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El proceso de industrialización de Cataluñía durante el siglo XIX presenta todavia muchas incógnitas. Pese a los numerosos trabajos publicados en los últimos años, quedan pendientes de estudio algunos puntos esenciales. Entre estos cabe destacar los relacionados con las condiciones monetarias y financieras en las que se produjo el primer impulso industrializador y los propios orígenes del capital industrial. El objetivo del proyecto de investigación que aqui presentamos es el de abordar estos temas utilizando nueva información procedente de registros de carácter notarial y de archivos empresariales.

BACKGROUND Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is frequently associated with significant morbidity and mortality; such patients are often deemed to be at high surgical risk. Heterotopic bicaval stenting is an emerging, attractive transcatheter solution for these patients. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the 30-day safety and 6-month efficacy outcomes of specifically designed bioprosthetic valves for the superior and inferior vena cava. METHODS TRICUS EURO (Safety and Efficacy of the TricValve (R) Transcatheter Bicaval Valves System in the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava in Patients With Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation) is a nonblinded, nonrandomized, single-arm, multicenter, prospective trial that enrolled patients from 12 European centers between December 2019 and February 2021. High-risk individuals with severe symptomatic TR despite optimal medical therapy were included. The primary endpoint was quality-of-life (QOL) improvement measured by Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional dass improvement at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Thirty-five patients (mean age 76 +/- 6.8 years, 83% women) were treated using the TricValve system. All patients at baseline were in NYHA functional class III or IV. At 30 days, procedural success was 94%, with no procedural deaths or conversions to surgery. A significant increase in QOL at 6 months follow-up was observed (baseline and 6-month Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores 42.01 +/- 22.3 and 59.7 +/- 23.6, respectively; P = 0.004), correlating with a significant improvement in NYHA functional class, with 79.4% of patients noted to be in functional class I or II at 6 months (P = 0.0006). The rates of 6-month all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalization were 8.5% and 20%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The dedicated bicaval system for treating severe symptomatic TR was associated with a high procedural success rate and significant improvements in both QOL and functional classification at 6 months follow-up. (C) 2022 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.

Background and Objectives Evidence regarding redo percutaneous interventions for recurrent mitral regurgitation is scarce. We ought to evaluate procedural and clinical outcomes of repeated edge-to-edge transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR) interventions. Methods This multicenter study collected individual data from eight high-volume TMVR Centers in Spain. Between 2012 and 2020, all patients undergoing a second edge-to-edge TMVR intervention (Redo) were included in the study. Results Among a total of 1028 procedures, 31 patients (3%) with residual MR >= 3 at follow-up underwent a second procedure (Redo). Redo intervention was mainly conducted between the first and second year after the first procedure. The most common cause of MR progression was partial detachment (46.7%) followed by LV remodeling (35.5%). Procedural success was achieved in 87% of cases. After a mean follow-up of 1.75 +/- 1.54 years, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were 48.1% and 25%, respectively. Nearly half of the patients (48.1%) required at least one hospital admission for CHF within the follow-up period. However, most of the patients presented symptomatic improvement as depicted by an NYHA class

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) should be considered in patients with heart failure and secondary mitral regurgitation (MR). Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) have been demonstrated to improve prognosis in heart failure. We aimed to evaluate the impact ARNIs on patient selection and outcomes.; METHODS: The population of the Spanish TEER prospective registry (March 2012 to January 2021) was divided into 2 groups: a) TEER before the ARNI era (n=450) and b) TEER after the recommendation of ARNIs by European Guidelines (n=639), with further analysis according to intake (n=52) or not (n=587) of ARNIs.; RESULTS: A total of 1089 consecutive patients underwent TEER for secondary MR. In the ARNI era, there was a reduction in left ventricle dilation (82mL vs 100mL, P=.025), and better function (35% vs 38%, P=.011). At 2 years of follow-up, mortality (10.6% vs 17.3%, P

Article de la publicació: IPMARK : Información de Publicidad y Márketing, Número 886 (2021), p. 48

INTRODUCTION:Caustic ingestion management could be improved with a diagnostic approach based on risk factors. This study aimed to develop an algorithm derived from predictive factors of a poor clinical course, to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy and resource consumption, and to compare it with 2 other approaches, a radiological one based on computed tomography and a classical one based on symptoms and endoscopy. METHODS:All patients older than 15 years presenting with caustic ingestion in our tertiary care hospital between 1995 and 2021 were prospectively included. Adverse outcome was defined as intensive care unit admission, emergency surgery, or death. Ingestion characteristics, symptoms, and laboratory and endoscopic findings were analyzed to determine the most relevant risk factors. Diagnostic accuracy and the number of examinations required were estimated and compared with the other 2 algorithms applied to our series. RESULTS:The sample included 532 cases of caustic ingestion, 13.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.3-16.0) of which had adverse outcomes. Volume and type of caustic substance; presence of symptoms and pharyngolaryngeal involvement; and neutrophilia, acidosis, and endoscopic injury were combined to develop an algorithm that would provide the highest diagnostic odds ratio (167.2; 95% CI: 71.9-388.7). Following this approach, half of the patients (50.6%; 95% CI: 46.2-55.1) would not require any examination and, overall, the need for endoscopy (20.0%; 95% CI: 16.4-23.5) and computed tomography (16.3%; 95% CI: 13.0-19.5) would be lower than that for the other 2 algorithms. DISCUSSION:A risk-based algorithm could improve caustic ingestion management by maintaining high diagnostic accuracy while reducing diagnostic test requirements.

