiej oraz postawy miejscowej ludności, zroznicowanej pod wzgledem etnicznym i konfesyjnym. W opisywanym regionie na początku wojny nie dochodzilo do konfliktow charakterystycznych dla polskich Kresow Wschodnich, co umozliwia przeprowadzenie badan bez poźniejszych nalecialości spowodowanych dlugotrwalą okupacją sowiecką. The war and occupation history of Suwalki and Suwalki region is associated almost exclusively with the German aggression and the later annexation of this territory to the Third Reich. Initially, however, the area was under the Soviet occupation, according to the provisions of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of 23 August 1939. The article describes military operations of the Soviets and attitudes of the local population, diverse both in terms of ethnicity and religion. At the beginning of the war there were no conflicts in the analysed region, characteristic of the Polish Eastern Frontiers, which allows us to conduct research with no later influences resulting from the long Soviet occupation.

The University of Pennsylvania Museum's Tikal Project of 1958–1968 was one of the great Maya investigations of the twentieth century. It was the most ambitious study of a Maya city so far undertaken, with scores of staff, graduate students and local workers engaged in a range of activities from mapping the site core and its surrounding settlement, to stripping the tropical forest from the colossal temple-pyramids and restoring them, to establishing an occupation history that eventually showed an origin for Tikal in the mid-first millennium BC and abandonment more than sixteen centuries later at the end of the Classic period. The impact of the project's results, publications and cadre of trained Mayanists moving out into the academic world was substantial and led to several decades of a Tikal-centric view of ancient Maya civilisation.

Previous interpretations of the occupation history of La Milpa, Belize, which were based on preliminary ceramic data, suggested that occupation of the site fluctuated dramatically from the Late Preclassic to the Terminal Classic (400b.c.–a.d.850). It was determined that the modest Late Preclassic village became a large Early Classic city with regal-ritual architecture and carved monuments. In Late Classic I, it appeared the site was nearly abandoned. Its reoccupation and exponential growth in Late Classic II was followed by rapid abandonment before the end of the Late Classic III/Terminal Classic. New ceramic analyses utilizing attribute analysis with an emphasis on formal modes has clarified the sequence and, in turn, softened the occupation curves. This article provides descriptions of the Late Classic I, II, and III ceramics, along with revised percentage frequency graphs of La Milpa's occupation history based primarily on the work of the La Milpa Archaeological Project (1992–2002).

Multiple periods of dune activation triggered by drought have occurred within the Nebraska Sand Hills, the most recent period occurred during the medieval climate anomaly (MCA; A.D. 900–1350). We present a pilot study where we have successfully adapted a standard chronology-building tool, optically stimulated luminescence dating, to investigate the effects of dune reactivation on human occupation history at two sites conventionally dated to the peri-MCA: Kelso (25HO23), a Plains Woodland site, and McIntosh (25BW15) a Central Plains tradition site. At both sites the maximum optical age of the cultural layer is congruent with radiocarbon ages of materials recovered. The optical ages yielded by samples collected near the Kelso and McIntosh sites, together with radiocarbon dated site materials, suggest that these sites were respectively occupied before and during the MCA sand dune migration. Both the Kelso and McIntosh sites are located near prominent water resources that may have acted as refuges during drought and dune migration.

Data from sites in the San Simon Valley of southeastern Arizona are used to explore the interconnections among mobility, land tenure, and social identity at the household and community levels. Through an examination of occupation history at three San Simon villages, I argue that these persistent sites represent heritable land tenure invested in the corporate group or community. Within these villages, the spatial and temporal patterns of dated structures and ceramics indicate that heritable land tenure was also operating at the household level. One site, Timber Draw, exhibits both usufruct and heritable land tenure operating contemporaneously, suggesting that differences may have existed between households in rights to resource access. However, the distributions of different kinds of ceramics, potential markers of social identity, do not suggest that the differences in household land tenure were ethnically meaningful. Rather, the ceramic patterns suggest that households maintained access to broad s...

Background: The risk factors of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), a rare but severe Parkinsonian syndrome, are poorly known. Objective: To study the risk factors of PSP in a case control study among French patients. Method: The study was conducted between April 2000 and December 2003. Cases were in- or outpatients of five large hospitals and fulfilled the Golbe criteria. Controls were relatives of patients from the same hospitals, free of Parkinsonian syndrome and dementia, and matched to cases for age, gender and living area. Data on demographic characteristics, occupation history, diet habits, anti-inflammatory drugs use, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, gardening and leisure activities, and exposure to pesticides were collected through a face-to-face questionnaire. A conditional logistic regression was used to analyse matched data and estimate OR. Results: 79 cases and 79 controls were included. Only a few comparisons were significant. Cases reached a lower education attainment than controls (odds ratio (OR) = 2.6 (1.3 to 5.3), p = 0.01). Analysis of diet habits did not show any major difference although cases ate meat or poultry more frequently. Conversely, controls ate fruits more frequently than did cases. No association was found between PSP and occupation, use of pesticides, gardening, alcohol consumption, smoking habits and anti-inflammatory agent use. Conclusion: In this case-control study, we did not find any strong environmental risk factors for PSP.

