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Key to Passiflora rosacea and related species in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. 1. Leaves and stems densely hirsute to pilose........................................................................................................................................2 1’. Leaves and stems glabrescent to sparingly hirsute.............................................................................................................................4 2. Flowers purple to lavender purple, stipular margins serrate-dentate..................................................................................................3 2’. Flowers rose-pink to bright pink, stipular margins smooth................................................................................................. P. rosacea 3. Corona filaments arranged in series with distinct differences in length. Inner series P. menispermifolia 3’. Corona filaments rather bushy and indistinctive in length. Inner series> 3 mm becoming gradually longer towards the base of the flower. Operculum somewhat obscured.......................................................................................................................... P. nephrodes 4. Stems essentially glabrescent to very sparingly hirsute. Lobation about half the length of the blade. Flowers pinkish-purple. Central Brazil...................................................................................................................................................................... P. gardneri 4’. Stems sparingly hirsute. Lobation from the lower one-third of the length of the blade. Flowers white. Sub-Amazonian Peru.................................................................................................................................................................................................... P. hastifolia, Published as part of Kuethe, J. R. & Justiniano, Hermes, 2023, Establishing the true identity of Passiflora nephrodes (Passifloraceae), resulting in Passiflora rosacea, a new species from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, pp. 84-94 in Phytotaxa 600 (2) on page 92, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8062886

Passiflora rosacea Kuethe & Justiniano sp. nov. (Figures 1, 2, and 4) Type:— BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ichilo, Buena Vista, 17°26’29.5”S, 063°39’43.7”W, 355 m, 7 February 2021, H. Justiniano et al. 50 (Holotype: USZ! Isotype: MO!). Diagnosis: —This new species is closely related to P. nephrodes and P. gardneri, from which it differs by its rose-pink floral colour (opposed to lavender-purple) and vegetative indument (hirsute opposed to glabrescent for P. gardneri to pilose for P. nephrodes). The flowers of P. rosacea further differ from these abovementioned species by having the inner coronal series reaching less than 3 mm long (opposed to 3–7 mm in length), and the operculum reduced to 2–3 mm long (opposed to 7–8 mm in length). Description: —Plant sparsely to moderately hirsute throughout, 5 m long or longer. Stem cylindric. Stipules semi-ovate, 1.5–2.0 × 0.5–1.5 cm, aristate, coarsely serrate-dentate. Petioles 3–5 cm long, bearing 2–6 stipitate glands, ca. 1.5 mm long in pairs or slightly alternate along the petiole. Leaves 6.5–16.5 × 7–15 cm, 3-lobed; middle lobe ovate or ovate-lanceolate, up to 10.5 cm long, 2–5.5 cm wide near base, two-thirds the length of the blade, acute or sub-obtuse, the lateral lobes deltoid-ovate, subcordate. Peduncles 2.5–8 cm long, borne singly or in pairs. Bracts borne about ca. 2 mm below the base of the flower, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 0.6 × 0.2 cm, serrate. Flowers rose-pink, 4.5–6.9 cm across. Hypanthium cup-shaped, 5.5–6 mm in diameter, ca. 2 mm in depth, pale green outside and inside. Sepals oblong, 2.6– 3.0 × 0.8–1.0 cm, rose pink internally, light green externally, obtuse, dorsally awned just below apex, nerve dorsally pilose along to the awn, awn 1.5 mm long. Petals linear-oblong, 1.7–2.5 × 0.5–0.9 cm, rose-pink on both sides, slightly shorter and narrower than the sepals. Corona filaments filiform, in 6 series, the outermost series with filaments 2.0– 2.5 cm long, the second ones 1.8–2.1 cm long, both radiate, basally pink turning purple the remaining 2/3, with one or two broader white bands and one narrow white band, turning white distally towards the apex; the third series semi-erect, capitate, ca. 3 mm long inclined outwardly, light rose-pink, the fourth series same colour, slightly shorter, both capitate; the inner two series slightly capitate, ca. 2 mm long, upright, pink basally, white distally. Operculum membranous at base, filamentous above, the filaments 1.5–2 mm long dark pink basally, white distally. Limen membranous, ca. 3 mm high, closely surrounding the base of the gynophore, dark pink, distally clearer. Gynophore 1.0 cm long, speckled light green with dark red spots. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, ca. 5 × 3 mm. Fruit oblong, ca. 7–8 × 3 cm, narrowed at base, aril sweet and eaten by humans. Seeds cordate, pitted on both sides, ca. 4 × 7 mm. Phenology:— This species has been found in flower between January and June, corresponding to the wet season and beginning of the dry season in southern Bolivia. In cultivation, this species produces flowers year-round, provided there is enough humidity and water available. Observations from both in situ sightings and cultivated plants have shown that the flowers are visited by medium-sized bumblebees and bees. Etymology:— The specific epithet is derived from the Latin conjunction: “Rosa” and “roseum”, meaning “rose-pink”, referring to the colour of the flower. Distribution and habitat:— Passiflora rosacea is a narrow endemic found in the Santa Cruz and Chuquisaca departments of Bolivia. It was found on the east-facing Andean slopes of the premontane Andean region, with specimens seen along the continuous mountain-ridges from Amboro to Vallegrande (Santa Cruz department) and in the Chuquisaca department nearby the townships of Monteagudo and San Pedro de Huacareta. Populations appear to be very small and limited in extent, growing in seasonally humid premontane forest at elevations between 360 m at Buena Vista and 1,200 meters at Monteagudo; and up to about 2,190 meters in the Mairana Valley. Passiflora rosacea is a moderate climber that can be found along the edges of secondary forest next to roads, forest tracks and forest clearings. Conservation notes:— Passiflora rosacea is a very narrow endemic that was found in a small region in premontane Andean Bolivia. There are only six collections of the species, marking Passiflora rosacea as a relatively rare species with a low abundance in its natural habitat. The populations are somewhat scattered, but a few populations have been found in the Amboro and Inao National Parks or protected reserves. However, the majority of populations are currently found in areas at potentially high risk of habitat fragmentation, where habitat clearing and agricultural development are prominent. From the current collections, the EOO is calculated to be about 3,500 km 2 with a AOO of just 28 km 2. For those reasons, P. rosacea is assigned a preliminary status of EN (Endangered) based on IUCN (2022) criterion EN(B1ab[iii], B3 and C1). Additional specimens examined:— Passiflora rosacea sp.nov. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Florida, 18°04’13”S 063°55’08”W, 2,190 m, 15 November2004, M.Serrano et al.5,477 (HSB, MO); Vallegrande, 18°46’19”S 063°53’39”W, 1,941 m, 31 March 2006, R. Hurtado 662 (LPB, MO, USZ); Chuquisaca: Hernando Siles, 19°55’43”S 064°13’52”W, 1,598 m, 27 December 2007, J. Villalobos 1,151 (MO); Hernando Siles, 19°50’59”S 064°06’39”W, 1,795 m, 19 April 2008, J. Villalobos et al. 1,622 (MO); Hernando Siles, 20°19’46”S 064°02’32”W, 1,854 m, 26 December 2005, M. Serrano et al. 6,961 (MO); Ichilo, 17°26’29.5”S, 063°39’43.7”W, 355 m, 7 February 2021, H. Justiniano et al. 50 (USZ). CULTIVATED. English National Passiflora Collection, United Kingdon, R.J.R. Vanderplank. PassifloraHoeve, Harskamp, The Netherlands, P. Moerman & A. Lommen. Swiss Passiflora Collection, Switzerland, M. Varga. National Italian Passiflora Collection, Italy, M. Vecchia. In Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, R. Vargas & S. Vargas. In Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Bolivia, H. Justiniano., Published as part of Kuethe, J. R. & Justiniano, Hermes, 2023, Establishing the true identity of Passiflora nephrodes (Passifloraceae), resulting in Passiflora rosacea, a new species from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, pp. 84-94 in Phytotaxa 600 (2) on pages 88-91, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8062886

Passiflora nephrodes Mast., Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 17: 282. 1890. (Figure 1-4) Type:— BOLIVIA. La Paz: Unduavi, 2,200 meters, H.H. Rusby 494 (HT: NY, US). Description: —Plant densely pilose throughout, covered in fine white trichomes ca. 1 mm long. Stem subangular to terete. Stipules sub-reniform, 1.7–2.8 × 0.8–1.3 cm, aristate, coarsely serrate-dentate. Petioles 1–4 cm long, densely hirsute, bearing 2–3 pairs of stipitate glands scattered across the petiole, glands 2–3 mm long. Leaf blade 5.5–16 × 4–8 cm, 3-lobate, central lobe the longest, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–6.5 × 2–4 cm at base, acute or sub-obtuse, at apex; lateral lobes deltoid-ovate to ovate, lobes borne between one-half and two-thirds of the blade’s length, 1–3.5 cm long, acute at apex; base subcordate to cordate; margins slightly denticulate (especially along the lower third). Peduncles 3.7–8 cm long, extending to up to 10 cm when fruiting; bracts foliaceous, borne 3–5 mm below the base of the flower, ovate to lanceolate, 1.3–2 × 0.7–1.2 cm, acute at apex, slightly cordate at base, margins serrate. Flowers lavender-purple, 6–7 cm wide, fragrant; hypanthium shallowly cupshaped, glabrous, 5–6 mm deep, green on the outside; sepals oblong, 3–3.7 × 0.9–1.3 cm, obtuse, greenish-white externally, light lavender-purple internally, dorsally awned just below apex, awn slightly hooked, 4–6 mm long, sparingly pilose; petals linear-oblong to oblong, slightly shorter and narrower than the sepals, light lavender-purple. Corona somewhat bushy, filiform, composed of several series, the outermost two series subequal in length, 3.2–3.7 cm long, radiate, becoming wavy towards apex, proximally dark purplish pink, medially white (in one or two poorly defined bands) becoming lavender-purple in upper third; those of the succeeding series filiform, 3–7 mm long, erect to slightly curved, dark purplish pink with a white tip; operculum membranous at base, filamentose above, the filaments reaching 7–8 mm long surrounding the gynophore, pinkish-purple becoming white distally. Limen membranous, ca. 3 mm high, closely surrounding the base of the gynophore; ovary ovoid, sparingly hirsute to pilose. Fruit ovoid to spathulate, 5–8 × 3–4 cm at widest point, narrowed towards the peduncle, green to greenish yellow when mature. Seeds not seen. Distribution and habitat:— The full extent of the distribution for P. nephrodes has long been debated, resulting in several questionable identifications of “ Passiflora nephrodes ” in Peru, Brazil and eastern Bolivia (Tropicos 2022, SpeciesLink 2022, Reflora 2022). This has led to a somewhat vague circumscription of P. nephrodes, resulting in taxonomic outliers overshadowing the appearance of true P. nephrodes and making its identification in remote and ecologically deviating regions highly questionable. However, through literature studies (protologues and specialized literature) and close analysis of the original True P. nephrodes appears to be restricted to the dry montane shrublands of central-west Andean Bolivia, in the northern Yungas region of the department of La Paz. Sightings of this species by Passiflora experts and amateurs from Bolivia (Justiniano, Fuentes, Vargas, Delanoy, pers.corr.) confirm this distribution, and that this species has not been seen growing outside of this specific habitat. Considering how habitatspecific the distribution of true P. nephrodes has proven to be, both in terms of ecological and climatological dynamics, posed significant doubt on the reliability of the identification of the collections labelled “ P. nephrodes ” from different ecological regions. With the questionable outliers omitted, P. nephrodes is found at relatively montane elevations between 1,600 m and up to 2,500 m above sea level. Particularly noteworthy are the populations found near to its type location, along the RT25 and RT 40 in the mountains north of La Paz between the villages Unduavi, Huancané and Coroico and west of the Carrasco National Park. Passiflora nephrodes grows as a moderate climbing vine found at elevations where the vegetation is somewhat low and stunted. Nebular precipitation provides some moisture year-round, although the primary source of water is largely controlled by a distinct wet- and dry season (wet season runs from October till March). Additional specimens examined:— Passiflora nephrodes. BOLIVIA. La Paz: Nor Yungas, Caranavi-Bella Vista, 15°45’S 067°30’W, 1,500 m, R. Vásquez et al. 1,931 (LPB); between Sacramento and St. Francisco, 16°12’S 067°45’W, 1,680 m, 30 November 2003, M. Delanoy 205 (MO); between Sacramento and St. Francisco, 16°12’S 067°45’W, 1,680 m, 30 November 2003, M. Delanoy 210 (MO); Road between Carmen Pampa and Coroico, 4 km from Coroico, 16°12’S 067°43’W, 1840 m, 25 April 2003, M. Delanoy 25 (MO); 17.3 km NE of (below) Chuspipata on road to Yolosa, 16°13’S 067°47’W, 1,900 m, 21 October 1984, J.C. Solomon 12553 (HUA, LPB, MO); Carretera Coroico-Chulumani, entre Santa Barbara y Ciénagas, desvio a San Agustín, 16°34’39”S 067°36’51”W, 2,030 m, 8 December 2020, A.F. Fuentes et al. 21,653 (LPB); Sud Yungas, Road from La Florida to Santa Rosa, Yanacachi, 16°23’S 067°43’W, 17 January 2004, M. Delanoy 406 (MO); Road from Uyuca to, over Duraznuni, Irupana, 16°28’S 067°23’W, 1,880 m, 18 December 2003, M. Delanoy 291 (MO); Road between Isquircan and Irupana, 16°28’S 067°26’W, 2,105 m, 16 December 2003, M. Delanoy 274 (MO); Between La Lomas and San Antonio, Chulumanic, 16°21’S 067°31’W, 1,815 m, 09 December 2003, M. Delanoy 226 (MO)., Published as part of Kuethe, J. R. & Justiniano, Hermes, 2023, Establishing the true identity of Passiflora nephrodes (Passifloraceae), resulting in Passiflora rosacea, a new species from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, pp. 84-94 in Phytotaxa 600 (2) on pages 85-86, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8062886, {"references":["TROPICOS (2022) Tropicos. org: Nomenclatural, bibliographic, and specimen data accumulated in MBG's electronic databases. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http: // www. tropicos. org (accessed 25 April 2022).","Reflora (2022) Flora do Brazil - Virtual Herbarium. Available at: http: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / reflora / herbarioVirtual / (accessed 29 July 2022)."]}

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common and devastating disease characterized by pathological aggregations of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques extracellularly, and Tau tangles intracellularly. While our understandings of the aetiologies of AD have greatly expanded over the decades, there is no drug available to stop disease progression. Here, we demonstrate the potential of P. edulis pericarp extract in protecting against Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity in mammalian cells and Caenorhabditis elegans models of AD. We show P. edulis pericarp protects against memory deficit, neuronal loss, and promotes longevity in the Aβ model of AD via stimulation of mitophagy, a selective cellular clearance of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria. P. edulis pericarp also restores memory and increases neuronal resilience in a C. elegans Tau model of AD. While defective mitophagy-induced accumulation of damaged mitochondria contributes to AD progression, P. edulis pericarp improves mitochondrial homeostasis through NIX/DCT1-dependent mitophagy and SOD3-dependent mitochondrial resilience, both via increased nuclear translocation of the upstream transcriptional regulator FOXO3/DAF-16. Further studies to identify active molecules in P. edulis pericarp that could maintain neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis may enable the development of potential drug candidates for AD.