AIM: There is little evidence to support choice of technique and configuration for stapled anastomoses after right hemicolectomy and ileocaecal resection. This study aimed to determine the relationship between stapling technique and anastomotic failure.METHOD: Any unit performing gastrointestinal surgery was invited to contribute data on consecutive adult patients undergoing right hemicolectomy or ileocolic resection to this prospective, observational, international, multicentre study. Patients undergoing stapled, side-to-side ileocolic anastomoses were identified and multilevel, multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to explore factors associated with anastomotic leak.RESULTS: One thousand three hundred and forty-seven patients were included from 200 centres in 32 countries. The overall anastomotic leak rate was 8.3%. Upon multivariate analysis there was no difference in leak rate with use of a cutting stapler for apical closure compared with a noncutting stapler (8.4% vs 8.0%, OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.54-1.53, P = 0.72). Oversewing of the apical staple line, whether in the cutting group (7.9% vs 9.7%, OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.52-1.46, P = 0.60) or noncutting group (8.9% vs 5.7%, OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.46-4.23, P = 0.55) also conferred no benefit in terms of reducing leak rates. Surgeons reporting to be general surgeons had a significantly higher leak rate than those reporting to be colorectal surgeons (12.1% vs 7.3%, OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.04-2.64, P = 0.04).CONCLUSION: This study did not identify any difference in anastomotic leak rates according to the type of stapling device used to close the apical aspect. In addition, oversewing of the anastomotic staple lines appears to confer no benefit in terms of reducing leak rates. Although general surgeons operated on patients with more high-risk characteristics than colorectal surgeons, a higher leak rate for general surgeons which remained after risk adjustment needs further exploration.

ObjectiveTo compare disease course in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) with a poor prognosis who were treated with one or with two intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) courses.MethodsFrom the International GBS Outcome Study, we selected patients whose modified Erasmus GBS Outcome Score at week 1 predicted a poor prognosis. We compared those treated with one IVIg course to those treated with two IVIg courses. The primary endpoint, the GBS disability scale at 4 weeks, was assessed with multivariable ordinal regression.ResultsOf 237 eligible patients, 199 patients received a single IVIg course. Twenty patients received an ‘early’ second IVIg course (1–2 weeks after start of the first IVIg course) and 18 patients a ‘late’ second IVIg course (2–4 weeks after start of IVIg). At baseline and 1 week, those receiving two IVIg courses were more disabled than those receiving one course. Compared with the one course group, the adjusted OR for a better GBS disability score at 4 weeks was 0.70 (95%CI 0.16 to 3.04) for the early group and 0.66 (95%CI 0.18 to 2.50) for the late group. The secondary endpoints were not in favour of a second IVIg course.ConclusionsThis observational study did not show better outcomes after a second IVIg course in GBS with poor prognosis. The study was limited by small numbers and baseline imbalances. Lack of improvement was likely an incentive to start a second IVIg course. A prospective randomised trial is needed to evaluate whether a second IVIg course improves outcome in GBS.

Index de les obres ressenyades: Montserrat JIMÉNEZ SUREDA, Narcisa

Index de les obres ressenyades: Montserrat JIMÉNEZ SUREDA, Narcisa

INTRODUCTION: Spain is one of the countries with the lowest rates of revascularisation and highest ratio of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the changes and trends in the two revascularisation procedures between 1998 and 2017 in Spain. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. Analysis of in-hospital outcomes. SETTING: Minimum basic data set from the Spanish National Department of Health: mandatory database collecting information of patients who are attended in the Spanish public National Health System. PARTICIPANTS: 603 976 patients who underwent isolated CABG or PCI in the Spanish National Health System. The study period was divided in four 5-year intervals. Patients with acute myocardial infarction on admission were excluded. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: We investigated the volume of procedures nationwide, the changes of the risk profile of patients and in-hospital mortality of both techniques. RESULTS: We observed a 2.2-fold increase in the rate of any type of myocardial revascularisation per million inhabitants-year: 357 (1998) to 776 (2017). 93 682 (15.5%) had a coronary surgery. PCI to CABG ratio rose from 2.2 (1998-2002) to 8.1 (2013-2017). Charlson's index increased by 0.8 for CABG and 1 for PCI. The median annual volume of PCI/hospital augmented from 136 to 232, while the volume of CABG was reduced from 137 to 74. In the two decades, we detected a significant reduction of CABG in-hospital mortality (6.5% vs 2.6%, p

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Caustic ingestion is a potentially severe condition; early identification of poor outcome is essential for improve management, but prediction based only on endoscopy can overestimate its severity. The aim of the study was to develop and validate a prognostic score. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was designed to include all patients older than 15 years consecutively attended in our tertiary care hospital between 1995 and 2017. Adverse outcome was defined by any of the following conditions: intensive care unit admission, urgent surgery or death. The predictive value of clinical, analytical and endoscopic variables was assessed in a first cohort of cases (derivation cohort) and a prognostic score based on the resulting risk factors was developed by logistic regression; internal validation (bootstrapping) was performed and then external validation was checked in an independent sample of patients (validation cohort). RESULTS: 469 cases were included, 265 in the derivation cohort and 204 in the validation one. Ingestion of acid substances (OR 3.13, 95%CI:2.33-4.21), neutrophil count (OR 1.05, 95%CI:1.04-1.06), metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate value, OR 0.82, 95%CI:0.78-0.85) and endoscopic injury (OR 3.81, 95%CI:3.35-4.34) were independent risk factors of poor outcome. The prognostic score based on these variables provided better accuracy than endoscopy alone (p=0.038), with high sensitivity, specificity, positive, negative predictive values (93.3%, 92.7%, 72.7%, 98.5%, respectively) and area under the curve (0.976, 95%CI:0.973-0.976, p