This paper presents the results of an integrated survey project aiming to achieve the diachronic reconstruction of changes in river beds during historical times in the Potenza Valley, in mid-Adriatic Italy. Here intensive surveys arc being carried out by a team from Ghent University (dir. F.VERMEULEN), especially in and around the Roman colony of Potentia, at the mouth of the river. They are aimed at studying occupation history and the relationship man-landscape in this valley between the Apennines and the Adriatic Sea. Interdisciplinary approaches include low altitude aerial photography, systematic archaeological field walking, artefact studies, re-study of excavated evidence, detailed geomorphologic field mapping, geophysical surveys and fine topographic mapping. Thanks especially to active oblique and vertical aerial photography, geomorphologic fieldwork and corings it is now possible to reconstruct a complete frame of the important changes that have affected the river bed during the last two millennia. The archaeological evidence concurs explicitly with the environmental data to understand and determine the general timing of this evolution, allowing us to measure the interaction between mankind and environment through time. Newly found archive documents can now contribute to shed light on the exact chronology of the river bed shifts, giving details on the events of the last centuries, when human interference was much more consistent. These documents belong to the wide family of pre-geodetic maps (such as the so called "cabrei") and the first cadastres (19(th) century). The georeferenciation of these cadastre maps (including those from the well-known 19(th) century "Catasto Gregoriano") in the GIS of the Potenza Valley Survey-project offers now the possibility to date several palaeo-channels detected among the aerial imagery and with the help of intensive and integrated geomorphologic survey.

Preliminary soil micromorphology study of cultural sediments at Tabon Cave, Philippines, supports interpretations of sporadic occupation in the Paleolithic. The presence in some deposits of authigenic minerals potentially related to altered cultural materials, such as ash, needs further investigation. Later in the sequence there is a marked change in local depositional processes, with the onset of significant quartz sand deposition in layers dating from the Middle to Late Holocene. This could relate to beach development in the area. Future sedimentological study and dating would confirm this interpretation, which suggests that in appropriate settings, stratified cave sediments could be useful for the study of regional sea level rise. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This is the second article in a series detailing archaeological results from salvage excavations conducted in northern Iraq during the 1980s and early 1990s. An introduction and background information to the overall salvage project and specific information on fifteen excavated sites in the northern Jazirah, near the Iraq-Syria border and mostly within T. J. Wilkinson and D. J. Tucker's North Jazira Survey (NJS; see Wilkinson and Tucker 1995), were provided in the first article (Altaweel 2006). In that article the project was called the Ray Jazirah Project (RJP), and the fifteen sites were referenced as RJP 1–15. Since then I have been informed that a more appropriate name is the Jazirah Salvage Project. Nevertheless, for consistency with the last and future articles, the RJP initials will be maintained for referencing archaeological sites and the project in general.This report provides data for the second set of excavated sites in the North region of the RJP. As in the first article, my role has been to provide this information to a wider audience prior to publication in Arabic and to conduct comparative analysis of the source material with other archaeological sites. I have attempted to maintain fidelity to the original source material, including using Iraqi conventions such as the system of numbering levels and ceramics, with only my commentary added to help in the interpretation of the data. In a similar manner to the previous report, very detailed descriptions on any one site will not be provided; rather, the primary purpose is to give summary data on the excavation results, with significant emphasis, where possible, on the ceramic remains. A list of the sites' occupation history and a table listing RJP sites with corresponding NJS sites (Table 1) are provided prior to the discussion of archaeological results. This report includes some additional details from a previously discussed site (RJP 5). The new sites discussed, including the first fifteen sites in the earlier article, can be seen in Fig. 1 according to their RJP numbers.

This article argues that four factors between September 1939 and 1940 are crucial for developing a comparative occupation model of Belgium, France and the Netherlands: first, the influence of September 1939; second, the invasion of May 1940; third, the nature of the German and local ‘New Order’ regimes; and fourth, whether a country had experienced occupation in the First World War. The ‘New Order’ regimes that were built on the foundations of 1940 took on radically different characteristics with three crucial variables in terms of, first, the political nature of the New Order; second, the reforms of the municipal administrative apparatus; and third, the reforms of the police and judiciary apparatus. The article argues that a combination of these variables led to different models of occupation, in which Belgium and France formed opposites and the Netherlands possessed a somewhat ‘hybrid’ model. It is argued that until 1943 the centralized French model offered the most advantages for the Germans, while after 1943, it was the Belgium localized model.