Within the very uniform series Laurifoliae, Passiflora acuminata (treated as a synonym of P. laurifolia in the Flora of China), P. tolimana, P. gleasonii and P. metae appear particularly similar. A review of their descriptions and the associated specimens confirms their lack of morphological differentiation and leads us to formally resurrect P. acuminata and place the three other taxa under its synonymy. This taxonomic move is also supported by a revision of 72 additional geolocalized specimens (for a grand total of 78) and an analysis of their distribution and habitats. In fact, the bioclimatic space corresponding to the specimens previously assigned to P. acuminata encompasses that of all specimens previously assigned to the three other taxa under study. The species range covers a wide region, comprising the lower Amazon and the north of its basin, mostly below 200 m, and, to the west, in the upper Amazon, the Orinoco basin, and along the Andean foothills and valleys, from Venezuela to Peru, at elevations between 100 and 2200 m. In the lowlands, the species appears associated with white sand savannas and water courses. A more complete description is proposed for the species, including its unusual fusiform and slightly ribbed fruit. Another rare trait in the series Laurifoliae is that the outer corona filaments tend to be longer than the corolla.

Passiflora setacea DC. growing is of interest to the herbal industries since in its leaves are produced secondary metabolites that confer antioxidant, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties in Passiflora. Therefore, it is important to search for sustainable alternatives that aim to enhance the production of these compounds to add value to the phytomass, such as the inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the application of coconut coir dust, which has not been reported to P. setacea yet. The aim was to select the efficient combination of AMF and coconut coir dust to increase the compounds’ production and optimize the antioxidant activity in P. setacea leaves. The P. setacea seedlings that were cultivated in substrates without coconut coir dust and colonized by Gigaspora albida N.C. Schenck & G.S. Sm. produced more total saponins (1,707.43%), total tannins (469.98%), and total phenols (85.81%), in comparison to the non-mycorrhizal plants, in addition to enhancing the glomalin-related soil proteins. On the other hand, in general, the use of coir dust as a substrate has not been shown to increase the production of these bioactive compounds. It is concluded that the production of P. setacea seedlings using G. albida is an alternative to offer phytomass to the herbal medicines industry based on passion fruit.

Tapetal cells comprise an anther tissue fundamental to pollen grain development. They are associated with endoreduplication events, which culminate in polyploid and multinucleated cells, high metabolic activity, and different organelle arrangements to support all the development of the pollen grains. Passiflora species present a secretory tapetum, with diversity in the number and size of nuclei. Tapetal cells undergo numerous changes in a short period of development when compared to the plant's life span. To improve our knowledge of tapetum development, tests assessing ploidy levels, anatomy, cytochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, as well as conventional and molecular cytogenetics were used in Passiflora actinia and P. elegans. The current data show striking differences in nuclear organisation during tapetal cell development, including mono to quadrinucleate cells, and ploidy levels from 2n to 32n. One of the most peculiar features was the atypical behaviour of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which accumulated in the cell border, similar to a 'cER', as well as large dictyosomes. This endomembrane configuration may be related to the tapetum nutritional network and secretion of compounds at the end of meiosis. Another atypical feature of the ER was the formation of an invagination to establish 'binucleated' polyploid cells. This membrane projection appears when the nuclei form two lobes, as well as when it organises a nucleoplasmic reticulum. These data demonstrate that there are important ultrastructural changes in tapetal cells, including organelle arrangements, ploidy levels, and nuclear activity, common to P. actinia and P. elegans, but different from the plant model A. thaliana.

Purple passion fruit is one of the most important fruit exports of Colombia, but its productivity is being compromised by the emergence of several viral diseases. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) surveys of viruses in purple passion fruit fields in the province of Antioquia suggested infection by a new member of the family Tymoviridae. In this work, we characterize the complete genome sequence of this virus, tentatively named purple passionfruit leaf deformation virus (PpLDV), and evaluate its distribution in Antioquia. PpLDV was assembled at high coverage in four datasets from different regions. The 6.1 kb genome of PpLDV encodes a single polyprotein with domains characteristic of the family Tymoviridae, contains a marafibox-like promoter and the 3'-UTR can fold into a tRNA-like secondary structure with a valine anti-codon. Phylogenetic analysis of the polyprotein revealed that PpLDV is a distinct member of the family Tymoviridae, more closely related to the genus Tymovirus and the unclassified Poinsettia mosaic virus (PnMV). The presence of PpLDV was confirmed by RT-qPCR and RT-PCR in samples from commercial purple passion fruit fields, plantlets and seed sprouts collected in Antioquia using primers designed in this study. Keywords: high-throughput sequencing; Marafivirus; Passifloraceae; plant virology; RT-qPCR; Tymovirus.

Passiflora brauliensis Kuethe, R. Barboza, L. Alvarez sp. nov. (Figures 1, 2 (A–C), 3) TYPE:— COSTA RICA. Heredia province: Sarapiquí, comunidad de Cacho Negro, 350 m, 10º14’23” N, 83º58’06” W, 3 October 2022 (fl., fr.), Gared Rodríguez-Barboza & L. Alvarez 19 (holotype USJ!; isotype CR!). Diagnosis: —This new species is similar to Passiflora nitida and Passiflora fissurosa, from which it differs by the deep pink colour of the corona and operculum (vs. blue-with-white in P. nitida or purple in P. fissurosa), the reduction of glands on the bracts (vs.glandular in P. nitida), and the texture of the older stems (sub-fissurose opposed to woody in P. nitida or deeply fissurose in P. fissurosa). This species is further distinct by its distribution being restricted to the volcanic forest of Costa Rica (vs. Amazonian regions for P. nitida and P. fissurosa). Description: — Plant large woody liana with tendrils, glabrous throughout; stems becoming woody to sub-fissurose when mature, terete, green, younger shoots green, occasionally reddish; stipules linear, 1–1.5 cm long, glandular towards the apex, soon deciduous, green; petioles 1–2 cm long, green-reddish, reddish above, slightly ribbed, with a single pair of ovate, sessile, green glands positioned 3/4 th the length to near of the base of the leaf, occasionally slightly closer towards the middle of the petiole, glands 1.6–2.1 mm wide, non-producing; leaves simple, ovate-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 8–17.5 × 3–6 cm, obtuse at the base, acute to acuminate at the apex, penninerved with a 8–10 pairs of secondary veins, foliar margins glandular serrate, glabrous throughout, mildly coriaceous to membranous, green and glossy on both the adaxial and abaxial surface, most notable at younger stems; inflorescence solitary, borne at the younger stems, pendulous, 6–11 cm long; peduncles solitary, terete, 2.2–5.3 cm long, green or sometimes reddish in colour, pendent; pedicel white, terete, 0.5–1 cm long; bracts 3, persistent, light green, broadly elliptic to obovate, 3–5.7 × 2.1–4.5 cm, margin smooth, eglandular or with few small greenish glands towards the apex, slightly concave; flowers very showy, 10–13.5 cm in diameter, white with red to pinkish red, very sweetly scented with a citrus-like fragrance; hypanthium campanulate, white, about 1.2–1.5 cm high, 2–2.4 cm wide, glabrous; sepals white, rather fleshy in texture, oblong-ovate, 4.3–5.6 × 1.6–2.1 cm, obtuse at apex, dorsally corniculate just below apex with a hooked awn 3–5 mm long; petals subequal to sepals, white, narrowly oblong-ovate, 4.1–5.3 × 1.1–1.8 cm, acute-obtuse apex, membranous; corona filaments in 5–6 series, reddish pink with multiple white bands; the outer two series the most prominent, stout at the base becoming wavy in upper half, ligulate, 4–6 cm long, reddish-pink proximally becoming more reddish-purple to whitish distally, presenting 4–6 of lighter pinkish to whitish bands in lower half, second series subequal in length and size to the outer series, conspicuously more intense in colour than the outer series, third to fifth series filiform, 0.3–0.8 cm long, reddish-pink with few white bands, slightly curved outwards; operculum filamentose, intense pink, erect-linear or slightly inclined towards the androgynophore, noticeably longer than preceding filaments, 0.7–1.3 cm long, becoming very slightly darker in colour towards the base, inner operculum membranous, becoming slightly filamentose towards the apex, lighter pink, 3–4.5 mm long; limen membranous, recurved, 2–3 mm high, white; androgynophore white to whitish-pink without speckles, 12–15 mm long; staminal filaments greenish brown, mottled with red dots distally, 0.9–1.2 cm long; anthers white, 1.1 cm long; ovary ovoid to ellipsoid, whitish pink, glabrous, ellipsoid to obovoid, 0.5–0.7 cm long; styles pink, 0.9–1.2 cm long; stigma white, 0.4–0.5 cm; fruit obovoid, 8–10.3 cm long, green with white shades when immature, completely yellow to yellowish green when mature, edible; seeds black, triangular-ovate, base truncate, apex acute, inconspicuously striated, 0.8 × 1.1 cm, covered with a transparent aril. Phenology: —This new species has been observed with flowers in July, March and October and with fruits from September to July. Distribution and habitat: — Passiflora brauliensis is known only from the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Volcánica Central in Costa Rica, where it is found primarily within the Heredia and north-western Limón provinces. This large species grows in primary and secondary forest, at an altitude between 50 and 550 meters of elevation. According to Holdridge (1967), this species occurs in two different life zones, which are tropical wet forest (bmh-t) dominated by Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze (1891: 201) and transitional to premontane volcanic forest with cloud forest-like conditions. Notable populations have been sighted in the La Selva Biological Station and environs, as well as from various transitional regions where it was found in the premontane wet forest within the protectorate of the Braulio Carrillo National Park. This species was observed reaching maturity from subcanopy to canopy in the forest, with the flowers appearing mostly high up within the canopy. It was also found growing along the forest edges and roadsides, but most of the observations came from plants growing near rivers. Etymology: —This species is named after the Braulio Carrillo National Park in Costa Rica, location where it was first sighted. Conservation notes: —This new species is presently known from 15 collections (10 of which recorded from herbarium), which plot to an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of about 28 km 2 and an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 251 km 2. This scales Passiflora brauliensis EN (Endangered) under criteria B1ab(i, iii) and B2a(ii) of the IUCN (2022). Its restricted and endemic distribution to the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Volcánica Central in Costa Rica, and the extensive loss of habitat due to the rapid change of land use from mostly the period between 1950 to 1990 (Sader & Joyce 1988, Evans 2010), fully testifies this outcome. Although the species is present in land which is currently part of the protected San Juan-La Selva Biological Corridor, there remains high levels of ongoing illegal logging within in the area and the populations presently reported are scattered and discontinuous or fragmented. Paratypes: — COSTA RICA. Heredia: Sarapiquí, Finca La Selva, 15 September 1980, James mallet 6 (CR); Heredia: Sarapiquí, Horquetas, 400 m, 28 November 1983 (fr.), N . Zamora 409 (CR); Heredia: Sarapiquí, Reserva Ecológica Gavián Blanco. 26 November 2004 (fr.), O . Vargas 1127 (LSCR); Heredia: Finca La Selva, the OTS Field Station on the Rio Puerto Viejo, just E of its junction with the Rio Sarapiqui, 100 m. 7 April 1982, Hammel 11602 (MO); Heredia: Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, La Selva Field Station, central trail line 3000. 10°25’N, 84°00’W, July 12 1979, John smiley 10 (IRCV); Heredia: Sarapiqui, Near Puerto Viejo, March 1979, L. E . Gilbert s.n. (TEX); Heredia: Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva, The OTS Field Station on the Río Puerto Viejo just E of its junction with the Río Sarapiquí, banks of El Salto, 2800 line of S boundary, elevation just about 100 m, 14 april 1981 (fr.), James Folsom 9763 (DUKE); Limón: Pococí, Guápiles, PN. Braulio Carrillo, Sector Quebrada González, 500 m, 10°10’0”N, 79°27’00.0”W, 26 May 2001 (fr.), A . Estrada 3025 (CR); Limón: Pococí, Guápiles, Área no protegida, Teleférico del Bosque Lluvioso, 500 m, 10°11’0”N, 83°55’0”W, 28 May 2001 (fr.), A . Estrada 3030 (CR)., Published as part of Kuethe, J. R., Rodríguez-Barboza, Gared & Álvarez-Alcázar, Leonardo, 2023, Passiflora brauliensis, a new species of Passiflora supersection Laurifoliae (Passifloraceae) from the volcanic forest of Costa Rica, pp. 121-129 in Phytotaxa 584 (2) on pages 122-126, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.584.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7639315, {"references":["Holdridge, L. R. (1967) Life Zone Ecology. Revised Edition. San Jose: Tropical Science Center, 206 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / oalib. 1102321","Kuntze, C. E. (1891) Leges Nomenclaturae Internationales cum Enumeratione Plantarum Exoticarum. Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 327","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. [https: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf]","Sader, S. A. & Joyce, A. T. (1988) Deforestation rates and trends in Costa Rica, 1940 to 1983. Biotropica: 11 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2388421","Evans, S. (2010) The green republic: A conservation history of Costa Rica. University of Texas Press, 335 pp. [ISBN 978 - 0292 - 721 - 00 - 5]"]}