The research studies the contributions that cities and local governments have made to debates, both locally and globally, on cultural rights and on the role of the culture in sustainable development. The research consists of an extensive theoretical framework on the place of culture in sustainable development and on the current state of the art on cultural rights. The research analyzes the contexts, the drafting processes, the contents and the initial impact of the documents "Agenda 21 for culture" (approved in 2004) and "Culture 21 Actions" (approved in 2015). Two cities, Barcelona and Mexico City, are taken as concrete examples. The research uses the technique of analysis of interaction to methodically analyze the relationship between each one of the 169 targets of the Sustainable Development Goals with each one of the 100 actions listed in Culture 21 Actions. The research suggests several elements of innovation to public policies in the field of culture, both in relation to content and to the methodologies of analysis. The research demonstrates the relevance of Agenda 21 for culture and Culture 21 Actions in current debates on development, marked by the existence of the Sustainable Development Goals and by the growing importance of cultural rights La recerca estudia les contribucions que les ciutats i els governs locals han realitzat als debats, tant a escala local com a escala internacional, sobre els drets culturals i sobre el paper de la cultura en el desenvolupament sostenible. La recerca es compon d'un extens marc teòric sobre aquests dos temes. La recerca analitza els contextos d'aparició, els processos de redacció, els continguts i l'impacte inicial dels documents "Agenda 21 de la cultura" (aprovat el 2004) i "Cultura 21 Accions" (aprovat el 2015). Dues ciutats, Barcelona i Ciutat de Mèxic, ambdues molt vinculades amb l'Agenda 21 de la cultura, es prenen com a exemples concrets. La recerca utilitza la tècnica de l'anàlisi de la interacció per detallar de manera metòdica la relació entre cadascuna de les 169 metes dels Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible amb cadascuna de les 100 accions que proposa Cultura 21 Accions. La recerca aporta elements d'innovació a les polítiques públiques en l'àmbit de la cultura, tant en relació als continguts com en les metodologies d'anàlisi. La recerca demostra la rellevància de l'Agenda 21 de la cultura i Cultura 21 Accions per als actuals debats sobre el desenvolupament, marcats per l'existència dels Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible i per la creixent importància dels drets culturals

El artículo presenta los debates sobre la cultura como un pilar o dimensión del desarrollo sostenible a partir de tres contribuciones principales: la monografía inicial de Jon Hawkes, aparecida en 2001, la Declaración Política de CGLU, aprobada en 2010 y los trabajos que la investigadora Nancy Duxbury ha llevado a cabo desde 2006. El artículo explica el contexto en el que surgen estas contribuciones, y destaca sus características principales. El artículo incluye también un resumen de las aportaciones de otros actores, algunos de ellos también fundamentales en el debate. En las conclusiones, el artículo sintetizar el estado actual del debate, señalando los puntos débiles y fuertes, las amenazas y las oportunidades del relato que propone a la cultura como un pilar o dimensión del desarrollo sostenible. The article presents the debates on culture as a pillar or dimension of sustainable development. The article focuses on three main contributions: the initial monograph by Jon Hawkes, published in 2001, the UCLG Policy Statement, approved in 2010 and the works that the researcher Nancy Duxbury has been conducting since 2006. The article explains the context in which these contributions arise, and highlights their main features. The article also includes a summary of the contributions of other actors, some of them are also fundamental in the debate. In the conclusions, the article summarizes the current state of the debate, pointing out the weak and strong points, the threats and the opportunities of the narrative that promotes culture as a pillar or dimension of sustainable development.

Purpose Recognizing patients with inflammatory bowel disease who are prone to infection would enable the adjustment of the type and intensity of immunosuppressive treatment. The aim of this study was to identify a clinical profile of risk for infections in IBD patients, based on the interaction of immunosuppressive treatment with factors inherent to the patient. Methods A case-control study was performed among patients older than 18 years. Patients with any significant infection (any kind of severe or recurrent infection according to standard clinical criteria or a critical enough infection according to the patient) were defined as cases. Both cases and controls were randomly selected in a 1:3 ratio. All the period from diagnosis to the end of recruitment (June 2016) was analyzed. Risk factors for infection were identified by logistic regression analysis; the strength of association was reported by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results A total of 112 cases and 270 controls were included. The independent risk factors for significant infection are the number of immunosuppressants (one drug: OR 1.28, 95% CI 0.53-3.11, two drugs: OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.01-5,56, and three drugs: OR 5.84, 95% CI 1.57-21.72), body mass index (OR 1.08; 95 %CI 1,01-1,16), the degree of comorbidity (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.04-2.21), and the intensity of inflammatory activity (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.19-1.71). Conclusions Regardless of immunosuppression, several patient factors such as comorbidity, body mass index, or the inflammatory activity of the disease determine the individual risk of infectious complications and should be considered for an adequate risk assessment.

The purpose of this study is to provide a biographical outline of Josep Salat Mora, a lawyer who was born in Cervera in 1762 and died in Igualada in 1832. His entire life focused on studying Catalan coinage, from its origins in the High Middle Ages to the early nineteenth century. This scholarly research effort culminated in the publication in 1818 of his Tratado de las monedas labradas en el Principado de Cataluña... [Treatise on the coins pro¬duced in the Principality of Catalonia]. The study is one of the most important contributions to the process of historio¬graphical renewal experienced by Catalo¬nia from the late eighteenth century onwards, and cemented Josep Salat's status as the father of Catalan numismatists. However, a paradox applies to this author: while the memory of his work persists and is frequently cited, very little is known about his life. This study therefore aims to resolve this anomaly. It highlights the vi¬cissitudes he experienced during his life, particularly during the period when he lived in Igualada and held the post of at¬torney for the Duke of Medinaceli, when he reached the peak of his studies of coinage.

