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Versión editorial disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/239013, The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which in humans leads to the disease COVID-19, has caused global disruption and more than 1.5 million fatalities since it first emerged in late 2019. As we write, infection rates are currently at their highest point globally and are rising extremely rapidly in some areas due to more infectious variants. The primary viral target is the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2). Recent sequence analyses of the ACE2 gene predicts that many nonhuman primates are also likely to be highly susceptible to infection. However, the anticipated risk is not equal across the Order. Furthermore, some taxonomic groups show high ACE2 amino acid conservation, while others exhibit high variability at this locus. As an example of the latter, analyses of strepsirrhine primate ACE2 sequences to date indicate large variation among lemurs and lorises compared to other primate clades despite low sampling effort. Here, we report ACE2 gene and protein sequences for 71 individual strepsirrhines, spanning 51 species and 19 genera. Our study reinforces previous results and finds additional variability in other strepsirrhine species, and suggests several clades of lemurs have high potential susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Troublingly, some species, including the rare and Endangered aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), as well as those in the genera Avahi and Propithecus, may be at high risk. Given that lemurs are endemic to Madagascar and among the primates at highest risk of extinction globally, further understanding of the potential threat of COVID-19 to their health should be a conservation priority. All feasible actions should be taken to limit their exposure to SARS-CoV-2., ADM is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Discovery Grant) and Canada Research Chairs Program. MCJ’s postdoctoral appointment is supported by funding from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC NE/T000341/1). IG and MG acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the 2014–2020 Smart Growth Operating Program, to the EMBL partnership and cofinancing with the European Regional Development Fund (MINECO/FEDER, BIO2015-71792-P). We also acknowledge the support of the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, and the Generalitat de Catalunya through the Departament de Salut, Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement and the CERCA Programme. TMB is supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 864203), BFU2017-86471-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE), “Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu”, funded by the AEI (CEX2018-000792-M), Howard Hughes International Early Career, Obra Social "La Caixa" and Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Programme del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 880). PSA thanks the National Institutes of Health (R35GM130333) for financial support. E.L is supported by CGL2017- 82654-P (MINECO/FEDER,UE). EDJ and OF's contributions were supported by funds from Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Rockefeller University. Chris Smith drew the images for Figure 1. The authors would like to thank the Veterinary and Zoology staff at Wildlife Reserves Singapore for their help in obtaining the tissue samples, as well as the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum for storage and provision of the tissue samples.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Pairwise adonis results – rectal. Table S2. Pairwise adonis results – oral. Table S3. Pairwise adonis results – penile. Table S4. Top ten genera in rectum, oral cavity, penis, and vagina. Table S5. Full results of DESeq2 analysis of differential expression between age groups. Table S6. Pairwise adonis results - predicted functional features in rectal community. Table S7. Pairwise adonis results - predicted functional features in oral community. Table S8. Pairwise adonis results - predicted functional features in penile community. Figure S1. Alpha-diversity (Shannon Index) of macaque (a) rectal, (b) oral, (c) penile, and (d) vaginal microbiomes across age groups. Figure S2. Alpha-diversity (Shannon Index) of the (a) rectal, (b) oral, and (c) genital microbiomes of males and females. Figure S3. Differences in alpha-diversity (Shannon Index) in the (a) rectal, (b) oral, (c) penile, and (d) vaginal microbiomes of macaques younger than 15 years or 15 years and older. Figure S4. Beta-diversity of genital samples by sex. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity ordinated with non metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) shows clear separation of male and female genital samples. Figure S5. Differences in relative abundance of top ten genera (a) across all age groups in rectal and (b) oral communities, and between macaques ≥15 years old and

Until now, the field of primate genomics has focused on two major themes: understanding human evolution and advancing biomedical research. We propose that it is now time for a third theme to receive attention: conservation genomics. As a result of anthropogenic effects, the majority of primate species have become threatened with extinction. A more robust primate conservation genomics will allow for genetically informed population management. Thanks to a steady decline in the cost of sequencing, it has now become feasible to sequence whole primate genomes at the population level. Furthermore, technological advances in noninvasive genomic methods have made it possible to acquire genome-scale data from noninvasive biomaterials. Here, we review recent advances in the analysis of primate diversity, with a focus on genomic data sets across the radiation. J.D.O. is supported by the Beatriu de Pinós postdoctoral program of the Government of Catalonia's Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge. The project that gave rise to these results received the support of a fellowship from La Caixa Foundation (ID 100010434) and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement 847648 to J.D.O. L.F.K.K. is supported by a Formación de Personal Investigador fellowship associated to BFU2014-55090-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and by a European Molecular Biology Organization short-term fellowship STF-8286. T.M.-B. is supported by funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement 864203); BFU2017-86471-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE); Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu, funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigacíon (CEX2018-000792-M); Howard Hughes International Early Career Award; and Obra Social La Caixa and Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Program del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 880). With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2018-000792-M).