Passiflora acreana Mezzonato & Silveira, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 and 2). Type:— BRAZIL. Acre: Rio Branco, APA Lago do Amapá. Bacia do rio Acre, margem direita do rio Acre, 10º03’18.0”S, 67º51’30.7”W, 147 m. a.s.l., 25 January 2020, M. Oliveira, M. Silveira, I. Oliveira, C. Gonçalves, L. Guimarães & M. Caniso 105 (holotype CESJ!, isotype UFACPZ!) Passiflora acreana differs from the similar P. garckei by stipules with awns 2.8–3.1 mm long (vs. absent) and petiolar pedunculate glands with the apex concave (vs. patelliform); from P. gardneri it differs by having ten (vs. five) series of corona filaments 29.4–38.5 (vs. 20–25) mm long; and from P. eichleriana by the corona filaments whitish to basally purple, followed by a white band, which may be absent, and lilac to purple-bluish in the remaining 2/3 (vs. completely white), and arranged in ten (vs. six) series. Liana with tendrils. Branches 0.7–2.8 mm diam., brown, brown-greenish, cylindrical, striate, pilose. Stipules 9.4–20.4 × 4.6–7.4 mm, awns 2.8–3.1 mm long, foliaceous, reniform. Petiole 15–52.6 × 0.4–1 mm, pilose; glands (3)4–8, 0.6–0.8 × 0.5–0.8 mm, pedunculate, the apex concave, spaced or in pairs, distributed along the petiole. Leaf blade 3-lobed, 2.7–13.9 × 3.7–11.5 cm, united portion 1.3–5 cm long, lateral lobes 1.3–3.6 × 1.4–4.5 cm, ovate, central lobe 1.1–6.1 × 1.1–5 cm, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, apex acute to obtuse, mucronate, base slightly truncate to truncate, abaxial surface pilose, adaxial surface glabrous, except in the midrib, secondary veins and margin; margin entire, with 3–6 circular glands, slightly pedunculate, in the sinus of leaf blade, 0.2–0.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm, and 0–2 glands in the base of leaf blade. Inflorescence 1-flowered. Peduncle 17.6–32.4 mm long. Bracts 3, 11.6–29.9 × 4.4–15.6 mm, verticillate, pilose, oblong, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, margin entire, glandular at the base. Pedicel 0.8–5.1 mm long. Flowers ca. 63.6 mm diam., hypanthium campanulate, glabrous; sepals 24.6–36 × 8.2–8.4 mm, oblong-lanceolate, apex obtuse, carinate-cucullate with awn 3–3.6 mm long, abaxial surface centrally green, white on the lateral and adaxial surface, glabrous, with few trichomes on the midrib abaxially; petals 24.8–35.1 × ca. 8 mm, linear-oblong, apex obtuse, white to lilac, glabrous; corona with 10 filament series, two outer series 29.4–38.5 mm long, filiform, whitish to purple at the base, followed by a white band, which may be absent, and lilac to purple-bluish on the remaining 2/3 of filaments length; other inner series 2.2–5,5 mm long, capitate, rarely bifid, purplish, innermost filaments near the androgynophore purplish, with white to light pink apex; operculum 7.7–11.8 mm long, united portion 2.3–3.1 mm long, membranaceous at the base, free portion 5.4–8.7 mm long, filamentous at the apex, exserted, pinkish; nectar ring present; limen ca. 4 mm long, membranaceous, adnate to androgynophore, apex slightly wavy; androgynophore ca. 17.2 mm long, trochlea absent; stamen filaments 8.7–9.4 × 1–1.4 mm, glabrous; anthers 11–11.2 × 2.4–3.1 mm; ovary 5.8 × 2.6 mm, elliptic, glabrous; style 10.7–14.3 long, 0.5–1 mm diam. Fruit 5.8–8 × 3.7–7 cm, globose, glabrous, immature green immature, mature yellow; seed 4.8–5.5 mm long, 2.9–3 mm larg., 1.1–1.3 mm thick, obovate, reticulate. Paratypes:— BRAZIL. Acre: Rio Branco, APA Lago do Amapá. Bacia do rio Acre, margem direita do rio Acre, 10º03’18.0”S, 67º51’30.7”W, 147 m. a.s.l., 17 November 2018, M. Oliveira et al. 14 (CESJ, UFACPZ); Rio Branco, APA Lago do Amapá. Bacia do rio Acre, margem direita do rio Acre, 10º03’18.0”S, 67º51’30.7”W, 147 m. a.s.l., 26 April 2019, M. Oliveira et al. 66 (CESJ, UFACPZ); Rio Branco, APA Lago do Amapá. Bacia do rio Acre, Bacia do rio Acre, margem direita do rio Acre, 10°02’35.1”S 67°52’24.1”W, 137 m. a.s.l., 29 January 2022, M. Oliveira et al. 418 (UFACPZ); Rio Branco, APA Lago do Amapá. Bacia do rio Acre, Bacia do rio Acre, margem direita do rio Acre, 10°02’38.0”S 67°52’27.8”W, 135 m. a.s.l., 01 February 2022, M. Oliveira et al. 422 (UFACPZ); Rio Branco, Estrada da Floresta, BR 364, Via Verde, margem esquerda do rio Acre, 10°00’11.9”S 67°50’57.4”W, 171 m. a.s.l., 30 November 2020, M. Oliveira et al. 202 (UFACPZ). Distribution and habitat: —The species is not abundant in the area, occuring predominantly on the edges of an alluvial open forest with palm trees and bamboos of the genus Guadua Kunth (1822: 252) in an intermediate alluvial terrace. Phenology:— Passiflora acreana was collected with flowers in November, January and February, and with fruits in April. Etymology: —The specific epithet “ acreana ” is a tribute to Acre, the state where this new species was found. Conservation status: —Thus far, only four populations of P. acreana have been found (Fig. 2). Three populations occur in the Lago do Amapá Environmental Protection Area, Rio Branco, Acre State, and the fourth occurs in the surrounding areas of the conservation unit. The species has an estimated extent of occurrence of 7,585 km 2 and an estimated area of occupancy of 16,000 km 2, being therefore categorized as critically endangered (CR), B1ab (i,ii,iii) + 2ab (i,ii,iii) following the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2022). Although three of its populations are located in the conservation unit, P. acreana generally occurs on the edges of small forest fragments threatened by their close proximity to residential buildings and anthropogenic activities, such as burning and clearing. Features and affinities:— Passiflora acreana is placed in P. subg. Passiflora, supersect. Stipulata sect. Granadillastrum. The species can be easily distinguished from morphologically similar species by the presence of pilose indumentum throughout the plant surface, except on the leaves adaxial surface and ovary; foliaceous reniform stipules with awns and (3)4–8 petiolar pedunculate glands, with the apex concave, spaced or in pairs; corona with ten series of filaments, whitish to purple at the base, followed by a white band, which may be absent, and lilac to purple-bluish on the remaining 2/3 of filaments length, innermost filaments (near the androgynophore) purplish with apex whitish to light pink. Passiflora acreana is similar to P. eichleriana Masters (1872: 568), P. gardneri Masters (1872: 566), and P. garckei Masters (1871: 639) (Fig. 4). The main comparative features among these species are described in Table 1. Only P. garckei occurs exclusively in the Amazon domain (Bernacci et al. 2020). Passiflora acreana can be differentiated from P. garckei for being pilose (vs. glabrous), with pedunculate glands with the apex concave (vs. sessile, patelliform glands), stipules with (vs. without) awns. Passiflora acreana can be distinguished from P. eichleriana for having stipules with (vs. without) awns and with pedunculate glands with the apex concave (vs. ligulate glands); furthermore, while P. eichleriana flowers are white, P. acreana bears flowers with corona whitish to purple at the base, followed by a white band, which may be absent, and lilac to purple-bluish in the remaining 2/3 of filaments length. Passiflora acreana differs from P. gardneri by its reniform (vs. semi-ovate) stipules, with smaller awns (2.8–3.1 mm vs. ca. 5 mm long), and corona with 10 (vs. 5) series of filaments. Illustrations and/or photographs of these similar species can be found in Cervi (1997, Fig. 12), Koch et al. (2014, Figs. 1b and 2a), and Koch et al. (2019, Figs. 1 and 2). With this new species, the state of Acre now harbors 29 species (Bernacci et al. 2020), two of which (P. bernaccii and P. kikiana Cervi & Linsingen (2010: 1062)) were described in the last 11 years. Among these species, Passiflora jussieui Feuillet (2010: 611) and P. ovata Joseph Martin ex De Candolle (1828: 322) were recently recorded for the first time in Brazil (Mezzonato-Pires et al. 2018), whereas P. costata Masters (1872: 573), previously recorded in other Brazilian states, was for the first cited for Acre in 2017 (Mezzonato-Pires et al. 2017). These records, added to the description of the new species P. acreana, reveal the importance of expeditions in Acre for enhancing the knowledge of the Brazilian flora, particularly with regard to Passifloraceae taxonomy, and the relevance of conservation units for biodiversity conservation., Published as part of Mezzonato-Pires, Ana Carolina, Silveira, Marcos & Oliveira, Mayk Honório De, 2023, Passiflora acreana, a new species of Passiflora subgenus Passiflora (Passifloraceae sensu stricto) from Acre, Brazil, pp. 39-46 in Phytotaxa 579 (1) on pages 40-43, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532094, {"references":["Kunth, K. S. (1822) Sur Le Genre Bambusa. In: Blainville, D. (ed.) Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 95: 1 - 400.","Masters, M. T. (1872) Passifloraceae. In: Martius, C. P. F., Eichler, A. G. & Urban, I. (Eds.) Flora Brasiliensis. Frid. Fleischer, Lipsiae, pp. 527 - 628.","Masters, M. T. (1871) Contributions to the Natural History of the Passifloraceae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27: 593 - 645. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1871. tb 00221. x","Bernacci, L. C., Nunes, T. S., Mezzonato, A. C., Milward-de-Azevedo, M. A., Imig, D. C. & Cervi, A. C. (2020) Passifloraceae in Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: https: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / FB 182 (accessed 15 Apr 2022).","Koch, A. N., Cardoso, A. L. R. & Ilkiu-Borges, A. L. (2014) Novelties in Passifloraceae from the Brazilian Amazon. Check List 10: 453 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 10.2.453","Koch, A. N., Engels, M. E., Reis, N. N. V. & Soares-Lopes, C. R. A. (2019) A new subspecies and taxonomic notes on Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) in Brazilian Amazon, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Phytotaxa 402: 13 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 402.1.2","Killip, E. P. (1938) The American Species of Passifloraceae. Publication Field Museum of Natural History - Botanical Series 19 (1 - 2): 1 - 613. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2269","Cervi, A. C. (1997) Passifloraceae do Brasil. Estudos do genero Passiflora L., subgenero Passiflora. Fontqueria 45: 1 - 92.","Cervi, A. C. & Linsingen, L. von (2010) Passiflora kikiana, a new species of Passifloraceae from the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Botanica Brasilica 24: 1062 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0102 - 33062010000400021","Feuillet, C. (2010) Folia taxonomica 18. The status of Passiflora citrifolia and a new species in subgenus Astrophea (Passifloraceae), Passiflora jussieui. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4: 609 - 614.","De Candolle, A. P. (1828) Passifloraceae. In: De Candolle, A. P. (ed.) Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Treuttel & W ¸ rtz, Paris, pp. 321 - 338.","Mezzonato-Pires, A. C., Milward-de-Azevedo, M. A., Mendonca, C. B. F. & Goncalves-Esteves, V. (2018) Taxonomy, palynology and distribution notes of seven species of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae s. s.) newly recorded from Brazil. Phytokeys 95: 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / phytokeys. 95.22342","Mezzonato-Pires, A. C., Mendonca, C. B. F., Milward-de-Azevedo, M. A. & Goncalves-Esteves, V. (2017) Distribution extensions for species of the Passiflora subgenus Astrophea (DC.) Masters from Brazil (Passifloraceae s. s.). Check List 13: 467 - 473. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.5.467"]}

Abtract The foliar glands of Passiflora are generally known as extrafloral nectaries, which, unlike floral nectaries, are not related to pollination. The present study describes and analyzes the foliar glands found in Passiflora ceratocarpa and Passiflora quadrangularis, in order to confirm their identity as extrafloral nectaries and discuss the taxonomic and ecological implications of these structures. The study material was collected in the metropolitan region of Belem (Brazil) and submitted to standard protocols for the analysis of plant anatomy by light and scanning microscopy, as well as histochemical testing. The extrafloral nectaries of the two species are anatomically very similar, including a multiseriate palisade epidermis, a nectariferous parenchyma consisting of voluminous, thin-walled cells, and predominantly phloematic vascularization. Their chemical composition is also highly similar, and includes sugars, and lipids. Five ant genera were found visiting the two Passiflora species, of which Camponotus was the most abundant, being found on both the study species.

The climbing passion flower Passiflora discophora features branched tendrils with multiple adhesive pads at their tips allowing it to attach to large-diameter supports and to flat surfaces. We conducted tensile tests to quantify the performance of this attachment system. We found that the force at failure varies with substrate, ontogenetic state (turgescent or senescent), and tendril size (i.e. tendril cross-sectional area and pad area). The tendrils proved to be well balanced in size and to attach firmly to a variety of substrates (force at failure up to 2N). Pull-off tests performed with tendrils grown on either epoxy, plywood, or beech bark revealed that senescent tendrils could still bear 24, 64, or 100% of the force measured for turgescent tendrils, respectively, thus providing long-lasting attachment at minimal physiological costs. The tendril main axis was typically the weakest part of the adhesive system, whereas the pad–substrate interface never failed. This suggests that the plants use the slight oversizing of adhesive pads as a strategy to cope with ‘unpredictable’ substrates. The pads, together with the spring-like main axis, which can, as shown, dissipate a large amount of energy when straightened, thus constitute a fail-safe attachment system.

Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa (Passifloraceae) is popularly known as yellow passion fruit and its fruit peels are considered a rich by-product in bioactive compounds which has greatly beneficial health properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of P. edulis fruit peel extracts in a type 1 diabetes model and the potential vasorelaxant effect. The aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were obtained from P. edulis fruit peels and orientin and isorientin flavonoids were identified in both extracts through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Pectin was only identified in the aqueous extract by high-performance steric exclusion chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Regarding the vascular system, the hydroethanolic extract showed better vasorelaxant effects in the mesenteric artery rings when compared to the aqueous extract. These effects mainly occur by opening the potassium channels. In the type 1 diabetes model, extracts at doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg were able to restore the effect of insulin in diabetic rats which were not responding to its action. The antidiabetic effect was more significant for the aqueous extract. Thus, the results suggest that the hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts have greater potential to be used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and as a hypoglycemic agent, respectively. Taken together, P. edulis fruit peel extracts proved to be a source of valuable bioactive raw material to produce nutraceuticals or pharmaceutical products.