The orthodox archaeological sequence at the Sigatoka Dunes site (VL 16/1) in Fiji proposes three phases of occupation spanning Fijian prehistory, each associated with a period of dune stability. It has been taken as the standard model of Fijian prehistory for more than 30 years. Recently, however, it has been argued that there is no stratigraphic support for three discrete levels and that the occupation history was fragmented, complex, and continuous within a volatile dune system. We present new data, from optical and radiocarbon dating, to argue that a three-phase model, although somewhat more complex in detail, remains the most robust interpretation of site history. The longest stable phase (Level 2) began 2500–2300 cal yr B.P. and is possibly associated with relatively low ENSO frequency. Substantial sand dune accumulation began after ˜1300 cal yr B.P. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A geochemical method, mainly based upon analyses of “bio-elements” in the sediments from the inter-zone depression between a penguin colony and tundra vegetation, was proposed and applied to reconstruct the occupation history of a penguin colony in the maritime Antarctic. The results from the samples of Ardley Island and Barton Peninsula revealed a general, seesaw-like relationship between a penguin colony and tundra vegetation and several basic occupation patterns. This method and the results may provide new and valuable information about the history of penguin-colony occupation and the paleoenvironment in the maritime Antarctic.

The purpose of this work is present our experience with extension activities, that resulted from physical environmental research in the district of Bonfim de Feira. This area is characterized by mounts and residuals outcrops sculpted in precambrian rocks. The cultural resources were associated with the people occupation history probably in the final of XVIII century under the catolic and afro-brazilian religious influences, troops and cowboys tracks which promote the urban development, the origin of this village and the cultural manifestations.

We show how 14C dating may be combined with palynological and paleogeographical research to correlate human occupation history with environmental change, focusing on archaeological sites in the Dvina–Lovat River region of Russia. Cultures in this region range from Early Neolithic to the Middle Ages, ca. 5500 bc–ad 100, based on calibrated 14C ages. The dynamics of water basins in the region, related to climatic change, are one cause of population migration.

Writers of materials included are generally from the lower rungs of society; they provide an insight into the attitudes of citizens who are often neglected in accounts of the Allied Occupation, providing scholars, researchers, etc. with a valuable new dimension to our understanding of this Occupation history and its impact on the Japanese nation.

Writers of materials included are generally from the lower rungs of society; they provide an insight into the attitudes of citizens who are often neglected in accounts of the Allied Occupation, providing scholars, researchers, etc. with a valuable new dimension to our understanding of this Occupation history and its impact on the Japanese nation.

Writers of materials included are generally from the lower rungs of society; they provide an insight into the attitudes of citizens who are often neglected in accounts of the Allied Occupation, providing scholars, researchers, etc. with a valuable new dimension to our understanding of this Occupation history and its impact on the Japanese nation.

Writers of materials included are generally from the lower rungs of society; they provide an insight into the attitudes of citizens who are often neglected in accounts of the Allied Occupation, providing scholars, researchers, etc. with a valuable new dimension to our understanding of this Occupation history and its impact on the Japanese nation.

Writers of materials included are generally from the lower rungs of society; they provide an insight into the attitudes of citizens who are often neglected in accounts of the Allied Occupation, providing scholars, researchers, etc. with a valuable new dimension to our understanding of this Occupation history and its impact on the Japanese nation.

Writers of materials included are generally from the lower rungs of society; they provide an insight into the attitudes of citizens who are often neglected in accounts of the Allied Occupation, providing scholars, researchers, etc. with a valuable new dimension to our understanding of this Occupation history and its impact on the Japanese nation.

Writers of materials included are generally from the lower rungs of society; they provide an insight into the attitudes of citizens who are often neglected in accounts of the Allied Occupation, providing scholars, researchers, etc. with a valuable new dimension to our understanding of this Occupation history and its impact on the Japanese nation.

Writers of materials included are generally from the lower rungs of society; they provide an insight into the attitudes of citizens who are often neglected in accounts of the Allied Occupation, providing scholars, researchers, etc. with a valuable new dimension to our understanding of this Occupation history and its impact on the Japanese nation.

The Aantjes affair was one of the most controversial scandals in postwar Dutch politics. The media hype was not only unleashed because of the shock effect of the SS but also because within just a few hours of television coverage it became clear to the Dutch public that a small circle of people had had vague knowledge of Aantjes' occupation history for decades. By taking a long-term perspective of the Aantjes affair this contribution explains how it was possible to keep this a secret from the media for such a long time. Subsequently the convergence of circumstances are reconstructed that led to Loe de Jong director of the National Institute for War Documentation as almost the only opinion leader speaking about the CDA politician's war history on the evening of Monday 6 November 1978. He found himself in this position because the television company NOS achieved a second national scoop in exchange for a full reference to the scoop by the regional paper Nieuwsblad van het Noorden as its source.