Trabajo presentado al XIV.0 Scientific Meeting (virtual) of the Spanish Astronomical Society (SEA), celebrado del13 al 15 de julio de 2020., The geometrical covering factor (f2) of the AGN nuclear absorber, the so-called "dusty torus", is substantially larger in optical type 2 AGN than in type 1 objects. We have investigated whether we observe the same effect for type 1 objects with increasing subtypes, from 1 to 1.9 to shed light onto the physical origin of the intermediate type classification of AGN: partial obscuration or an intrinsically weaker Broad Line Region at low AGN luminosities. Using a sample of 123 type 1 AGN with intermediate classification we have found that type 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5 AGN have similar distributions of f2 while objects classified as 1.8 and 1.9 have f2 values halfway between those of AGN types 1.0/1.2/1.5 and type 2s.

The energy landscape of a supramolecular material can include different molecular packing configurations that differ in stability and function. We report here on a thermally driven crystalline order transition in the landscape of supramolecular nanostructures formed by charged chromophore amphiphiles in salt-containing aqueous solutions. An irreversible transition was observed from a metastable to a stable crystal phase within the nanostructures. In the stable crystalline phase, the molecules end up organized in a short scroll morphology at high ionic strengths and as long helical ribbons at lower salt content. This is interpreted as the result of the competition between electrostatic repulsive forces and attractive molecular interactions. Only the stable phase forms charge-transfer excitons upon exposure to visible light as indicated by absorbance and fluorescence features, second-order harmonic generation microscopy, and femtosecond transient absorbance spectroscopy. Interestingly, the supramolecular reconfiguration to the stable crystalline phase nanostructures enhances photosensitization of a proton reduction catalyst for hydrogen production.

Resumen del póster presentado al XIII Scientific Meeting of the Spanish Astronomical Society, celebrado en la Universidad de Salamanca del 16 al 20 de julio de 2018., According to the Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), unobscured AGN based on its optical spectrum (detection of rest-frame UV-optical broad emission lines, type-1 AGN) should appear as X-ray unabsorbed AGN. However, there is an important fraction (10-30%) of AGN whose optical and X-ray classifications do not match, and the origin of the discrepancy is not clear. To provide insight into this topic, we have conducted a statistical analysis of the optical obscuration and X-ray absorption properties of the optically type1 AGN from the Bright Ultra-hard XMM-Newton Survey (BUXS) with L2−10keV >1042 erg s−1 and z=0.05-1. We have high-quality spectra from XMM-Newton and either SDSS spectra or proprietary observations for the selected sample. In order to provide the most complete sample as possible, we have conducted a detailed analysis of the emission lines to provide a reliable classification of the AGNs. We derive the X-ray absorption by fitting their XMM-Newton spectra and the optical extinction using UV/optical spectral continuum fits. As BUXS is a flux limited X-ray selected sample at hard energies (f4.510keV ≤6×10−14 ergs−1cm−2), it is complete for NH column densities up to the Compton-thick limit (∼1024cm−2). Our preliminary results show that most type-1 AGN in our sample show consistent optical and X-ray classification, but there is a large fraction ( 20%) of objects with large NH column densities (NH >4×1021 cm−2).

[Context]: The volume of data generated by astronomical surveys is growing rapidly. Traditional analysis techniques in spectroscopy either demand intensive human interaction or are computationally expensive. In this scenario, machine learning, and unsupervised clustering algorithms in particular, offer interesting alternatives. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) offers a vast data set of near-infrared stellar spectra, which is perfect for testing such alternatives. [Aims]: Our research applies an unsupervised classification scheme based on K-means to the massive APOGEE data set. We explore whether the data are amenable to classification into discrete classes. [Methods]: We apply the K-means algorithm to 153 847 high resolution spectra (R ≈ 22 500). We discuss the main virtues and weaknesses of the algorithm, as well as our choice of parameters. [Results]: We show that a classification based on normalised spectra captures the variations in stellar atmospheric parameters, chemical abundances, and rotational velocity, among other factors. The algorithm is able to separate the bulge and halo populations, and distinguish dwarfs, sub-giants, RC, and RGB stars. However, a discrete classification in flux space does not result in a neat organisation in the parameters' space. Furthermore, the lack of obvious groups in flux space causes the results to be fairly sensitive to the initialisation, and disrupts the efficiency of commonly-used methods to select the optimal number of clusters. Our classification is publicly available, including extensive online material associated with the APOGEE Data Release 12 (DR12). [Conclusions]: Our description of the APOGEE database can help greatly with the identification of specific types of targets for various applications. We find a lack of obvious groups in flux space, and identify limitations of the K-means algorithm in dealing with this kind of data., We acknowledge financial support through grants, AYA2014-56359-P y AYA2017-86389-P and AYA2016-79724-C4-2-P (MINECO/FEDER). The research that leds to this article was partially funded by the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) through scholarship of the CSF program. CAP is thankful to the Spanish Government for funding for his research through grant AYA2014-56359-P. Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science.