Como elemento genético altamente conservado, el polen es fundamental en el reconocimiento de un taxón. Por tanto, se estudió la diversidad de algunas especies de Passiflora L., por medio de caracterización palinológica, mostrando su importancia como herramienta para elucidar la controversia taxonómica del género. Para esto se tomaron 30 muestras de polen, las cuales fueron analizadas bajo microscopías óptica (acetólisis) y electrónica de barrido MEB, representando 20 especies de Passiflora. Se incluyó la especie-tipo del género, P. incarnata, y P. macrophylla (única especie arborescente monopodial del subgénero Astrophea). Palabras-clave: género Passiflora, polen, acetólisis, MEB

Purple passion fruit, one of the most important fruit exports in Colombia, has been seriously affected in recent years by several viral diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the...

Passion fruit woodiness disease is responsible for severe losses in passion fruit production around the world. The disease is caused by Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), an aphid-transmitted potyvirus. Traditional sanitary measures against the disease, such as vector elimination and cross protection, have not been successful, resulting in elimination and replanting of passion fruit plants each season. To find new alternatives for disease control, we tested the use of a peptidogalactomannan (pGM) extracted from the fungus Cladosporium herbarum to activate passion fruit defense mechanisms, enabling plants to tolerate passion fruit woodiness disease (PWD). Passion fruit seedlings were spray-treated with pGM in a greenhouse three days before mechanical inoculation with CABMV. Experiments were set up in a completely randomized design, and disease incidence and severity were compared between water- and 100 μg ml−1 pGM-treated plants. Woodiness symptoms and certain developmental parameters of water- and pGM-treated plants were evaluated over five weeks. pGM treatment did not affect plant normal development. Plants that were both treated with pGM and inoculated with the virus showed very mild or no foliar CABMV disease symptoms and had the same growth and developmental patterns as the healthy uninoculated control plants. pGM led to the accumulation of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the leaf tissues as well as their respective mRNAs. In addition, a ten- and twofold transcription induction of the mRNAs of the defense-related genes such as chitinase I (PR-3) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), respectively, were observed in pGM-treated seedlings. These results suggested that pGM enables plants to respond more intensely to CABMV infection, mitigating woodiness symptoms and maintaining normal plant growth.

Passionfruit plantings in Vietnam increased to 10,000 ha in 2019. However, outbreaks of passionfruit woodiness disease (PWD) have become a serious threat to production. In this study, five virus isolates (DN1, DN4, NA1, GL1, and GL2) were collected from different areas of Vietnam. Their causal roles in PWD were verified by back-inoculation to passionfruit. Analyses of coat protein (CP) and genomic sequences revealed that the GL1 isolate is closely related to East Asia Passiflora virus (EAPV) AO strain of Japan (polyprotein nt and aa identities of 98.1 and 98.2%, respectively), and the GL2 isolate is related to Telosma mosaic virus (TelMV) isolate PasFru, China (polyprotein nt and aa identities of 87.1 and 90.9%, respectively). CP comparison, host range, and cytological characterization indicated that DN1, DN4, and NA1 are potyviruses but are different from EAPV and TelMV. Phylogenic analyses of their CP and genome sequences indicated that these three isolates and the passionfruit severe mottle-associated virus Fujian isolate of China belong to a distinct clade, which does not meet the threshold (76% nt identity of polyprotein) to be regarded as any of potyviral species. Thus, a new species name, Passiflora mottle virus, (PaMoV), has been proposed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. A rabbit antiserum was produced against the CP of DN1, and it can distinguish PaMoV from TelMV and EAPV in western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) without cross-reactions. Field surveys of 240 samples by ELISA and reverse transcription PCR found that PWD in Vietnam is caused mainly by PaMoV, followed by EAPV, mixed infection of PaMoV and EAPV, and rare cases of TelMV.

There is increasing interest in evaluating anti-inflammatory activities of plant substances such as extracts and flavonoid rich fractions. A promising source of new medicinal drugs may be species from the Passifloraceae family. The most interesting group of principal chemical substances in Passiflora species are polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, apigenin, luteolin, chrysin, and C-glycosylflavones i.e., vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isoorientin), due to their antioxidant activity demonstrated in various studies. However, each extract from Passiflora spp. as multi-component mixtures should be estimated for chemical composition (in the standardization process) and its activity using in vitro and in vivo tests. The current standard for drug discovery and development from plants indicates that only collective assessment allows estimating plant substances by definition of the origin of raw materials and their quality, methods of extractions, and metabolite profiles. Increasingly, due to complex phytochemical procedures to obtain extracts, individual flavonoid compounds are also tested for anti-inflammatory action. However, it should be emphasized that various sources of potential new drugs from plant origin are not mutually exclusive, but are complementary. A review of bibliographic data includes the following information about Passiflora species, such as distribution, classification, phytochemical compounds, the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts, the anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids, and antioxidant potential. The review concluded that extracts and flavonoids (mainly quercetin, apigenin, and vitexin) from Passiflora spp. can be a valuable source of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative medications for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, which occur with complex inflammatory processes.

An ultra-fast method for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals in

Araştırma 2022 yılı vegetasyon döneminde Antalya Manavgat ilçesinde örtüaltı koşullarında yetiştiriciliği yapılan Öncel grupa ait 3 yaşındaki P. Edulis türüne ait 2 genotip ile P.edulis var. Flavicarpa alt türüne ait 1 genotip olmak üzere 3 genotipte yürütülmüştür. Genotipler arasında meyve ağırlığı, meyve boyu ve kabuk ağırlığı ve kabuk kalınlığında istatistik olarak önemli farklılıklar önemli bulunmazken diğer pomolojik verilerde (meyve eni, meyve boyu, meyve eti ağırlığı, tohum ağırlığı ve tohum sayısı) istatistik olarak önemli farklılıklar saptanmıştır. Genotip 2’nin (47.14 g) meyvelerinin diğer genotiplerin meyvelerine göre daha iri meyveler oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada meyve çapı ve meyve boyu bakımından istatistik olarak önemli farklılıklar belirlenmemiş meyve çapının 47.85 mm-49.53 mm, meyve boyunun ise 57.24 mm -59.65 mm arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır. Araştırmada tohum sayısı en az Genotip 2’de belirlenmiştir. Tohum oranının ise tüm genotiplerde %3.71-5.76 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada genotipler arasında renk, SÇKM, pH ve TEA istatistik olarak önemli farklar belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada sarı renkli genotipin mor renk genotiplere göre daha az asitli olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Propolis is rich in natural bioactive compounds, and considering its importance for many skin therapies, emulgel was prepared. This study examines how a propolis extract (PE) and Passiflora edulis seed (PS) oil emulgel affect rat deep skin wound healing. Based on preset criteria of maximum drug content and optimum drug permeation through the stratum corneum along with drug retention in the skin layers, an optimized emulgel formula based on Box-Behnken factorial design was prepared and used for subsequent

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Passiflora edulis fruit peel aqueous (AFA) extract as an adjuvant to insulin to confer nephroprotection against streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups based on treatment received for 60 days: diabetic (DB), control (CTL), insulin (INS), and insulin + AFA extract (INS + AFA). mRNA and protein expression levels of podocyte (nephrin, podocin, and WT1) and tubular (megalin) proteins were measured in kidney tissue specimens and urine. Biochemical parameters and kidney histopathology were also examined. Herein, the INS + AFA group showed superior glycemic control, which resulted in the reduction of urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, maintenance of baseline levels of Nphs1, Nphs2, Wt1, and Lrp2 mRNA expression, prevention of protein loss from the kidney tissue into the urinary space, along with the maintenance of glomerular basement membrane thickness, hyalinization, glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis at values approximating those of the CTL group and significantly lower than those in the DB group. Therefore, these results suggest that, as an anti-diabetic agent, the AFA extract adjuvant to insulin could reduce and potentially prevent diabetic kidney disease.

The SQUAMOSA promoter binding proteins (SBPs) gene family plays important roles in plant growth and development. The

Passiflora coloranigra Kuethe & Meerman, sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Type:— PANAMA. Cólon province: Donoso district, east of Pamilla, Orilla del Río Caimito, 09°00’54”N 080°41’31”W, 10–50 m, 5 March 2008, Blanca Araúz & Jan Meerman 1691 (holotype: F!; isotypes: MO, STRI!, US!). Diagnosis:—This new species belongs to subgenus Passiflora supersect. Laurifoliae, where it appears to be morphologically related to Passiflora nitida. The two species can easily be distinguished by the red-purple colour of the flower and fruit of Passiflora coloranigra, whereas in Passiflora nitida the flower is white with blue, followed by a yellow-orange fruit. The location of the petiolar nectaries in this species are located near the middle of the petiole, while in Passiflora nitida they are located near the apex of the petiole. Description:—Plant: wooden vine or liana, glabrous throughout, except ovary. Stem: Mainly terete, younger shoots occasionally a little striate, reddish to reddish-purple to green. Stipules: hooked, ca. 15 mm long, lanceolate to tubular, apically glandular occasionally deciduous, green. Tendrils: well-developed, red to purple-colored to green when mature. Petioles: (1.3–)2–4(–5) cm long, with one pair of ovate, sessile, green glands, located just above middle of the petiole. Leaves: ovate-oblong to ovate-elliptic, (10–)13–20(–25) × (5–)7–10(–13) cm, obtuse at base, acute to acuminate at apex, entirely pinnate-veined, thick coriaceous and shiny at the adaxial surface, thick coriaceous and dull beneath. Leaf margin: green, slightly dentate to distally serrate, glandular. Laminar nectaries: absent. Juvenile branches: Membranous, shiny, deeply tinted purple to red (especially abaxially), turning green when older. Inflorescence: solitary on the younger wood. Peduncles: terete, glabrous, (3–) 4–5 cm long. Bracts: involucrate to ovate, free inserted ca. 2 mm below flower, 3–4 × 4–4.5 cm, margin partially with several stout brown glands, color variable; from cherry-red to olive green. Hypanthium: campanulate, cherry-red to pinkish-purple. Sepals: fleshy, ovate to lanceolate, 3.5–4.2 × 2–2.2 cm, obtuse, colours consistent, cherry-red abaxially, deep pink adaxially. Petals: subequal to sepals, narrowovate to acuminate, 3.5–4 × 1.5–2 cm, rich pink from both sides. Corona: filaments in 5–6 series; filaments of outer series: stout at the base, distally wavy, ligulate, 4.5–5.2 cm long, very dark purple near the base, and more pinkish to whitish pink distally, with 4–6 lighter pinkish bands in lower half; filaments of second series quite similar to the outer series, stout at the base and wavy at the apex, ligulate, 4.5–5 cm, cross-banded with dark purple and white; third to fifth series minute, filiform, reddish black, 0.4–0.6 cm, slightly curved inwards for the apical 2 mm; innermost series erect-linear, reddish purple, slightly inclined towards the androgynophore, slightly longer the preceding rows, 0.8–1 cm. Trochlea absent. Androgynophore: red to cherry red, 3–3.5 cm long. Ovary: tomentose, reddish pink, very finely sericeous, ellipsoid to obovoid. Filaments: red to cherry. Anthers: white to yellow. Mature fruits: ovoid, 9–11 × 5–6 cm, bright orange to deep purple red with darker spots when mature, edible, and very sweet. Etymology:—The specific epithet is derived from the Latin combination “ Colores Nigra ”, meaning “dark colours”. This refers to the unusual dark purple coloration of the juvenile branches, buds, petals, sepals, corona and fruit. Phenology:—This new species was found in flower between March and July. This corresponds with the beginning of the Panamanian wet season. The fruits have been seen on the plant between June and August. The morphology of the flower suggests pollination by medium to large carpenter bees, although this has not been observed in situ. Distribution and ecology:— Passiflora coloranigra has been collected at three locations in the vicinity of the Canal region of Panama (Fig. 4), where it grows in wet broadleaf forest ranging from sea-level up to 250 m elevation. The first collection was found along the Santa Rita Ridge road, which transects a small rainforest strip at the east side of the Parque Nacional Chagres, Cólon, Central Panama. This area is characterized by very wet broadleaf forest with a high rate of rainfall (about 3000 mm annually), occasional nubiculous precipitation, and high humidity year-round. The second and third collection were at a lower elevation, and both were found closer to the Canal Zone area in the Soberanía National Park. Furthermore, the second author reported a large plant covering a tall tree growing on the NW side of the small island in the Rio Caimito, Donoso district, Cólon Province. The island itself rose barely above river level (Conservation:—During early 2019, the first author visited the first location along the Santa Rita Ridge road, which marks a small piece of remnant cloud forest on the edge of the orographic barrier that divides the drainage zone from the Atlantic (Caribbean) and Pacific rainfall, respectively. Unfortunately, the area was strongly deforested to make space for agriculture, and no new plants of P. coloranigra were found. The second location is within the periphery of a national park, and thus should be better protected against agricultural development. The Rio Caimito location does not enclose a protected area, though reportedly the plants were growing in brook forest that is unsuitable for agricultural development (Meerman, pers. comm.). Unfortunately, the species has not yet been introduced into cultivation and cultivation efforts should be encouraged. Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— P. coloranigra: PANAMA. Cólon province: Carretera Santa Rita - Sierra Llorona, 160-180 m, 09°19’N 079°47’W, 6 April 2006, C . Galdames & Carla Chízmar 5548 (STRI); Santa Rita, on a small road, 5 km North of Santa Rita Arriba, 160–180 m, 9°20’24.0”N 79°45’36.0”W, 6 April 2006, C . Galdames & Carla Chízmar 5549 (STRI); Santa Rita Arriba, Dick Howard, Smithsonian Institution [Only known from picture (RAH _053 rah05271.tif)]; Teck Cominco Petaquilla mining concession, collected near plot C003, 184 m, 08°50’22”N 080°38’51”W, 18 September 2007, Gordon McPherson 19669 (MO); Between Penonomé and Cerro La Vieja, 383 m, 08°38’53”N 080°12’18”W, 19 July 2009, John M . MacDougal, Jorge Lezcano & T. Skimina 6287 (MO); Panamá province: El Llano –Cartí road, Interamerican Hwy. to continental divide, ca. 8 km from Interamerican Hwy, 380 m, 09°16’30”N 078°57’30”W, 23 July 2009, John M . MacDougal, Jorge Lezcano & T. Skimina 6309 (MO); Canal Zone, summit, May 1931, Q. V . Lindsay 230 (US); Barro Colorado Island, 10-100 m, 09°09’N 079°51’W, 24 January 1936, J . Zetec 3620 (MO). Additional specimens examined:— P. ambigua: BELIZE. Toledo District: Machaca, 50 ft., 8 February 1934, W. A . Schipp 1302 (F); Stann Creek District: Stann Creek valley, Mountain Cow Ridge, 12 March 1940, P. H . Gentle 3254 (F). COSTA RICA. Alajuela: Upala, Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Cordillera de Guanacaste, Estación San Ramón, Sendero El Argentino Dos Ríos, 550 m, 10°52’48”N 085°24’00”W, 23 March 1994, Dunia García 147 (CR, MO); San José 11 Km al Noreste del pueblo, Asentamiento campesino Jomusa, Río Palo Quemado, 40 m, 10°58’48”N 085°06’36”W, 14 April 1988, Gerardo Herrera Ch. 1814 (CR, MO); Parque Rincón de la Vieja Hacienda Santa María; del mirador siguiendo la Fila al Noreste, camino al Volcán Santa María, 800 m, 10°48’00”N 085°18’36”W, 19 October 1987, Gerardo Herrera Ch. 908 (CR, MO); Puntarenas: Golfo Dulce, Península de Osa, Bahía Chal, 3 Km antes de Rincón, 20 m, 08°43’12”N 083°26’24”W, 10 January 1994, Nelson Zamora, Mery Ocampo & V . Alpízar 2188 (CR, MO). NICARAGUA. Atlántico Sur: E. G . Sturridge s.n. (K)., Published as part of Kuethe, J. R. & Meerman, Jan, 2022, Describing Passiflora coloranigra, a striking new species of Passiflora supersection Laurifoliae (Passifloraceae) from Panama, pp. 191-198 in Phytotaxa 561 (2) on pages 192-195, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.561.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7059493