Objective: to investigate the first reported cases of strongyloidiasis in the Solomon Islands, and to establish whether this disease poses a risk to personnel of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). Design, setting and participants: Retrospective review of the pathology database of the RAMSI Medical Facility in Honiara, Solomon Islands, for the period 1 July 2006 – 30 September 2007. Main outcome measures: number and clinical features of confirmed cases of Strongyloides stercoralis infestation, as diagnosed by serological tests or faecal microscopy. Results: fourteen confirmed cases of strongyloidiasis in previously healthy RAMSI participants were identified. Of 13 patients with notes available, symptoms documented at presentation included epigastric pain (10 patients), diarrhoea (7) and urticaria (4). Clinical disease in all patients responded to oral antihelminthic therapy (albendazole or ivermectin). Conclusions: Strongyloidiasis is endemic in the Solomon Islands and a risk for RAMSI personnel. Australian medical professionals should be aware of this potentially fatal and lifelong infestation, particularly the importance of an occupation history, appropriate diagnostic tests, effective treatment and adequate follow-up to document cure. We recommend implementation of a postdeployment screening program for strongyloidiasis.

Written about 50 years ago, the quotation opposite is still highly relevant today, and in more recent years the might of official remembrance within the Islands and the quiet, personal remembrance of individual survivors seem to have become more aligned; although whilst survivors live, it will always be true that any number of memorials will not necessarily solve problems or heal wounds. But at the same time there has been considerable interest in official commemorative projects, and many discussions have taken place about which names should be added to particular memorials, and about the finer details of memorial services. However, such discussions seem almost insignificant in comparison with the harshly critical positions adopted by various writers on the Mainland who seem to remain oblivious to, or even contemptuous of, the Islanders’ voices of protest which have been, and still are, strenuously raised within the Island Press against damaging allegations of mass collaboration and anti-Semitism, which regularly appear within the British media.

For many years — especially during the more turbulent first and third periods of Occupation history, as identified in the introduction to this study — there have been two schools of thought concerning the wartime record of the Island administrations in their dealings with the enemy. The first more or less supports the view that they were mostly nest-feathering collaborators; the second, in full accord with the official British stance in 1945, that they did their best under difficult circumstances. An exploration of the developments affecting the post-War face of Island Government will follow in Chapter 15. But first, in view of the large number of criticisms which have been raised or reignited about their wartime conduct in recent years, the next two chapters will take a fresh look at the relationship between the Occupier and the Island officials in order to seek out a better understanding of the situation as it unfolded on the ground. The fact is that many accusations of collaboration with the enemy have occurred simply as a result of the wording of various Government announcements made in the Islands’ censored Press. Taken at face value, many do appear to have the interests of the enemy wholly in mind. Yet in recent years, a considerable amount of fresh evidence has become available, which clearly suggests that earlier judgements of collaborative intent are quite simply wrong and that, unknown to the public, all kinds of pressures were being exerted upon their officials behind the scenes.

O artigo apresenta alguns resultados do projeto Território e Memória dos Asurini do Xingu. Arqueologia Colaborativa na t.i. Koatinemo – Pará, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa projetada em parceria com os Asurini, com objetivo principal de compreender sua história na ocupação territorial da t.i. Koatinemo. Ao mesmo tempo, procura também identificar o potencial arqueológico dessa área do baixo-médio Xingu. Ao longo do texto, apresentarei os resultados da etapa de campo realizada em maio de 2013, quando foram localizados e georreferenciados antigos assentamentos asurini e outros sítios arqueológicos ao longo do igarapé Piranhaquara. Essa investigação situa-se no debate sobre as pesquisas colaborativas e aborda os efeitos do encontro entre arqueólogos e povos indígenas em relação aos diferentes modos de conhecer o registro arqueológico. The article presents some results of the project entitled Territory and Memory of the Asurini Xingu. Collaborative Archaeology at T.I Koatinemo - Pará, Brazil. The project took place within a research that was designed in partnership with this indigenous people and aimed at understanding their territorial occupation history in the T.I Koatinemo, and at the same time identifying the archaeological potential of the lower-middle Xingu area. Throughout the text, I will highlight the fieldwork held in May 2013, when Asurini's ancient settlements and other archaeological sites along the Piranhaquara creek were located. This research falls under the debate on collaborative researches and addresses the effects of the encounter between archaeologists and indigenous peoples in terms of their different ways of experiencing archaeological record

A framework to specify and verify properties of real-time distributed systems with limited resources is presented. The method is compositional to allow reasoning with the specifications of processes while ignoring their implementation details.