This survey deals with the expectations generated by the construction of the rail network on wheat prices in the mainland periphery. It clarifies the terms of the debate that arose on the level of rail transportation fees in the wake of the cereal import boom from the 1880s. Strategies were shuffled to stop this process: reducing rates, new build lines to shorten distances between the centres of production and consumption, or increased tariff protection. Finally, it tries to clarify to what extent the reduction in prices of rail transport could help stem the rise in imports and restore the articulation of the internal cereals market., El artículo trata de las expectativas generadas por la construcción de la red ferroviaria sobre los precios del trigo en los mercados de la periferia peninsular. El mismo tiene por objeto precisar los términos del debate que se suscitó sobre el nivel de las tarifas del transporte ferroviario a raíz del boom importador de cereales a partir de la década de 1880. Las estrategias que se barajaron para frenar este proceso fueron reducir tarifas, construir nuevas líneas para acortar distancias entre los centros de producción y los de consumo o aumentar la protección arancelaria. Por último, se intenta precisar en qué medida la reducción de los precios del transporte ferroviario podía contribuir a frenar el auge importador y restablecer la articulación del mercado interior de cereales.

[Context]: The volume of data generated by astronomical surveys is growing rapidly. Traditional analysis techniques in spectroscopy either demand intensive human interaction or are computationally expensive. In this scenario, machine learning, and unsupervised clustering algorithms in particular, offer interesting alternatives. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) offers a vast data set of near-infrared stellar spectra, which is perfect for testing such alternatives. [Aims]: Our research applies an unsupervised classification scheme based on K-means to the massive APOGEE data set. We explore whether the data are amenable to classification into discrete classes. [Methods]: We apply the K-means algorithm to 153 847 high resolution spectra (R ≈ 22 500). We discuss the main virtues and weaknesses of the algorithm, as well as our choice of parameters. [Results]: We show that a classification based on normalised spectra captures the variations in stellar atmospheric parameters, chemical abundances, and rotational velocity, among other factors. The algorithm is able to separate the bulge and halo populations, and distinguish dwarfs, sub-giants, RC, and RGB stars. However, a discrete classification in flux space does not result in a neat organisation in the parameters' space. Furthermore, the lack of obvious groups in flux space causes the results to be fairly sensitive to the initialisation, and disrupts the efficiency of commonly-used methods to select the optimal number of clusters. Our classification is publicly available, including extensive online material associated with the APOGEE Data Release 12 (DR12). [Conclusions]: Our description of the APOGEE database can help greatly with the identification of specific types of targets for various applications. We find a lack of obvious groups in flux space, and identify limitations of the K-means algorithm in dealing with this kind of data. We acknowledge financial support through grants, AYA2014-56359-P y AYA2017-86389-P and AYA2016-79724-C4-2-P (MINECO/FEDER). The research that leds to this article was partially funded by the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) through scholarship of the CSF program. CAP is thankful to the Spanish Government for funding for his research through grant AYA2014-56359-P. Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science.

Qüestions sobre els tapissos de l'esglèsia parroquial de Sant Julià

La violencia sexual en conflictos armados, si bien ha existido siempre, se ha convertido actualmente en una de las más dramáticas consecuencias de las guerras y conflictos contemporáneos. Aunque durante siglos fue ignorada, o considerada como un daño colateral inevitable de los conflictos, en la actualidad concentra el foco de los medios de comunicación y es objeto de atención de la doctrina académica y de los activistas de derechos humanos. Este interés ha tenido dos consecuencias: una hipervisibilidad que difumina el sufrimiento individual de las víctimas y una densa y abundante doctrina dispersa sobre el tema. Esta tesis pretende realizar un estudio completo sobre la violencia sexual en conflicto en todos sus aspectos mediante el anàlisis y a la vez la reflexión crítica, de la configuración histórico-jurídica de los delitos de violencia sexual en conflictos armados, de la definición y los elementos de los crímenes que la constituyen y de su tratamiento jurisprudencial y doctrinal todo ello desde la perspectiva de la justicia real para las víctimas. En una primera parte, se analiza cómo, desde las primeras leyes sobre usos y costumbres de la guerra, se ha ido configurando, por una parte el concepto de violencia sexual en conflictos armados y, por la otra, desarrollando de la justicia y el derecho penal internacional para confluir en el enjuiciamiento de los responsables de estos delitos. Tras abordar el relato histórico y, en particular la constitución de la Corte Penal Internacional, se examina la configuración de los delitos de violencia sexual en conflictos armados en la normativa internacional, la jurisprudencia de los Tribunales Internacionales especialmente la Corte Penal Internacional, y la doctrina sobre la matèria. La segunda parte del trabajo está centrada en las víctimas de los delitos de violencia sexual en conflicto, su estatus procesal ante la Corte, la prueba de los delitos, la evaluación del trauma y las consecuencias del actual sistema de reparaciones. La parte final es un anàlisis sobre el papel de la Corte Penal Internacional y una reflexión sobre la necesidad de un enfoque diferente sobre estos delitos, centrado en una justicia restaurativa con el objetivo de realizar cambios reales en la vida de las víctímas y sus comunidades y una incidencia efectiva de La Corte en las instituciones y políticas sobre esta matéria., Sexual violence on conflict even if it has always existed, is now one of the more dramatic outcomes of contemporary wars and conflicts. Ignored o viewed as a collateral and unavoidable consequence of any war, sexual violence is actually the focus of the media and academic doctrine and human rights activists. This concern has had two consequences: an hipervisibility that blurrs the individual suffering of victims and a dense and abundant scattered legal doctrine on the question. This thesis pretends too realise a comprehensive study on sexual violence in conflicts in all its aspects and, at the same time, a critical reflection of the legal setting of the concept of sexual violence in conflicts, of its definition and elements and of its treatment in case law and legal doctrine, all of this under the outlook of real justice for the victims. In the fist part it outlines how, since the first norms on the customs of war, the concept of sexual violence in conflict has been shaped and how justice and international criminal law has developed to finally come all together in bringing to the courts the perpetrators of these crimes. Following the historical account, and particularly about the constitution of the International Criminal Court, the thesis reviews the definition of sexual violence in conflict crimes in international legal norms, case law of International Courts, specially the ICC and legal doctrine on the matter. Second part is centered on sexual violence in conflict victims, their position in procedural law at the ICC, criminal evidences, trauma assessment and the consequences of the present compensations system. The last part analyzes the role of the International Criminal Court and a reflexion on the necessity of a new approach on this crimes, focused on restorative justice with the aim to accomplish real changes in the lifes of victims and their communities and an effective impact on policies and institutions in this matter.