Passiflora edulis Sims, besides having economic and social importance, is included in the medicinal plant list that is considered of interest by the Unified Health System (Sistema Unico de Saude – SUS). Due to its high nutritional value, this species is widely used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. It also contains carotenoids, as well as passiflorine and maracugine, which have sedative effects. The aim of this research was to assess P. edulis minimum growth conditions in different concentrations and combinations of MS culture medium and sucrose for in vitro conservation. The following variables were analyzed: Plant height; number of green and senescent leaves; and number of roots. Root height means were highest in MS media containing 30 g L-1 sucrose (8.33). With regard to plant height, the best results were obtained in MS/4 media with 15 g L-1 or 30 g L-1 sucrose, which enabled the maintenance of lower plants (5.35 and 4.91, respectively) with green leaves after 120 days in vitro culture. The MS/2 media supplemented with 15 g L-1 sucrose was the best alternative for in vitro maintenance of plants with appropriate height and number of green leaves (8.22 and 3.86, respectively). Thus, we may conclude that MS/2 with 15 g L-1 sucrose represents an efficient strategy for in vitro conservation of P. edulis plants for a culture period of 120 days and 100% survival after acclimatization. Key words: Passion fruit, medicinal plants, in vitro culture, germplasm conservation.

Objetivo: examinar el efecto del consumo de Passiflora edulis (P. edulis) sobre marcadores bioquímicos de estrés oxidativo (BMEOX) en mujeres voleibolistas de una selección universitaria. Método: población catorce jugadoras (edad: 19.3±2.2 años; masa: 57.5±5.0 kg; estatura: 1.62±6.2 m), fueron divididas aleatoriamente en grupo experimental (GE) y grupo placebo (GP). Durante los siete días del microciclo, al GE se les suministró 2 ml/día de zumo de P edulis y el GP recibió 2 ml/día de placebo (agua saborizada). Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas durante los días 1, 4, 7 y 14. Se cuantificaron creatina quinasa (CK), glutamato oxalacetato transaminasa (GOT), glutamato piruvato transaminasa (GPT), creatinina (Cr), catalasa (CAT), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), la peroxidación lipídica por el método de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) y la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG). Resultados: las transaminasas, se incrementaron significativamente en el día 4, y descendieron en los días 7 y 14 en ambos grupos. CK y Cr, aumentaron, pero no retornaron a valores basales en el día 14. TBARS y CAT aumentaron en ambos grupos sin diferencias significativas, mientras SOD aumentó con diferencias significativas para todos los días solo en GP. Conclusión: El microciclo produce cambios en los BMEOX, aumentando su nivel con el aumento de la intensidad del mismo; El consumo de P. edulis no afectó de manera significativa las actividades transaminasas, SOD y CAT, pero estas enzimas permanecen más estables en las deportistas que consumieron P. edulis. Es necesario profundizar el conocimiento sobre usos de antioxidantes y ejercicio intenso. Abstract. Objective: to examine the effect of the consumption of Passiflora edulis (P. edulis) on biochemical markers of oxidative stress (BMEOX) in female volleyball players of a university team. Method: population fourteen players (age: 19.3 ± 2.2 years; mass: 57.5 ± 5.0 kg; height: 1.62 ± 6.2 m), were randomly divided into experimental group (EG) and placebo group (GP). During the seven days of the microcycle, the EG was given 2 ml / day of P edulis juice and the GP received 2 ml / day of placebo (flavored water). Blood samples were taken during days 1, 4, 7 and 14. Creatine kinase (CK), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), creatinine (Cr), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Results: transaminases increased significantly on day 4, and decreased on days 7 and 14 in both groups. CK and Cr, increased, but did not return to baseline values on day 14. TBARS and CAT increased in both groups without significant differences, while SOD increased with significant differences for all days only in GP. Conclusion: The microcycle produces changes in the BMEOX, its level increase with the increase in its intensity; Consumption of P. edulis did not significantly affect transaminase, SOD and CAT activities, but these enzymes remain more stable in athletes who consumed P. edulis. It is necessary to deepen the knowledge about antioxidant uses and intense exercise.

Background: Striae distensae is a skin disorder that causes cosmetic and psychological problems. Purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims var. Edulis) is widely cultivated, especially in North Sumatra. The seeds are abundant and unused industrial waste. Purple passion fruit seeds contain piceatannol, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, resveratrol, hydroalcohols and sterols which play a role in the repair of striae distensae through anti-inflammatory mechanisms, increase fibroblast proliferation and collagen production, increase crosslinking between collagen fibers and moisturizers. Objective: To determine the effect of 6% purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims var. Edulis) seed extract cream on striae distensae. Subjects and Methods: This study is a pre-experimental clinical trial with a pretest-posttest research design on 40 subjects with striae distensae. Diagnosis was confirmed by history and clinical evaluation using the Manchester scar scale before and after administration of 6% purple passion fruit extract cream at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. Adverse effects were recorded during the study and satisfaction levels were assessed at the end. Results: The majority of subjects' ages ranged from 29 to 39 years (72.5%). There was a significant reduction in Manchester scar scale in striae distensae, both after being given a 6% purple passion fruit extract cream or a combination of 1% tretinoin cream for 8 weeks, with a mean reduction of 25% (p = 0.000). Striae distensae after being given 6% purple passion fruit extract cream compared to 6% purple passion fruit extract cream combined with 1% tretinoin cream, there was no significant difference (p = 0.791). From a total of 40 subjects, none experienced side effects (0%). As many as 57.5% of the subjects showed a good level of satisfaction. Conclusion: The use of 6% purple passion fruit seed extract cream can improve the appearance of striae distensae without side effects and the level of satisfaction is good.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:42:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) This work aims to use a solid agro-industrial residue (passion fruit shells—PF) to manufacture different activated carbons (ACs) capable to retain Cr3+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ on synthetic wastewater. The PF was carbonized and chemically activated with three precursors, giving rise to three ACs: phosphoric acid (ACH2PO4), sodium acetate (ACC2H3NaO2), and potassium hydroxide (ACKOH). The ACs were characterized by SEM, ASAP, FTIR, and pH-PZC. The adsorption phenomena were studied by kinetic and isotherm models. The efficiency of the process was investigated in mono- and multimetallic solution with two-way ANOVA and Tukey test at 95% confidence interval. The physical-chemical modifications in the solid increased the surface area, the porosity, and the heterogeneity. The phenomena had a better fit to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and to the Freundlich isotherm model. Analyzing the interaction between the ACs and the composition of the solutions, the selectivity of the solid and the competition for activated sites were verified. Efficiencies higher than 95% were obtained for Ni2+, 80% for Cu2+, and 70% for Cr3+. The viability of the process in mono- and multimetallic solutions opens the possibility of integrated management of metallic wastewater and agro-industrial residues. Laboratory of Optimization Design and Advanced Control - School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry - School of Technology and Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Laboratory of Engineering and Environmental Processes - School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Laboratory of Water Wastewater and Reuse - School of Technology and Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry - School of Technology and Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Laboratory of Water Wastewater and Reuse - School of Technology and Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) FAPESP: 2015/09170-1 FAPESP: 2019/11353-8

Passiflora edulis Sims (passion fruit) is an economically important fruit crop. However, a new flower dry rot has occurred in orchards located in Zhanjiang, China, and has led to serious production loss. Its disease incidence is approximately 30 to 40%. A total of 221 isolates of Fusarium sp. were obtained from samples of three types of symptomatic flowers. Three representative single-spore isolates (PaB-1, PaB-2, and PaB-3) from each type were used for pathogenicity tests, multilocus phylogenetic analyses, and morphological descriptions. Pathogenicity tests of buds of 5-month-old P. edulis plants showed symptoms similar to those observed in nature, and Koch’s postulates were achieved. By comparing 36 typical species from the FUSARIUM-ID database, multilocus phylogenetic analyses showed that the sequences of TEF1, RPB2, and ITS of these isolates belong to the Incarnatum clade of the F. incarnatum–equiseti species complex (FIESC-17-a) with an independent branch. Therefore, the pathogenic isolates were identified as F. pernambucanum (FIESC-17-a). Moreover, in this study, the conidial anastomosis tubes were first observed in the FIESC. This is the first report of flower dry rot on P. edulis caused by F. pernambucanum. Further studies should be performed to determine effective disease management strategies.

Premise of research. Passifloroideae (more than 700 species), which include the large genus Passiflora (more than 550 species), are distributed pantropically today. The fossil record of the group i...

QUALIDADE FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DE FRUTOS DE MARACUJAZEIRO EM FUNÇÃO DAS FORMAS DE PROPAGAÇÃO E POTENCIAIS DE ÁGUA NO SOLO LÚCIO ADERITO DOS ANJOS VEIMROBER JÚNIOR1; ALISSON JADAVI PEREIRA DA SILVA2; HANS RAJ GHEYI1; MAIRTON GOMES DA SILVA1; FÁBIO TAYRONE OLIVEIRA DE FREITAS1 E MAURÍCIO ANTÔNIO COELHO FILHO3 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Núcleo de Engenharia de Água e Solo, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710 - Campus Universitário, CEP: 44380-000, Cruz das Almas-BA, Brasil. E-mail: agrolucio10@gmail.com, mairtong@hotmail.com, hgheyi@gmail.com, oibaf.freitas@hotmail.com 2 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Rua Waldemar Mascarenhas, s/n, CEP: 44350-000, Governador Mangabeira-BA, Brasil. E-mail: alissonagr@gmail.com 3 Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua Embrapa, s/n, CEP: 44380-000, Cruz das Almas-BA, Brasil. E-mail: mauricio-antonio.coelho@embrapa.br 1 RESUMO No presente estudo foram avaliadas a qualidade físico-química de frutos de maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis Sims, ‘BRS Gigante Amarelo’) propagado a partir de sementes e estaquia sob diferentes potenciais de água no solo. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, entre os meses de novembro de 2019 e junho de 2020, na Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA. O maracujazeiro foi cultivado em lisímetros de drenagem, cada um com área superficial de 1,44 m² e altura de 0,6 m, preenchidos com solo de textura franco-arenosa. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 4: duas formas de propagação vegetativa (semente e estaquia) e quatro potenciais matriciais de água no solo (-6, -10, -20 e -33 kPa), com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se as massas frescas do fruto e da polpa, diâmetro e comprimento do fruto, razão comprimento/diâmetro do fruto, rendimento da polpa do fruto, espessura da casca, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, razão entre sólidos solúveis totais/acidez total titulável e pH da polpa. As formas de propagação afetaram as principais variáveis da qualidade física dos frutos do maracujazeiro. A qualidade química da polpa dos frutos do maracujazeiro não foi afetada pelos fatores em estudo. Palavras-chave: Passiflora edulis Sims, manejo da irrigação, reprodução vegetal. VEIMROBER JÚNIOR, L. A. A.; SILVA, A. J. P.; GHEYI, H. R.; SILVA, M. G.; FREITAS, F. T. O.; COELHO FILHO, M. A. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF PASSION FRUIT UNDER PROPAGATION METHOD AND WATER POTENTIAL IN THE SOIL 2 ABSTRACT In this study, the physicochemical quality of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims, ‘BRS Gigante Amarelo’) propagated from seeds or cuttings and subjected to different soil water potential was evaluated. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, between November 2019 and June 2020, at the Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA. The passion fruit was grown in drainage lysimeters, each one with a surface area of 1.44 m² and 0.6 m high, and filled with sandy loamy soil. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme: two forms of vegetative propagation (seed or cuttings) and four soil water potential (-6, -10, -20, and -33 kPa), with four replicates. Fruit fresh weight, fresh weight of the fruit pulp, fruit diameter and length, fruit length/diameter ratio, fruit pulp yield, rind thickness, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids/total titratable acidity ratio and pH of the pulp was evaluated. The forms of propagation affected the main physical quality variables of the fruits of passion fruit. The chemical quality of the passion fruit pulp was not affected by the factors under study. Keywords: Passiflora edulis Sims, irrigation management, vegetative propagation.

Objectives The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of fermentation techniques on the inhibitory activity of red passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) fermentation filtrate in De Man Rogosa Sharpe-broth (MRS-B) media against Extended Strain Methicillin-Resistant (ESBL) Escherichia coli and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods The fruit pulp was wrapped in banana leaves before compared to direct fermentation processes. This study was divided into three treatment groups. Group 1 was the fruit pulp (5 g) fermented in 45 mL of MRS-B medium for 24 h. Group 2 was the fruit pulp wrapped in banana leaves for 3 days before fermented in MRS-B for 24 h. Group 3 was the fruit pulp wrapped in banana leaves for 3 days before fermentation in MRS-B for 48 h. Fermentation broth of each condition was taken and then filtered using millipore (0.2 µm). As many as 50 µL of filtrates was tested for its inhibitory activity against E. coli ESBL and MRSA using the Kirby Bauer method. Results Group 2 showed the best antibacterial activity against E. coli ESBL and MRSA with the average zone of inhibition of 38.3 and 37.6 mm respectively. These values were higher than the first and group 3s activities. Conclusions The inhibitory activity of group 1s against ESBL and MRSA is categorized as a moderate potency with a diameter of growth inhibition zone of 16–20 mm, whereas the other groups are categorized as strong potency with a diameter higher than 20 mm.

