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Additional file 1: Table S1. Hyperparameters for bDMARDs. Table S2. Hyperparameters for prediction of remission without increasing prednisolone dose. Table S3. Proportions of missing data in each variable. Table S4. SHAP values for the variables in Shapely plots. Table S5. Prediction of remission without increasing prednisolone dose for bDMARD. Table S6. SHAP values for variables in Shapely plots. Table S7. Order of important features for prediction of remission without increasing prednisolone dose in each bDMARD. Figure S1. Shapley plots predicted.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Flow cytometry gating strategy for the identification of CD14+ macrophages in the SFMCs of patients with gout. Supplementary Figure 2. MSU crystal-induced NET formation. Healthy neutrophils were incubated with MSU crystals (500 μg/ml) for 4 h and then checked for the expression of neutrophil elastase (red), myeloperoxidase (yellow), and citrullinated histone H3 (green) (a) or SYTOX Green (b). DNA was stained with Hoechst 33342 (blue). NET formation was visualized using immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. Magnification, 40×. Supplementary Figure 3. Engulfment ratio of NETs after culture with SFMCs in the presence of NLRP3 blockade. Engulfment ratio of NETs was determined as the relative fluorescence unit in SFMCs after incubation with or without SYTOX Green-labelled NETs. When indicated, cells were exposed to MSU crystals or CP-456773 (NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, 5 μM) (n = 10). * P-value < 0.05, ** P-value < 0.01. Supplementary Figure 4. Difference in the cytokine expression in synovial fluid CD14+ macrophages by serine protease inhibition during stimulation with or without NETs, MSU crystals, and/or LPS. When indicated, cells were exposed to PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; serine protease inhibitor, 100 μM) (n = 6). * P-value < 0.05, ** P-value < 0.01, **** P-value < 0.0001.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Comparison of the number (left) and proportion (right) of urinary CD11c+ macrophages between patients with Class III (n = 14) and Class IV (n = 13) LN. Supplementary Figure 2. The numbers of urinary CD3+ T cells and clinicopathologic features of proliferative lupus nephritis (LN). (a) ROC curves of the predictive values of urinary CD3+ T cells for proliferative LN (proliferative =14, non-proliferative = 12). (b) The numbers of urinary CD3+ T cells in patients with proliferative LN (n = 14) according to the presence of tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, glomerular crescents, and glomerular sclerosis. (c) Correlation between the numbers of urinary CD3+ T cells and chronicity, activity scores, the amounts of proteinuria, and disease activity in patients with proliferative LN (n = 14). (d) The numbers of urinary CD3+ T cells in patients with proliferative LN according to renal response to immunosuppressants (no [−], partial/complete [+]) (n = 10).