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In the present era of architecture, different cross-sectional shapes of structural concrete elements have been utilized. However, this change in shape has a significant effect on load-carrying capacity. To restore this, the use of column confinements with elliptical sections has gained attention. This paper aim to investigate the effect of elliptical shape sections of confined concrete reinforced with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and steel tube on axial load-carrying capacity. This study is achieved using following tools Finite Element (FE) in Abaqus and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) modeling. The study involved a 500-mm-high column with three sets of aspect ratios: 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0. In each aspect ratio, three different layers of CFRP were used, i.e., .167, .334, and .501-mm. Analytical results showed that with the increase in aspect ratio from 1 to 2, there is a decrease in ultimate axial load of about 23.2% on average. In addition, the combined confining pressure of steel tube and CFRP increases with a decrease in dilation angle as the number of CFRP layers increases. The failure mode for the column with a large aspect ratio is local buckling at its mid-height along the minor axis. The result showed a good correlation between FE and experimental results of ultimate stress and strains, with a mean squared error of 2.27 and .001, respectively. Moreover, ANN and analytical models showed a delightful correlation of R2 of .97 for stress models and .88 for strain models, respectively. The elliptical concrete section of the column confined with steel tubes can be adopted for a new architectural type of construction; however, with more than three aspect ratios, the wrapping of the section with CFRP jackets is highly recommended.

This article examines the performance of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) on Concrete Filled with Polymer Vinyl Chloride Tube (CFPT) columns under axial compression. Firstly, 44 CFPT specimens from the literature were analyzed using ABAQUS software to understand the compressive behavior of specimens under applied displacement. Secondly, 268 CFPT specimens are simulated to understand the influence of CFRP on these control specimens with a varying number of FRP layers and wrapping depth. Other variables such as the unconfined concrete strength, the thickness of the PVC tube, and the size and slenderness ratio of the columns were also studied. Studies are extended to confinement damage plasticity model analysis of CFRP-CFPT (CCFPT) columns. Relationships between the load-carrying capacity of CCFPT columns and the CFRP properties were developed. The effect of these parameters on the CFPT leads to the development of analytical models. It is an advantage to applying a such new type of composite columns in various applications.

A considerable amount of discarded building materials are produced each year worldwide, resulting in ecosystem degradation. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) has 60–70% coarse and fine particles in its composition, so replacing this material with another waste material, such as recycled aggregate (RA), reduces the cost of SCC. This study compares novel Artificial Neural Network algorithm techniques—Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), Bayesian regularization (BR), and Scaled Conjugate Gradient Backpropagation (SCGB)—to estimate the 28-day compressive strength (f’c) of SCC with RA. A total of 515 samples were collected from various published papers, randomly splitting into training, validation, and testing with percentages of 70, 10 and 20. Two statistical indicators, correlation coefficient (R) and mean squared error (MSE), were used to assess the models; the greater the R and lower the MSE, the more accurate the algorithm. The findings demonstrate the higher accuracy of the three models. The best result is achieved by BR (R = 0.91 and MSE = 43.755), while the accuracy of LM is nearly the same (R = 0.90 and MSE = 48.14). LM processes the network in a much shorter time than BR. As a result, LM and BR are the best models in forecasting the 28 days f’c of SCC having RA. The sensitivity analysis showed that cement (28.39%) and water (23.47%) are the most critical variables for predicting the 28-day compressive strength of SCC with RA, while coarse aggregate contributes the least (9.23%).

In an clever transportation gadget, visitors prediction is critical. Accurate visitors forecasting can assist with direction planning, car dispatching, and visitors congestion reduction. Due to the complicated and dynamic spatial-temporal relationships among one of a kind elements in the street community, this trouble is tough to solve. Recently, a considerable quantity of studies paintings has been dedicated to this area, specifically the deep mastering technique, which has extensively stepped forward visitors prediction abilities. The intention of this have a take a observe is to offer a whole evaluation of deep mastering-primarily based totally on visitors prediction algorithms from numerous angles. In particular, we offer a taxonomy and a precis of acknowledged visitors prediction algorithms. Second, we offer a listing of contemporary-day today's methodologies for numerous visitors forecast programs. Third, we acquire and set up normally used public datasets from the literature to make it simpler for different researchers. Furthermore, we adopt thorough experiments to evaluate the overall performance of various methods on a real-global public dataset to offer an assessment and analysis. Finally, we discover the field's unsolved problems.

Backbone of India’s economy is agriculture. Major commodities which contribute to agriculture include sugar and alcohol. Sugar production process produces bagasse as a waste residue, which is used as fuel for boilers that produce steam for electricity generation. After burning the bagasse in boiler, the residual sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) is used as soil fertilizer, filling material, etc., but mostly dumped as land waste. The present study is an approach to increase the utilization of SCBA and to conserve scarcely available natural sand and energy-intensive cement. This research aims to study the feasibility incorporation of SCBA from the same source of size less than 90 microns as a replacement for ordinary portland cement (OPC) and those of size greater than 150 microns as fine aggregate (FA) replacement in cement mortar. For detailed analysis, the ash samples were subjected to field emission scanning electron microscopy (Fe-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and sieve analysis. Mortars with SCBA as OPC and FA replacement were casted separately, and mechanical tests were carried out. The results indicated that the SCBA samples showed physical properties similar to those of OPC and FA. Relationship between cube and cylinder compressive strength was also derived. Relationship between compressive strength and water-to-binder (W/B) ratio is derived and compared with previous empirical studies. The blended mortars produced with SCBA in place of OPC and FA showed enhanced mechanical results compared to that of reference samples.

Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) is an advanced cementitious material contains significant amount of pozzolanic minerals like silica, alumina, etc. In view of this, in the present study it is proposed to partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by SCBA up-to 30%. OPC was replaced in two forms, namely, Original SCBA (O-SCBA) and Processed SCBA (P-SCBA). The mechanical properties such as cylinder compressive strength, Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) were evaluated for SCBA blended concrete and compared with conventional concrete. Further the relationships between cylinder compressive strength, MOR and MOE were established as per AS3600 (Australian Standards 3600), ACI318 (American Concrete Institute 318) and NZS3101 (New Zealand Standard 3101).

Most concrete studies are concentrated on mechanical properties especially strength properties either directly or indirectly (fresh and durability properties). Hence, the ratio of split tensile strength to compressive strength plays a vital role in defining the concrete properties. In this review, the impact of design parameters on the strength ratio of various grades of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with recycled aggregate is assessed. The design parameters considered for the study are Water to Cement (W/C) ratio, Water to Binder (W/B) ratio, Total Aggregates to Cement (TA/C) ratio, Fine Aggregate to Coarse Aggregate (FA/CA) ratio, Water to Solid (W/S) ratio in percentage, superplasticizer (SP) content (kg/cu.m), replacement percentage of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA), replacement percentage of recycled fine aggregates (RFA), fresh density and loading area of the specimen. It is observed that the strength ratio of SCC with recycled aggregates is affected by design parameters.

This paper explored the usage of Processed Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (PSCBA) as various proportions in cement mortar. Partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement by PSCBA leads to reduction in greenhouse gas emission, prevention of natural resource utilization and less energy consumption apart from enhanced cement properties. Mechanical and fracture properties of control cement mortar (1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) and PSCBA incorporated cement mortar (1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) with varying amounts of PSCBA have been evaluated. From experimental results, it is observed that mechanical and fracture properties of cement mortar with 10% replacement of OPC by PSCBA shows enhanced properties and they are compared with other mixes. Increase in calcium silicate hydrate, decrease in ettringite and calcium hydroxide have been observed by FESEM and confirmed with XRD studies. Further, it was observed that the RILEM work of fracture with tail correction and boundary effect method resulted in nearly same size-independent fracture energy irrespective of the notch to depth ratio of same specimen.

The worldwide production of sugar generates large volumes of bagasse wastes, which are burnt in uncontrolled manner for heating boiler, which are deposited in landfills, which create negative effects in the environment. The ash obtained by burning bagasse is generally used as Supplementary Cementing Material (SCM) in concrete production without proper knowledge of pozzolanic material characterization. This paper summarizes the results obtained from the various techniques to determine pozzolanic mineral profiles in sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). Techniques employed in the present study include X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) spectrometer, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermal Analysis [Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Derivative Thermo-Gravimetric (DTG)] in order to understand the type, form, nature, morphology, concentration, etc. of pozzolanic minerals.

Control of Botryotinia ricini (Godfrey) Whetzel., gray mold pathogen of castor, is a challenge due to the lack of known sources of complete resistance and effective disease management practices. Isolation of pure culture of causal pathogen and its profuse sporulation are imperative for any pathological or molecular understanding of infection or resistance mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions. Season-dependent disease occurrence coupled with sparse conidial production in vitro has been a serious constraint. A culture medium (BRS) based on V8 juice broth supplemented with salts and minerals was developed and culture method and conditions optimized for profuse in vitro sporulation of gray mold fungus. ITS barcoding identified the isolate from Hyderabad as Amphobotyrs ricini (A. ricini isolate IRHT-S1) which was closely related to A. ricini strain Cop-Ar5. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolate with 20 related fungal species revealed that A. ricini forms a separate clade. Studies on growth response, culture characteristics and sporulation of A. ricini in different media ingredients revealed that the culture morphology differed with medium composition, especially in medium with 60 g L−1 dextrose, while capsule/epicarp extract was dispensable. The addition of salts such as MgSO4 (1.0 g L1), KCl (1.0 g L−1) and FeSO4.7H2O (0.02 g L−1) favoured sporulation.

Botryotinia ricini (Godfrey) Whetzel, the gray mold pathogen of castor, inflicts serious crop losses in short periods. The present study was aimed at to develop a season-independent screening technique for gray mold in castor. Conidia from in vitro-raised pure culture of the anamorph Amphobotrys ricini were sprayed on separated mature as well as immature capsules of 4 castor genotypes (DCS 9, RG 2787, RG 3309 and RG 3216 R), placed in glass petriplates and incubated at 22–24oC for 7 days. Genotype DCS-9 was highly susceptible to the disease, while genotype RG 3216 R exhibited least susceptibility. Immature capsules were more susceptible to disease than mature capsules. RNA degradation occurred in treated samples 2 days after treatment and control gene (UBQ) expression was unaffected till 4 hr postinoculation. Thus a reproducible, lab-based, season-independent, screening technique using petri-plates and severed castor capsules was developed for differential gene expression analysis of candidate genes involved in early infection and elucidating host-pathogen interactions in castor gray mold.