El problema que motiva la investigación es la constatación de que, a pesar del éxito inicial de las políticas enmarcadas de nueva gobernanza (definidas por la coproducción de todas sus etapas entre los principales actores públicos y de la iniciativa social y mercantil) éstas no son gestionadas en su fase de ejecución en redes formadas por los actores locales implicados. Es decir, se desnaturalizan como políticas de nueva gobernanza. El caso del Acuerdo Ciudadano para una Barcelona Inclusiva (ACBI) es una importante excepción no sólo por su continuidad, sino porque ha pasado a ser de una experiencia piloto, a una política central o referencial en el área social de uno de los más importantes ayuntamientos de Europa. Las principales preguntas de investigación son: ¿Las políticas públicas de Nueva Gobernanza Pública o Gobernanza Democrática (PPGD) son de difícil asimilación por el “sistema de actores implicados”?. ¿Cuáles son las variables que favorecen u obstaculizan tanto la realización de los cambios como, incluso, su percepción? y en función de ello: ¿Qué criterios de actuación y que metodologías pueden ayudar a realizar la transición del rol de la administración de una política PPNG a PPGD?. La hipótesis principal es que el desajuste entre el cambio necesario o esperado, consecuencia de las distintas características de los tipos ideales de políticas públicas, y el efectivamente realizado, se produce, fundamentalmente, debido a la innovación organizativa y de gestión del desarrollo de una PPGD, en un entorno dominado por el modelo de gobierno proveedor, y en el que el modo de gobernación predominante es el gerencial o new management. La variable dependiente es el desajuste entre los criterios “esperados en los ideales- tipo de Política Pública (PP), y los efectivamente realizados por los funcionarios y el resto de actores. Las variables independientes serán los factores que facilitan o dificultan el nivel de realización de los cambios esperados. La investigación se ha focalizado en la evolución de los modos de gobernación realizados por el Ayuntamiento de Barcelona en el periodo democrático 19792016, y en especial en la comparación de las otras políticas de nueva gobernanza efectuadas por el Ayuntamiento de Barcelona. La metodología empleada es la elaboración de tipos ideales formulada por Max Weber, La investigación se ha basado en la vertiente cualitativa de los estudios de caso. Dado el carácter innovador de esta política de Nueva Gobernanza, el ACBI, uno de los objetivos del estudio ha sido descubrir las variables independientes específicas que impactan en la variable dependiente, y de qué modo, y a través de qué mecanismos impactan. Las entrevistas cualitativas de tipo semi-estructuradas, para el estudio de casos, han adquirido la forma de lo que se denomina un diálogo estratégico, es decir guiado por objetivos de información y conocimiento a adquirir. Se han complementado con un trabajo a doble vuelta con los entrevistados. El trabajo concluye que ha sido la falta de asimilación, por parte de los actores intervinientes, ha sido la principal clave, e identifica tanto las variables que han obstaculizado las políticas de nueva gobernanza como las que la han favorecido. Las variables-obstáculo se relacionan fundamentalmente con el carácter innovador de estas políticas, y por desplegarse en un entorno institucional con predominio de un modo de gobernación basado en el “new management”. Las variables facilitadoras se relacionan con un progreso intersticial y simbiótico realizado en el interior del modo de gobernación predominante en el ayuntamiento.

[cat] Entre 1840 i 1914 es donaren a Catalunya diverses crisis econòmiques. Després de considerar el concepte de crisi, es descriuen les raons de les etapes crítiques de l'economia catalana del període, emfatitzant els canvis estructurals que es van donar pels quals les manifestacions de les crisis van resultar canviants. [eng] Between 1840 and 1914, there were in Catalonia several economic crises. Following a discussion of the concept itself, the article goes on to expose the reasons behind the various critical episodes in the Catalan economy of the period, with special emphasis on the structural changes which resulted in variations in the way the crises manifested themselves.

Approximately 3-17 per cent of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) without detected rest-frame UV/optical broad emission lines (type-2 AGN) do not show absorption in X-rays. The physical origin behind the apparently discordant optical/X-ray properties is not fully understood. Our study aims at providing insight into this issue by conducting a detailed analysis of the nuclear dust extinction and X-ray absorption properties of two AGNs with low X-ray absorption and with high optical extinction, for which a rich set of high-quality spectroscopic data is available from XMM-Newton archive data in X-rays and XSHOOTER proprietary data at UV-to-NIR wavelengths. In order to unveil the apparent mismatch, we have determined the AV/NH and both the supermassive black hole and the host galaxy masses. We find that the mismatch is caused in one case by an abnormally high dust-to-gas ratio that makes the UV/optical emission to appear more obscured than in the X-rays. For the other object, we find that the dust-to-gas ratio is similar to the Galactic one but the AGN is hosted by a very massive galaxy so that the broad emission lines and the nuclear continuum are swamped by the star light and difficult to detect., IO-P and FJC acknowledge financial support through grant AYA2015-64346-C2-1-P (MINECO/FEDER). SM acknowledges financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through grant AYA2016-76730-P (MINECO/FEDER). AC, RD, PS and VB acknowledge financial support by the Italian Space Agency (contract ASI-INAF I/037/12/0). Funding for the SDSS and SDSS-II has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, the Max Planck Society and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The SDSS web site is http://www.sdss.org/. The STARLIGHT project is supported by the Brazilian agencies CNPq, CAPES and FAPESP and by the France-Brazil CAPES/Cofecub program.