MORFOFISIOLOGIA E QUALIDADE DE MUDAS DE MARACUJAZEIRO SOB DIFERENTES NATUREZAS CATIÔNICAS DA ÁGUA E H2O2 JOSÉ JOEDSON LIMA SILVA1; GEOVANI SOARES DE LIMA2; LAURIANE ALMEIDA DOS ANJOS SOARES1; IARA ALMEIDA ROQUE1, MAÍLA VIEIRA DANTAS2 E LUDERLÂNDIO DE ANDRADE SILVA2 1 Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Rua Jario Vieira Feitosa, 1770, Bairro dos Pereiros, Pombal, PB, Brasil. E-mail: joedsonbio@hotmail.com; lauriane.soares@pq.cnpq.br; yara.roque.sb@gmail.com. 2 Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil. E-mail: geovani.soares@pq.cnpq.br; maila.vieira02@gmail.com.; luderlandioandrade@gmail.com. 1 RESUMO No decorrer dos anos, a salinidade das águas se tornou um dos principais obstáculos do setor agrícola. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o crescimento, as relações hídricas e a qualidade de mudas de maracujazeiro irrigadas com águas de diferentes composições catiônicas e peróxido de hidrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido em condição de casa de vegetação, no munícipio de Pombal - PB, utilizando-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com fatorial 6 x 4, sendo seis composições catiônicas da água de irrigação [S1 – Testemunha (0,3 dS m-1); S2 - Na+; S3 - Ca2+; S4 - Na+ + Ca2+; S5 - Mg2+ e S6 - Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+) e quatro concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio – H2O2 (0, 20, 40 e 60 μM), com quatro repetições. Com exceção do S1, os demais tratamentos foram irrigados com água de 3,6 dS m-1. A concentração de 40 µM de H2O2 reduziu o efeito do estresse salino na área foliar das plantas irrigadas com águas constituídas de Na+, Na+ + Ca2+ e Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+. As concentrações de 20 e 40 µM de H2O2 elevaram o índice de qualidade de Dickson das plantas irrigadas com água constituída de Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+. Palavras-chave: Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, salt stress, peróxido de hidrogênio. SILVA, J. J. L.; LIMA, G. S. de; SOARES, L. A. dos A.; ROQUE, I. A.; DANTAS, M. V.; SILVA, L. de A. MORPHOPHYSIOLOGY AND QUALITY OF PASSION FRUIT SEEDLINGS UNDER DIFFERENT CATIONIC NATURES OF WATER AND H2O2 2 ABSTRACT Over the years, water salinity has become one of the main obstacles in the agricultural sector. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and quality of passion fruit cv. BRS GA1 as a function of different cationic nature of the water and exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions at the Center of Agrifood Science and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, Brazil, using a randomized block design, with a 6 x 4 factorial, corresponding to six combinations of water salinity [S1 – Control (0,3 dS m-1); S2 - Na+; S3 - Ca2+; S4 - Na+ + Ca2+; S5 - Mg2+ and S6 - Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+] and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 (0, 20, 40 and 60 μM), with four repetitions. With the exception of S1, the other treatments were irrigated with water of 3.6 dS m-1. The 40 µM concentration of H2O2 reduced the salt stress effect on leaf area of plants irrigated with water consisting of Na+, Na+ + Ca2+ and Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+. The 20 and 40 µM concentrations of H2O2 increased the Dickson quality index of plants irrigated with water consisting of Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+. Keywords: Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener, salt stress, hydrogen peroxide.

A protein isolate from passion fruit seeds (PFSPI) obtained by alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation was treated with sonication for 15 and 30 min at 40 kHz to evaluate its impact on the physicochemical and functional properties. The PFSPI had a purity of 96.21% protein, with albumins being the main fraction (75.66%). Ultrasound increased the bulk density (ρ) of PFSPI by 13.3% and the formation a more porous structure by a greater separation between particles. Protein solubility of PFSPI in the range of pH 2–12 sonicated for 15 and 30 min, increased on average 5.21 and 9.86%, respectively, in comparison with the control. PFSPI foaming properties were influenced by pH and sonication time, achieving up to 577%, while the minimum gelling concentration was reduced from 4 to 2% at pH 7. Therefore, sonication treatment improved some functional properties of PFSPI for its potential use as a food ingredient.

Comparative cytogenetic studies are very useful in the characterization of different accessions of the same plant. The aimed of this study was search for intraspecific karyotypic variability in three species of the Passiflora genus using chromosomal conventional techniques (Giemsa staining and Fluorochromes base-specific) and molecular cytogenetic technique as Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH). The diploid character was observed in all plants analyzed by conventional staining being 2n = 18 as chromosomes number. The base-specific heterochromatin only showed GC-rich blocks on satellites and nucleolar organizer regions, but no intraspecific variation was found on CMA3+/DAPI− blocks, except for the two P. tholozanii accession, where the accession from Manaus showed five chromosomes with CMA3+/DAPI− separate blocks from where the blocks of the other accession were found. The CMA3+/DAPI− blocks showed relation to 45S rDNA located by FISH with variation only between P. tholozani accession. The other accessions from P. nitida and P. coccinea showed no quantitative differentiation on CMA3+/DAPI− blocks and 45S rDNA sites. Telomeric sites for all species were Arabidopsis-type and were limited to terminal sites suggesting chromosomal stability. The low intraspecific variation reinforces the need of developing other new chromosomal marker for cytogenetic mapping and increase the resolution on the chromatin visualization.

Passion fruit is grown in several countries in Latin America including Colombia. But the profit with this is very unstable and normally their production costs have not been optimized, additionally, their offer to the international market is mainly fresh product and only seven percent is processed fruit, creating economic constraints and again reducing their possibilities to profit. Development and improvement of fruit production represent an opportunity for supporting the economic growth in Colombia because of their favorable conditions regarding climate and fruit diversity. This could result in job creation and equity in the development in the different regions across the country. This review illustrates the constraints within the food business development of the Passion fruit which are discussed under the subheadings of pests and diseases, sub optimal genetical utilization of passion fruit, un-rational usage of pesticides and fertilizers, soil quality poor handling resulting in the harvest contamination of the harvest, Post-harvest disease, insufficient grading, packaging, storage and transportation and recommendations.

Passiflora zapalinamensis Kuethe, Encina & Cruz-Anaya, sp. nov. (Figs. 1–4). Type: ― MEXICO. Coahuila: Municipality of Saltillo, Sierra de Zapalinamé, 4.47 km south-west of the community Cuauhtémoc, primary pine forest with Pinus arizonica and Pinus cembroides, 25°16’38.59”N, 100°54’10.39”W, 2,465 m, 6 October 2017, J.A. Encina et al. 6127 (holotype ANSM!). Diagnosis: ― Passiflora zapalinamensis resembles P. exsudans Zucc. and P. bryonioides Kunth, but it differs by having opposite to subopposite petiolar glands without uncinate trichomes, shorter petioles and peduncles, usually solitary (rarely in pairs) inflorescence, smaller fruit, red stems and relatively smaller stipules and leaves that are consistently obtuse to rounded at apex. Description: ―Climbing vine, (0.7–)1.0–3.0 m long with several slender stems from a central root, pubescent to uncinate trichomes, juvenile leaves more densely tomentose to pilose. Stems terete, often a distinct red colour, sparsely hirsute with 0.8 mm long clear trichomes. Stipules 4–6 mm long, about 2–3 mm wide, ovate-auriculate to caudate with a 2 mm elongated point, light green, margins entire, with few trichomes along the margins; petioles 2.5–3 cm long, often reddish like stems, hirsute, bearing two glands about 5–6 mm the distance from the base, the nectaries positioned subopposite to alternate, never perfectly opposite, the distance of difference from opposite 0.5–1.0 mm, widely obovoid to depressed obovoid, sessile but narrowed at base, about 1.0– 1.2 mm long, 0.9–1.0 mm wide at apex, green; leaves prominently 3-lobed, occasionally very shallowly 5-lobed, green, 5.5–7.0 cm long, 7–9 cm wide, lobes deeply incised and near perpendicular, distance of incision about 1.5–1.7 cm from base of the blade, sinus about 75°–80°, when 4th and 5th lobe present those borne obtusely from the base of the lateral lobes about 2 cm the distance from the base of the blade and no longer than 1.5 cm, base broadly cordate to shallowly and squarely cordate, the lobes ovate-oblong, consistently obtuse to rounded at apex or occasionally softly acute, the lobes slightly narrowed at base, margins of central lobe entire, margins of lateral lobes widely serrate in the proximal half, with 4 narrow teeth per side; laminar nectaries mostly absent, when present then arranged in two opposite pairs on the margins of the central lobe, obscure, 0.5–0.6 mm in diameter, ca. 1–2 mm from the margin, slightly raised and discoid, green. Peduncles 3.0– 3.5 cm long, solitary or rarely arranged in pairs, bearing bracts close to the base of the flowers; bracts very small, 1.0– 1.5 mm long, linear-triangular to capillary. Flower buds green, widely ovoid to widely ellipsoid, obtuse, rounded, hirsute; flowers 1.9–2.6 cm in diameter, subpendent to borne sublaterally, always facing slightly downwards, with a slight sweet scent; hypanthium 6–8 mm in diameter, about 3–4 mm high; sepals 9–10 mm long, 5–5.5 mm wide, ovate-oblong, rounded at apex, not corniculate, greenish and hirsute abaxially, white and glabrous adaxially; petals 5–6 mm long, 3.5–4 mm wide, ovate and acute apically, white, membranous to quickly shriveled; coronal filaments in 1 series, 6–7 mm long, white with 2–3 purplish bands, the bands very rarely somewhat indistinct and merging with each other, most often the apical 2 bands are merged; operculum 2.0– 2.2 mm long, whitish green with purplish in upper half; limen whitish green; ovary 2.4–2.5 mm long, 2.0– 2.1 mm wide, narrow ellipsoid, glabrous. Fruit 2.4–3.2 cm long, 2.2–3.1 cm in diameter, widely obovoid, bluish black or dark purplish black; seeds reticulate, 5–5.2 mm long, 4.0– 4.5 mm wide. The species described here belongs to supersect. Bryonioides (Harms) J.M. MacDougal & Feuillet (2003: 34), a group comprising ca. 18–19 species (MacDougal 1994) with a distribution that is concentrated throughout Mexico, the south-western United States and Guatemala. This group, often referred to as the “hooked trichomed group” in older works (MacDougal 1994), is readily recognized by its uncinate to pilose foliar vestiture, conspicuous stipules, biglandular petioles, distinctive floral structure and semi-annual habit (MacDougal 1994, MacDougal 2001, LozadaPérez & Gutiérrez 2016). Many of these species are well adapted to the seasonal dry temperate forests of their native range, and their stems frequently sprout again from their roots each seasonal cycle (MacDougal 1994). Although this group contains several variable species complexes throughout its wide distribution, the species described and illustrated here was collected from a geographically isolated region and cannot be confidently identified with any of the known species within the supersection. Phenology and ecology: ― Passiflora zapalinamensis was collected in flower from June to July, which in its native habitat corresponds with the short (but often intense) rainy season. Fruits have been collected between August and November and turn dark purple upon reaching maturity. It has been observed as the host plant of the butterfly Dione moneta poeyii Butler (1873: 227), which consumes the leaves at the larval stage. Etymology: ―The specific epithet is dedicated to the overarching mountain range of the type locality, the Sierra de Zapalinamé in Coahuila, Mexico. Distribution and habitat:— The species occurs in scattered populations, in canyons and hillsides in northerncentral Mexico. Here, the species can be found at altitudes between 2,400 to 2,800 m.s.m.l. in a semi-dry, shrub forested region within the greater Sierra de Zapalinamé, where the species was first identified as new and according to Encina-Domínguez et al. (2016) this mountain is located in the transition zone between two regions, the Sierra Madre Oriental (mountain region) and the Mexican High Plateau (xeric region). The Gran Sierra Plegada subprovince, potentially the extent of the distribution of P. zapalinamensis, stretches the states of Nuevo León and Coahuila in northeastern Mexico and is part of the Sierra Madre Oriental. The region of Cuauhtémoc and Sierra Hermosa where this species is found, is a small relief composed of hills, valleys and plains just southeast of the city Saltillo in the state of Coahuila (Figure 3). The pinyon pine forest associated with Chaparral (Encina-Domínguez et al. 2019). This relatively small region has a curious biogeographical composition, as it is located within the desert climate of the Chihuahuan Desert Region but is supported by the El Salado Hydrological Region (SPP 1983). The infiltration of the water to the subsoil is intense, allowing the formation of springs at the foot of the mountain range that supports the growth of xeric forests in this otherwise dry desert area (SPP 1983). The most notable populations of P. zapalinamensis were cited in a small region between the national route RT 57 in the south portion of Sierra de Zapalinamé, also close to the intermontane villages called “ ejidos ” of the Sierra Hermosa and Cuauhtémoc (Figure 3), where it was found growing under a canopy of pine forest and chaparral vegetation (Encina-Domínguez et al. 2019) at elevations between 2,400 and 2,800 m. Its ecological association is with pine trees of Pinus cembroides Zucc. (1832: 392), also P. arizonica Engelm. (1878: 260) and P. greggii Engelm. ex Parl. (1868: 396). In the shrub layer, Quercus microphylla Née (1801: 264), Cercocarpus montanus Raf. (1832: 146) and Agave gentryi Ullrich (1990: 190) are common, with scattered individuals of Arbutus xalapensis Kunth (1818: 279) and Prunus serotina Ehrh. (1783: 285) (Encina-Domínguez et al. 2016). This region is geologically composed of Jurassic limestones (Kuethe, pers. obs.), which may indicate this species grows only on the more alkaline soils. Other populations have been identified from herbarium and georeferenced photographs indicating a presence of this species throughout the northern extend of the Sierra Madre Oriental covering portions of the Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas states. A southern metapopulation has been identified in Guanajuato state north of León along the RT 87, and in the Victoria region west of the township of Xichú. Conservation:— To date, the new species was found at a few localities in the southeast of the Sierra de Zapalinamé and across the Sierra Madre Oriental. According to the GeoCAT algorithm (Bachman et al. 2011) based on the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO), the EOO is 76,545 km 2 and AOO is 68 km 2. If an official IUCN analysis were to be carried out, P. zapalinamensis is likely to be placed in the conservation status as endangered (EN), criterion B2ab (iii) (IUCN 2017). It is, therefore, considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. Unfortunately, semi-dry shrubby vegetation is a very fragile habitat which is particularly vulnerable to bush fires. According to the Sierra Hermosa National Park website (www.inafed.gob.mx), this mountain is a natural protected area, enacted by the government of the state of Coahuila since 1996 (Anonymous 1996), with the intention of preventing damage to the range and generating recovery and restoration actions for the natural processes. This decree, albeit more focused on the water supply from the springs rather than the biological heritage, will help to prevent degradation of the area due to unsustainable farming or forest clearing. Unfortunately, the other locations where P. zapalinamensis has been identified are not part of any protectorate scheme, hence the longevity and sustainability of these outlaying populations are much more fragile. Additional specimens examined:— MEXICO. Coahuila: Municipality of Saltillo, Sierra de Zapalinamé, Cañón de las Norias, 25°15’37.66’’N, 100°52’25.36’’W, 2880, July 2017, J. A . Encina et al. 6282 (ANSM!); Coahuila, Puerto de Chapultepec, 25°13’59.30’’N, 101°0’50.36’’W, 2425 m, June 2018, J. A . Encina et al. 6605 (ANSM!); Coahuila – Saltillo, Sierra Catana, 40 km SW de Saltillo, 25.25000°, -101.20000°, 2700 m, 29 July 1992, J. A . Villarreal with M. A. Carranza & H. Nieto 6462 (MEXU!); Guanajuato, El Cocotero, 30 km W de Xichu, 2300 m, 21°18’45”N, 100°07’59”W, López & Ventura 7290 (IEB); Guanajuato, Victoria, Alrededores de San Agustín, 2400 m, 21°18’00”N, 100°09’36”W, 11 August 1991, J . Rzedowski 50861 (IEB); Guanajuato, Victoria, El Sauz de la Higuera, 2100 m, 16 October 1987, R . Santillán 503 (MEXU!); Nuevo León, Cieneguillas, puerto de Sta. Ana cerca de Galeana, June 1934, C. H. & M. T . Mueller s.n. (MEXU!); Nuevo León, S and SE-facing slope, E of Ranchito La Serradero, E of Cieneguillas, Mun. Galeana, 8400 ft, 24°56’09”N, 100°13’39”W, 01 October 1979, J. M . MacDougal & J. Miley 472 (DUKE); Nuevo León, near Ojo de Agua at the foot of Cerro Potosi, 1980 m, 12 July 1945, A. J . Sharp 45697 (MEXU!); Tamaulipas, Bustamante. 3 km al W de Bustamante, 1900 m, 28 May 1976, F . González Medrano et al. FGM9259 (MEXU!). Photographic material examined:— MEXICO. Coahuila: Municipality of Saltillo, Sierra de Zapalinamé, Puerto de Chapultepec, 25°14’46.6’’N, 100°54’07.9’’W, June 2018, A. Cruz-Anaya (https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/118659196); Sierra de Zapalinamé, ejido Cuauhtémoc, 25°17’21.4’’N 100°55’06.1’’W, June 2018, L. Jiménez Hernández (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57808180); Fagáceas del Noreste, 25°14’53.5”N 100°54’34.4”W, July 2016, O. A. Sánchez Flores (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4282218); Guanajuato, Victoria, 21°15’53.1”N 100°07’56.1”W, October 2018, E. Mendiola González (https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/21440726).

