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We expect that potential output growth will rebound from 1.4% in 2022 to 2.2% on average between 2023 and 2026. We revised down our estimates of growth over 2022–25 relative to the April 2022 assessment. The Canadian nominal neutral rate remains unchanged—in the range of 2% to 3%., Nous prévoyons un rebond de la croissance de la production potentielle, qui devrait passer de 1,4 % en 2022 à 2,2 % en moyenne entre 2023 et 2026. Nous avons revu à la baisse nos estimations de la croissance pour la période 2022-2025 par rapport à l’évaluation d’avril 2022. Le taux nominal neutre au Canada reste inchangé et se situe dans une fourchette allant de 2 à 3 %.

We study a novel policy tool—interest rate uncertainty—that can be used to discourage inefficient capital inflows and to adjust the composition of external account between shortterm securities and foreign direct investment (FDI). We identify the trade-offs faced in navigating between external balance and price stability. The interest rate uncertainty policy discourages short-term inflows mainly through portfolio risk and precautionary saving channels. A markup channel generates net FDI inflows under imperfect exchange rate passthrough. We further investigate new channels under different assumptions about the irreversibility of FDI, the currency of export invoicing, risk aversion of outside agents, and effective lower bound in the rest of the world. Under every scenario, uncertainty policy is inflationary., Nous étudions un nouvel instrument de politique, soit l’incertitude quant à la trajectoire future des taux d’intérêt, qui peut servir à décourager les entrées de capitaux inefficientes et à ajuster la répartition des investissements entre titres à court terme et investissements directs étrangers dans le compte extérieur. Nous déterminons les arbitrages à faire entre la balance extérieure et la stabilité des prix. La politique d’incertitude quant à la trajectoire future des taux d’intérêt décourage les entrées de capitaux à court terme principalement par deux canaux : les risques de portefeuille et l’épargne de précaution. Par ailleurs, un mécanisme de majoration des prix entraîne des entrées nettes d’investissements directs étrangers lorsque les variations du taux de change ne sont pas entièrement répercutées sur les prix. Nous examinons également de nouveaux mécanismes selon diverses hypothèses sur l’irréversibilité des investissements directs étrangers, la monnaie de facturation des exportations, l’aversion pour le risque des agents extérieurs et la valeur plancher des taux d’intérêt à l’étranger. Dans chaque scénario, la politique d’incertitude est inflationniste.

Dapagliflozin (DAPA), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is an insulin-independent antidiabetic drug used to control hyperglycaemia by promoting glucose excretion from the kidney. Its adverse effects include orthostatic hypotension, dehydration and urinary tract and genital infections caused by glycosuria. DAPA is subjected to constant additional monitoring, as drugrelated adverse reactions are frequently updated in line with the results of case studies, clinical trials and in vivo studies. Some antidiabetic drugs have shown potential harmful effects on the male reproductive system; however, the effects of DAPA have not been sufficiently studied in this capacity. Aiming to fill this gap in the literature, the present work investigates the toxic effects of DAPA on the male reproductive system.Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (STZ) in adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. DAPA (10 mg/kg) was administered by gavage to the diabetic rats over 28 days, after which the animals were sacrificed. The biochemical, morphological and histological examinations were performed on testicle, sperm and plasma samples.As a result of this study, we observed reproductive system damage in the form of induction of apoptosis in the seminiferous tubules, changes in testis and sperm parameters and oxidative damage, alongside the development of diabetes in test animals. With the exception of sperm morphological damage, the changes observed in diabetic animals treated with DAPA were similar to those of the control group. Improvements were observed in histological, hormonal and proliferative parameters in the DAPA group compared to the DC group.Even if DAPA is found to have antioxidant effects, it may raise abnormal sperm counts through a mechanism completely independent of these effects and thus may not have a significant toxic effect on the male reproductive system.