Trabajo presentado a las II Jornadas del Grupo de Viticultura y Enología (SECH), celebradas en Madrid el 3 y 4 de noviembre de 2016., La reiterada multiplicación vegetativa de cultivares de vid (Vitis vinifera L.) de élite para la vinificación provoca la acumulación de variación somática que es explotada en la mejora varietal. Considerando la hipótesis de que variantes con ciclo largo de maduración (baja tasa de acumulación de azúcares) pueden adaptarse mejor a condiciones de alta temperatura, en este estudio se caracterizaron 450 accesiones de ‘Tempranillo’ buscando clones que difiriesen en la duración del ciclo de maduración. Se preseleccionaron diez clones de ciclo largo y nueve de ciclo corto y la consistencia de su ciclo se testó sobre esquejes fructíferos. Así se seleccionaron dos clones de ciclo largo y uno de ciclo corto, que además de mantener diferencias consistentes en el ciclo, presentaban un rendimiento y una producción de antocianinas equilibrados. Se realizó un análisis transcriptómico de estos tres clones, mediante la técnica RNA-seq, con el objetivo de identificar la variación genética responsable de las diferencias en el proceso de maduración. Comparando el transcriptoma de uvas que estaban completando el envero, se detectaron posibles mutaciones puntuales responsables del fenotipo de ciclo largo en uno de los clones. Asimismo, se identificó una región cromosómica con tres genes localizados consecutivamente que se hallaban sobreexpresados en el otro clon de ciclo largo analizado. La secuencia de los transcritos de estos genes indica que la sobreexpresión se debe a la inducción específica de uno de los alelos de cada gen, lo que sugiere la presencia de una mutación en cis con una región reguladora en una copia del cromosoma, que causaría la sobreexpresión ectópica de los tres genes y la ralentización de la maduración. Estos resultados pueden ser útiles en programas de mejora de la vid dirigidos a la adaptación de la elaboración de vino de calidad en condiciones de cambio climático. ., El trabajo está financiado por el proyecto INNOVINE FP7-311775 de la UE.

Resumen del trabajo presentado al XXIX XMM-Newton SSC consortium meeting, celebrado en Madrid (España) del 14 al 15 de marzo de 2016., To provide insight into the apparent mismatch between the optical and X-ray absorption properties observed in 10-30 % of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), we have conducted a detailed study of two X-ray unabsorbed AGN with a type-2 optical spectroscopic classification. In addition to high quality X-ray spectroscopic observations, that we used to determine both the AGN luminosities and absorption, we have a VLT/XSHOOTER UV-to-near-IR high resolution spectrum for each object, that we used to determine the AGN intrinsic emision corrected for both contamination from the AGN hosts and extinction. Thanks to the high quality data available for these two intriguing sources, we unveil the origin of the mismatch. The most likely explanation is that both objects have an intrinsically high dust-to-gas ratio. In addition, we are conducting an statistical analysis of the optical obscuration and X-ray absorption properties of 159 Type-1 AGN drawn from BUXS to determine the distribution of dust-to-gas ratios in AGN over a broad range of luminosities and redshifts.

Treballs Finals de Grau d'Enginyeria Informàtica, Facultat de Matemàtiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Any: 2016, Director: Santi Seguí Mesquida, Colorizing is the act of giving color to grayscale images. A convolutional-neural-network-based method to colorize images without human interaction is presented in this project. Various frameworks, architectures, color spaces and approximations are explored to obtain the final model, capable of correctly restoring the original color of photographies without any further information than the image itself. The principal aim of this project is to propose an idempotent architecture that could be trained with all kinds of images and yet produce good results. To demonstrate how the process works and show the obtained results, three categories of images will be used along this project: synthetic images representing numbers, landscape images and human faces.

Trabajo presentado al XII Scientific Meeting of the Spanish Astronomical Society (SEA), celebrado en Bilbao del 18 al 22 de julio de 2016., According to the Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), an X-ray unabsorbed AGN should appear as unobscured in the optical (Type-1) and viceversa (Type-2). However, there is an important fraction (10-30%) of AGN whose optical and X-ray classifications do not match. To provide insight into the origin of such apparent discrepancies, we have conducted two analyses: 1) a detailed study of the UV-to-near-IR emission of two X-ray unabsorbed Type-2 AGN drawn from the Bright Ultra-Hard XMM-Newton Survey (BUXS); 2) a statistical analysis of the optical obscuration and X-ray absorption properties of 159 Type-1 AGN drawn from BUXS to determine the distribution of dust-to-gas ratios in AGN over a broad range of luminosities and redshifts. In our works we have also determined the impact of contamination from the AGN hosts in the optical classification of AGNs. Our studies are already provided very exciting results such as the detection of objects with extreme dust-to-gas ratios, between 300-10000 times below the Galactic dust-to-gas ratio., IO-P and FJC acknowledge financial support through grant AYA2015-64346-C2-1-P (MINECO/FEDER). Funding for the SDSS and SDSS-II has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, the Max Planck Society, and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The STARLIGHT project is supported by the Brazilian agencies CNPq, CAPES and FAPESP and by the France-Brazil CAPES/Cofecub program.