Key to the morphologically similar species of P. zapalinamensis 1. Leaves 3-lobed, apices rounded to slightly acute...............................................................................................................................2 - Leaves 5-7 lobed, apices acute...........................................................................................................................................................4 2. Petiolar nectaries opposite, stems green.............................................................................................................................................3 - Petiolar nectaries alternate, stems red..................................................................................................................... P. zapalinamensis 3. Petiolar nectaries located in the lower third of the petiole................................................................................................ P. hispidula - Petiolar nectaries located in the middle of the petiole....................................................................................................... P. exsudans 4. Petiolar nectaries located near the base of the blade..................................................................................................... P. bryonioides - Petiolar nectaries located in the lower third of the petiole................................................................................................ P. hispidula, Published as part of Kuethe, J. R., Encina-Domínguez, Juan A. & Cruz-Anaya, Arturo, 2022, Passiflora zapalinamensis, a new species of supersect. Bryonioides (Passifloraceae) from northeast Mexico, pp. 104-112 in Phytotaxa 560 (1) on page 111, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7031302

Aroma is an important factor in fruit quality.

Açaí, lychee, mamey, passion fruit and jackfruit are some lesser-consumed tropical fruits due to their low commercial production. In 2018, approximately 6.8 million tons of these fruits were harvested, representing about 6.35% of the total world production of tropical fruits. The present work reviews the nutritional content, profile of bioactive compounds, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of these fruits and their by-products, and their ability to modulate oxidative stress due to the content of phenolic compounds, carotenoids and dietary fiber. Açaí pulp is an excellent source of anthocyanins (587 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100 g dry weight, dw), mamey pulp is rich in carotenoids (36.12 mg β-carotene/100 g fresh weight, fw), passion fruit peel is rich in dietary fiber (61.16 g/100 dw). At the same time, jackfruit contains unique compounds such as moracin C, artocarpesin, norartocarpetin and oxyresveratrol. These molecules play an important role in the regulation of inflammation via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (including p38, ERK and JNK) and nuclear factor κB pathways. The properties of the bioactive compounds found in these fruits make them a good source for use as food ingredients for nutritional purposes or alternative therapies. Research is needed to confirm their health benefits that can increase their marketability, which can benefit the primary producers, processing industries (particularly smaller ones) and the final consumer, while an integral use of their by-products will allow their incorporation into the circular bioeconomy.

Passiflora ketura S.S. Tillett & J.M. MacDougal, sp. nov. TYPE:— PERU. Amazonas: Prov. Luya: Distr. Santa Catalina: Qunnor [Quinua, 06°05’5.5”S, 078°06’44.8”W, 2433 m], selva tropical húmeda, December 1943 (bud, fl., imm. fr.), H. de Cevasco s.n. (holotype, USM-13172!; isotype, MO 2620322!, GenBank SAMN16951026). Figures 1, 2. Passiflora ketura is a small vine with bilobed leaves. It belongs to P. subgenus Decaloba supersection Decaloba based on the plicate operculum, transversely grooved seeds, variegated leaves, and to section Decaloba based on the presence of laminar extrafloral nectaries in rows between the main veins and by the verrucose or rugulose ridges on the seeds. It differs from the similar P. indecora by its narrow bracts (0.3–0.7 vs. 2–8 mm wide), and from the similar P. santos-llatasii by its smaller flowers (sepals 11–14 vs. 18–20 mm long) and smaller fruits (ca. 10 mm vs. ca. 40 mm long). Small vine to 3 m long, minutely and sparsely to lightly puberulent or pilosulose throughout, sometimes densely appressed puberulent near shoot tip, the trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, except the laminas adaxially sparsely puberulent and glabrescent with age, the stem sometimes glabrescent below, the stipules glabrous to slightly puberulent, and the ovary glabrous; stems drying subangulate or subtriangular and often conspicuously striate, sometimes glabrescent below, flowering internodes (1.0–)2–4(–4.6) cm long, green, flushed purplish at the node complex; prophyll of the vegetative bud single, 1.3–3.0 × 0.7–1.5 mm, ovate to widely ovate, the apex acuminate to long-acuminate, the margin with (1–) 2–3 (–4) conspicuous teeth per side. Stipules 2.0–3.5 × 0.3–0.7 mm, narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, subfalcate, glabrous to slightly puberulent, purple with stramineous tip; petioles 0.7–2(–2.8) cm long, eglandular; laminas wider than long, in outline (very widely obovate to) depressed obovate, widest near the apex, (1.3–) 2–4.2 cm long along central vein, (3.5–)4.5–7.5(–9.2) cm wide, the ratio of laminar width to central vein length 2–3(–3.5), adaxial surface sublustrous and less puberulent, glabrescent with age, sometimes variegated whitish adaxially along the lateral veins and rarely with a pale trace on the center vein, the laminar base rounded, obscurely to slightly cordate, 2-lobed (1/8 to) 1/4 to 1/3 (to 1/2) the distance to the base, the sinus of the bilobed leaf often obtusely subangular and sometimes slightly emarginate at central vein, sinus rarely abruptly rounded or crescent shaped, laminar margin entire, lateral lobe veins (1.8–)2.5–4.8(–5.0) cm long, ratio of lateral/central vein length (1.0–)1.6–2.3(–2.7), the angle between the lateral lobes (58°–)68°–85°(–95)°, the lateral lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, the apices obtuse to acute and rounded at very tip, the central lobe absent; laminar nectaries (3 to) 4 to 9 (to 11) per leaf, with 3 to 9 borne between the main veins, and sometimes (0 or) 1 or 2 nectaries borne outside (exmedial) the main lateral veins near the junction of main veins, the glands 0.5–1.0 mm diam., patelliform or shallowly crateriform, their edges sometimes purplish and the whole gland ringed by a pale zone or halo. Peduncles (1)2 per node, (1.0–) 1.2–2.2 cm long not including pedicel (floral stipe), uniflorous; bracts 3, 1.3–2.7 × 0.3–0.7 mm, at or within 3 mm of the apex of the peduncle, narrowly obtrullate, cuneate, tridentate (subentire or obscurely toothed to 5-toothed). Buds (ovate-) oblong, bluntly rounded, yellow (Wurdack 485); flowers white, pedicel 1.5–3.5(–4.5) in both flower and fruit, hypanthium 7–12 mm diam., concave at point of attachment; sepals 11–14 × 4–5 mm, ovate-triangular to broadly lanceolate, apically rounded with no subapical projection, color white adaxially; petals 6.5–8 × 2.1–2.9 mm, narrowly ovate or lanceolate, the apex rounded or praemorse, white; coronal filaments in 2 series, the outer ca. 50 in number (N=1), 4.5–6 mm long, filiform but slightly laterally compressed basally and slightly tapering to the apex, adnate to base of sepals ca. 1 mm, whitish with dark purplish color at base; the inner series 2.2–3 mm long, capillary, purplish, capitellate or slightly lobulate at tips; operculum ca. 2 mm long, membranous, plicate, pale or whitish with slight purplish flush at base, the margin fimbriate; nectary annulus not seen; limen ca. 3.5 mm diam.; androgynophore 8–9 mm long, color unknown, dark; staminal filaments 5.5–6 mm long, purplish, anthers 3 mm long; ovary 1.8–2.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm, subglobose, glabrous, drying dark; styles 6–7 mm long including capitate stigmas. Fruit a berry, 9–10 mm long, subglobose, stipitate, purplish black; arils unknown; seeds 3.2–3.5 × 2.3–2.7 mm, widely obovate in outline, symmetric around long axis, often somewhat prismatic in cross-section, dark brown to nearly black, transversely sulcate with (6 to) 7 to 8 sulci, the intervening ridges verrucose or rugulose. Distribution and Ecology. Endemic to northern Peru, this species is only known from a small area roughly bound by the settlements of Luya, Chachapoyas, and Leimebamba (Amazonas Department). Passiflora ketura is recorded from forest and forest edge at 2100–2433 m elevation. The collector of the type, Hortencia de Cevasco, recorded “S. T. húmedo” on the sample. The “ceja de selva” forest in that general area is characterized as Holdridge life zones bh-MBT (bosque húmedo Montano Bajo Tropical) and bmh-MT (bosque muy húmedo Montano Tropical) (SINIA 2009). Conservation status. With an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca. 725 km 2, and an area of occupancy (AOO) surely much less than that, and only three known localities, P. ketura can be assigned the conservation status of Endangered (EN) according to criteria B1a,b and B2a,b of the IUCN (2019). The area is under pressure from conversion of forest and forest remnants to agriculture. Phenology. Buds, flowers, and immature fruits are known in May and buds, flowers, and fruits are known in December. Etymology. The name is derived from the Greek ketos, whale, and ura, tail, referring to the distinctive bilobed shape of the leaf that resembles the tail fluke of a cetacean. Discussion. First collected in 1846 by Mathews and still known only from herbarium specimens, the vine is relatively small judging from the short internodes and the collector’s notes “vine in shrubs” (Wurdack 485), and “forest, liana 3 m high” (Woytkowski 7804). Flowers are known from only one very well-preserved dried flower and a couple older shriveled ones. Notes on labels indicate the buds to be “yellow” (Wurdack 485) and flowers “white” (Woytkowski 7804) and the petals and inner surface of the sepals appear to be white in the herbarium. The three-dimensional shape of the open corona in living flowers is unknown but the outer corona is adnate for a short distance to the base of the sepals, forming pale pads that are very similar to flowers of other species of P. section Decaloba with very widely spreading coronas. Passiflora ketura has strictly and conspicuously bilobed leaves (at least on the mature specimens seen) and a consistent leaf shape (see fig. 1) with no trace of a central lobe, unlike many related “bilobed” species which show evidence of a variable middle lobe that may be variously more or less developed. Morphologically it fits in the large P. section Decaloba due to its bilobed leaves and plicate operculum, transversely grooved seeds with verrucose or rugulose ridges, variegated leaves, and laminar extrafloral nectaries in rows between the main veins. This placement was recently confirmed in more detail by Acha et al. (2021) in their phylogenomic study of P. section Decaloba. Samples from the isotype specimen and from Woytkowski 7804 were genotyped using 2b-RAD sequencing, and they fell together into the southern Andean “South American Clade 7” of 20–25 species of this section, including P. pascoensis L.K. Escobar (1989: 880) and P. indecora Kunth (1817: 134). Passiflora ketura cannot be confused with P. pascoensis of the Peruvian Andes because the latter has very shallowly bilobed or truncate leaves that are much longer than wide and very large flowers (7–8 cm diam. vs. P. indecora of the Andes of southern Ecuador, but that species has bracts 2–8 mm wide (vs. P. santos-llatasii B. Esquerre (2019a: 4) from Piura in northwest Peru, but that species has a larger flower with sepals 18–20 mm long (vs. 11–14 mm long); corona to ca. 18 mm long (vs. ca. 6 mm long); and oblong-obovoid fruit ca. 40 mm long (vs. subglobose fruit ca. 10 mm long). The recently described P. andicola B. Esquerre (2019b: 280), also of northern Peru, has a somewhat similar flower, but the ovary of that species is pubescent (vs. glabrous), and its leaves are not deeply bilobed and have an angle between the lateral lobes of 20°–40° (vs. 58°–95°). Duplicates of the Mathews paratype (see below) were seen and annotated by the last two monographers of Passiflora, Maxwell T. Masters and Ellsworth P. Killip. Masters annotated the specimen at OXF as “ P. sp. n. ” but as “ P. indecora ” at K and in his monograph (1872: 551), while Killip annotated the K specimen as “ Passiflora Candollei. ” In his 1938 monograph, under P. indecora (1938: 227), Killip noted that “Masters referred here a specimen of P. Candollei collected at Chachapoyas, Peru, by Mathews...” and he cited the Mathews specimen under P. candollei Triana & Planchon (1873: 161). Killip cited five duplicates of the Mathews collection (1938: 182); they are included in the paratypes below and we have marked the ones we examined. Passiflora candollei, found in the upper reaches of the Amazon basin and its foothills (100–1400 m elevation), is not very closely related to P. ketura (in clade SA8 of Acha et al. 2021, not clade SA7). It can easily be distinguished because besides its warmer lowland habitat, it has larger leaves with a broadly lunate sinus and lateral leaf lobes 6–14 cm long (vs. up to ca. 5 cm long), and petioles 3–6 cm long (vs. Passiflora growing near Chachapoyas include P. callacallensis Skrabal & Weigend in Skrabal et al. (2001: 316), a species outside of P. section Decaloba with petiolar nectaries, and an undescribed species of P. section Decaloba with canescent stems and very different white-pilose leaves (MacDougal, unpublished data). Paratypes: PERU. Amazonas: Chachapoyas: [vic.] Chachapoyas (“ Chacapoyas ”) [ca. 06°14’S, 077°52’W], December 1846 (bud, fl.), [Andrew] Mathews s.n., (B (destroyed), BM, G-00160061!, G-Bo, K-H2008/01383-220!, NY, OXF-00072243!); Leimebamba, 2100 m, 06°41’S, 077°47’W, December 1962 (bud, fl., fr.), F. Woytkowski 7804 (MO 1793889, MO-[barcode]1272509, GenBank SAMN16951025, US 2453365); pasture 1.5 km southwest of Chachapoyas, 2320 m, 06°14’55”S, 077°52’31”W, 24 May 1962 (bud, fl., imm. fr.), J. J. Wurdack 485 (US 2406475, USM 28888)., Published as part of Macdougal, John M. & Tillett, Stephen S., 2022, Passiflora ketura, a New Species of Passiflora Section Decaloba (Passifloraceae) from Peru, pp. 1-7 in Phytotaxa 556 (1) on pages 2-5, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.556.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6951953, {"references":["SINIA. (2009) Mapa de Zonas de Vida de Amazonas - 2009 (WGS 84). Sistema Nacional de Informacion Ambiental (SINIA), Ministerio del Ambiente, Peru. Available from: https: // sinia. minam. gob. pe / mapas / mapa-zonas-vida-amazonas- 2009 (accessed 22 July 2021).","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 22 July 2021).","Acha, S., Linan, A., MacDougal, J. & Edwards, C. (2021) The evolutionary history of vines in a neotropical biodiversity hotspot: phylogenomics and biogeography of a large passion flower clade (Passiflora section Decaloba). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 164: 107260. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2021.107260","Escobar, L. K. (1989) A new subgenus and five new species in Passiflora (Passifloraceae) from South America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 76: 877 - 885. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2399651","Kunth, C. S. (1817) Nova genera et species plantarum (quarto ed.) 2. Antwerp, Christophori Plantini, 404 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 640","Triana, J. J. & Planchon, J. E. (1873) Prodromus florae Novo-Granatensis, Passifloreae. Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique ser. 5, 17: 121 - 186.","Skrabal, J., Tillich, H-J. & Weigend, M. (2001) A revision of the Passiflora lobbii group (Passifloraceae) including some new species and subspecies. Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 309 - 338."]}

Passiflora mistratensis Kuethe & Vanderplank sp. nov. (Figure 1) Type:— COLOMBIA. Risaralda department: Mistrató, Vereda río arriba, 5°18’38”N 75°53’11”W, 1700 m, fl., 27 April 1992, C. Lozano 6389 (holotype: COL!, isotypes: COL!, HUA!). Diagnosis: —This new species is nearest related to Passiflora danielii and Passiflora trisulca, from which it differs in always having unlobed leaves and up to three pairs of large, stipitate nectaries. The flowers of Passiflora mistratensis further differ from these abovementioned species by having awns of less than 2 mm long (vs. long, conspicuous awns in excess of 6–7 mm in length). Description: —Vine medium size, robust, 2–7 m high. Stem terete, striate, glabrous. Tendrils terete, glabrous, 12–18 cm long. Stipules foliaceous, semi-ovate, margin glandular, 25–35 × 12–20 mm, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface sparsely lanate, apex green, without mimicry but very occasionally a slight yellowish tip of less than 1 mm. Petiole sub-terete with sulcus on adaxial surface, 2.2–4 cm long, glabrous with (2–) 3 pairs of glands, one pair of glands held close to the leaf blade the other one or two pairs in the distal half of the petiole (glands auriculate-capitate, 2–2.7 mm long, 1.3–1.7 mm in diam.). Leaf blade lanceolate, entire, 10–18.5 × 4.5–8.5 cm, sub-coriaceous, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface appressed-lanate, rounded at base with 3–6 small nectariferous glands each side on the edge of the leaf blade close to the point of attachment, acute at apex. Peduncle single, terete, glabrous, 5–7 cm long. Bracts lanceolate, 10–15 × 4–5 mm, smooth margin, glabrous, deciduous as flower buds mature. Flowers pale mauve and purple, 7.5–8 cm in diam., diurnal. Hypanthium campanulate, 8–10 mm diam., 5–6 mm high, green. Sepals ovatelanceolate, fleshy, 25–32 × 9–12 mm, adaxial surface greenish-white, abaxial surface of the petals rugged, covered with tiny spines along the midribs, green with white margin and short awn ca. 1–2 mm long (if present). Petals ovatelanceolate, 25–32 × 7–9.5 mm, adaxial and abaxial surfaces pale mauve. Corona filaments in 6 series, outer 1 st and 2 nd series fleshy, 20–24 mm long, 0.8–1.1 mm in diam., banded purple, white and violet, 3 rd and 4 th series fleshy ca. 3.5 mm long, linear-clavate with purple tips, 5 th series ca. 2.5 mm long, erect, linear-clavate with white tips, 6 th series ca. 4.5 mm long, erect, clavate with white tips. Operculum erect, 5–6 mm high, free nearly to base, purple with white tips, lower quarter “z” shaped and membranous. Limen cupuliform. Androgynophore slender ca. 2.3 cm long, pale green speckled purple. Staminal filaments pale green speckled purple, 7–8 mm long. Anthers pale green. Pollen deep yellow. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, ca. 5 mm long, pale green. Style green speckled purple, 7–8 mm long. Stigma olive green. Fruit only seen in a photograph without scale, not mature, obovate, not stipitate, green with white speckles. Arils unknown. Seed unknown. Phenology: —This species can be found in flower between October and April, with fruit recorded in March and April. The effective pollinator of the flower has not been observed, however, the structure of the flower suggests pollination by bees and medium sized flying insects. Etymology: —This species is named after the municipality Mistrató, Risaralda, Colombia. Distribution and habitat: —This new species can be found at various locations throughout the Cauca Valley of Colombia (Fig. 2), where it has been reported from the departments of Antioquia, Risaralda and Valle de Cauca. This for a large part follows the course of the Río Cauca, which is the central river between the Colombian Cordillera Occidental and the volcanic Central Cordillera. This species appears to be restricted to premontane cloudforests of the east-facing slopes of the Cordillera Occidental, where it grows at elevations between 1400 and 2000 m above sea level. Notable populations have been cited in the municipalities of La Ceja (Antioquia) just south of the city Medellín; Mistrató (Risaralda) west of the city Manizales; and Darién (Valle de Cauca) north of Calí, where it was first found growing near the shores of the Calima Reservoir in secondary disturbed forest. Conservation notes: —The several collections (Passiflora mistratensis EN (Endangered) according to the software. This is further supported by the IUCN (2019) criterion B1a quantifying a 5,000 km 2 threshold; and criterion C2a quantifying an estimated total population of less than 2,500 mature individual plants and a decline caused by its fragmented distribution and habitat disappearance. Of course, before an official Conservational Assessment could be given, other factors such as habitat stability and extent of deforestation within this distribution have to be taken into account. This would require much additional fieldwork to be carried out in this region. There is only one National Park (Cerro Tatamá) located within its distribution, however, several smaller nature protectorates (Quinchia, Santa Emilia, Farallones de Citara) are situated across this area. The species has also been collected for conservation by Gustavo Morales, and is cultivated both locally (Jardín Botanico de Bogota - JBB) and in private collections across Europe and the United States. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — COLOMBIA. Caldas: “Canaan” South of Salento, 1500 m, 31 July 1922, F.W. Pennell 9064 (PH, US); Risaralda: Mistrató, Verede río Arriba, 1700 m, 27 April 1992, C. Lozano 445355 (COL); Risaralda: Mistrató, Verede río Arriba, 1700 m, 27 April 1992, C. Lozano 445357 (COL); Risaralda: Municipio de Sta. Rosa, Alrededores del Hotel Termales, Declive a la izquierda de la quebrada del hotel, Cordillera Central, vertiente occidental, 1640 m, 22 July 1980, J.M. Idrobo, A.M. Cleef, J.O. Rangel Churio, S. Salamanca Villagas 9814 (NL); Valle del Cauca: Hoya del rio Cali, vertiente derecha Los Carpatos, 2000 m, 3 March 1944, J. Cuatrecasas 18510 (US); Valle del Cauca: 4 km NW of San Antonio, 1981 m, 3 July 1958, V. D. Miller & B. D. Miller 42 (US); Valle del Cauca: Chanco, orilla rio Calima, 1600 m, 19 November 1989, D.A. Wilson, F. Prado 2527 (US); Valle del Cauca: La Cumbre, 1800 m, 14 May 1922, E.P. Killip 5555 (GH, NY, US); Valle del Cauca: La Cumbre, 1600 m, 14 May 1922, E.P. Killip 5682 (GH, MA, PH, NY, US). CULTIVATED. English National Passiflora Collection, material from Embalse de Calima in Valle de Cauca, 2016, R. J. R. Vanderplank 2466/20 (NCP); R. J. R. Vanderplank 2465/20 (NCP).

Within the very uniform series Laurifoliae, Passiflora acuminata (treated as a synonym of P. laurifolia in the Flora of China), P. tolimana, P. gleasonii and P. metae appear particularly similar. A review of their descriptions and the associated specimens confirms their lack of morphological differentiation and leads us to formally resurrect P. acuminata and place the three other taxa under its synonymy. This taxonomic move is also supported by a revision of 72 additional geolocalized specimens (for a grand total of 78) and an analysis of their distribution and habitats. In fact, the bioclimatic space corresponding to the specimens previously assigned to P. acuminata encompasses that of all specimens previously assigned to the three other taxa under study. The species range covers a wide region, comprising the lower Amazon and the north of its basin, mostly below 200 m, and, to the west, in the upper Amazon, the Orinoco basin, and along the Andean foothills and valleys, from Venezuela to Peru, at elevations between 100 and 2200 m. In the lowlands, the species appears associated with white sand savannas and water courses. A more complete description is proposed for the species, including its unusual fusiform and slightly ribbed fruit. Another rare trait in the series Laurifoliae is that the outer corona filaments tend to be longer than the corolla.

Yellow passion fruit cultivation in Colombia lacks detailed genetic studies that allow the establishment of intraspecific variability as a basis for a breeding program. The aim of this research was to establish the genetic relationships among accessions of different geographic origins through an agro-morphological characterization. This research was carried out in the municipality of Palestina (Caldas) at the Luker farm located at 1050 m a.s.l. Fifty-two accessions from Colombia (47), Ecuador (3), Brazil (1), and Costa Rica (1) were characterized with 45 agro-morphological descriptors complemented with phytosanitary evaluations. The quantitative descriptors (25) were analyzed by variance decomposition and principal components (PCA), and the qualitative descriptors (18) were analyzed with the multiple correspondence factor analysis (MCFA). The classification analysis by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method was used for both types of descriptors. PCA results showed six components explaining 71.6% of the total variance that are mainly associated with descriptors related to the size of the flower (tube, nectar camera, and operculum) and weight of the fruit (pulp, shell, and juice content). Thirteen qualitative descriptors were selected, and four factors (44.38% inertia) were identified, mainly associated with pubescence and anthocyanins in the bract, petiole, leaf, and ripe fruit color. The NJ classification analysis showed no relationship between accessions by geographic origin, and the distance between individuals of the same accession was higher than among accessions for both types of descriptors. Thrips (Neohydatothrips signifier) and scab (Cladosporium cladosporioides) were the pests with the highest incidence in the accessions. Six elite accessions were identified according to the selection index with outstanding fruit quality characteristics, yield, and tolerance to phytosanitary problems. The high intra-accession variability and traits of certain accessions are the basis for future breeding programs to obtain more productive and tolerant cultivars.

We determined the soil autotoxicity in the rhizosphere soil of passion fruit continued cropping up to 3 years, and analyzed the changes in the enzyme activity, microbial quantity and diversity in rhizosphere soil. The results showed that the autotoxicity of passion fruit rhizosphere soil increases with the increase in continuous cropping years. The microbial biomass carbon, microbial respiration, and the activity of enzymes (protease, urease and catalase) in passion fruit rhizosphere soil decreased with increases in passion fruit continuous cropping years. Contrarily, the activity of polyphenol oxidase was opposite, showing an upward trend. The results of BIOLOG eco-plate showed that the differences in soil carbon sources between different continuous cropping years were mainly amino acids, carboxylic acids, phenolic acids and amine carbon sources. The ratio of bacteria, bacteria/fungus ratio, actinomycetes, protozoa and total marker PLFA in the rhizosphere soil decreased significantly with the increase of soil planting years, while the total PLFA of fungi increased. Thus, with the increase of continuous cropping years of passion fruit, the soil autotoxicity was intensified and the soil enzyme activity and soil microbial diversity decreased.

Crop plants have been widely used to discuss several physiological interactions between plant growth regulators (PGRs) and mineral nutrition. However, these physiological effects and their potentia...