Skeletal muscles of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) show numerous alterations including inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis of myofibers. However, the molecular mechanism that explains these changes remains largely unknown. Here, the involvement of hemichannels formed by connexins (Cx HCs) was evaluated in skeletal muscle of mdx mouse model of DMD. Fast myofibers of mdx mice were found to express three connexins (39, 43 and 45) and high sarcolemma permeability, which was absent in myofibers of mdx Cx43(fl/fl)Cx45(fl/fl):Myo-Cre mice (deficient in skeletal muscle Cx43/Cx45 expression). These myofibers did not show elevated basal intracellular free Ca2+ levels, immunoreactivity to phosphorylated p65 (active NF-kappa B), eNOS and annexin V/active Caspase 3 (marker of apoptosis) but presented dystrophin immunoreactivity. Moreover, muscles of mdx Cx43(fl/fl)Cx45(fl/fl):Myo-Cre mice exhibited partial decrease of necrotic features (big cells and high creatine kinase levels). Accordingly, these muscles showed similar macrophage infiltration as control mdx muscles. Nonetheless, the hanging test performance of mdx Cx43(fl/fl)Cx45(fl/fl):Myo-Cre mice was significantly better than that of control mdx Cx43(fl/fl)Cx45(fl/fl) mice. All three Cxs found in skeletal muscles of mdx mice were also detected in fast myofibers of biopsy specimens from patients with muscular dystrophy. Thus, reduction of Cx expression and/or function of Cx HCs may be potential therapeutic approaches to abrogate myofiber apoptosis in DMD.

Objectives: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a form of chronic pancreatitis that has been reported worldwide for the last two decades. The aim of this study is to analyse the clinical profile of patients from Spain with AIP, as well as treatments, relapses and long-term outcomes. Methods: Data from 59 patients with suspected AIP that had been diagnosed in 15 institutions are retrospectively analysed. Subjects are classified according to the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria (ICDC). Patients with type 1 AIP (AIP1) and type 2 AIP (AIP2) are compared. Kaplan-Meier methodology is used to estimate the overall survival without relapses. Results: Fifty-two patients met ICDC, 45 patients were AIP1 (86.5%). Common manifestations included abdominal pain (65.4%) and obstructive jaundice (51.9%). Diffuse enlargement of pancreas was present in 51.0%; other organ involvement was present in 61.5%. Serum IgG4 increased in 76.7% of AIP1 patients vs. 20.0% in AIP2 (p = 0.028). Tissue specimens were obtained in 76.9%. Initial successful treatment with steroids or surgery was achieved in 79.8% and 17.3%, respectively. Maintenance treatment was given in 59.6%. Relapses were present in 40.4% of AIP1, with a median of 483 days. Successful long-term remission was achieved in 86.4%. Conclusions: AIP1 is the most frequent form of AIP in Spain in our dataset. Regularly, ICDC allows AIP diagnosis without the need for surgery. Steroid and chirurgic treatments were effective and safe in most patients with AIP, although maintenance was required many times because of their tendency to relapse. Long-term serious consequences were uncommon. (C) 2016 IAP and EPC. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Idiopathic short stature is a multifactorial disease caused by defects in several genes. Among them, short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) mutations have an incidence of 2%-15% within the idiopathic short population. The authors report a patient with moderate intellectual disability, short stature and no other radiological traits referred for subtelomeric screening. MLPA and sequencing results showed a heterozygous mutation in SHOX gene (A170P). This mutation has been described to fully cosegregate with Madelung deformity in patients affected with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis and Langer mesomelic dysplasia. The authors report the first case of idiopathic short stature due to the A170P mutation in a patient without any radiological trait. The A170P mutation is the most prevalent mutation in the Spanish gypsy population affected with short stature disorders. The authors strongly recommend SHOX screening for deletions, duplications and point mutations in patients affected with short stature although they do not present any radiological traits.

Objective The objective of this study is to make a comparative description of the evolution and distribution of international research into pharmacoepidemiology, using three bibliographic databases, in order to select the most appropriate for future bibliometric studies. Methods Bibliographic searches were performed using the following databases: Medline (1966–99), IPA (1970–99) and SCI (1990–99), using the term ‘pharmacoepidemiology’. On the basis of these searches, the number of original articles per year and per journal title were noted. The growth of the output of scientific writing was found to fit Price's law. Results A total of 845 original articles were recovered: 467 from IPA, 219 from Medline and 159 from SCI. The highest mean number of original articles per year (33.4) was obtained with the IPA database. Price's exponential growth pattern was observed among all three databases. The total numbers of journals in which the original articles were published were 102 in Medline, 65 in IPA and 60 in SCI. The journals providing a single original article comprised 65% of the Medline titles and 61% of those in IPA and SCI. Conclusions International research into pharmacoepidemiology presents an exponential growth pattern, in accordance with Price's law. There is a large degree of publishing dispersion. IPA was found to be the bibliographic database that recovered the greatest number of original articles, nearly half of which were published in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. We therefore consider the latter database appropriate for bibliometric studies in the field of pharmacoepidemiology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Trabajo presentado al Spanish X-ray Astronomy, celebrado en Santander del 3 al 5 de junoio de 2015., To provide insight into the apparent mismatch between the optical and X-ray absorption properties observed in 10-30% of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), we have conducted a detailed study of two X-ray unabsorbed AGN with a type-2 optical spectroscopic classification. In addition to high quality X-ray spectroscopic observations, that we used to determine both the AGN luminosities and absorption, we have a VLT/XSHOOTER UV-to-near-IR high resolution spectrum for each object, that we used to determine the AGN intrinsic emission corrected for both contamination from the AGN hosts and extinction. Thanks to the high quality data available for these two intriguing sources, we unveil the origin of the mismatch. The most likely explanation is that both objects have an intrinsically high dust-to-gas ratio.