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Neste artigo, descrevemos o modo como se deu o processo de criação do Sistema de Informações e Monitoramento Inteligente (SIMI-SP), uma plataforma desenvolvida pelo governo do estado de São Paulo para reunir dashboards com os principais dados referentes à pandemia de covid-19. Descrevemos, ainda, o processo de construção do Índice de Isolamento Social e a sua integração ao chamado Plano São Paulo durante esse período. A partir da análise de conteúdo e da categorização das publicações, relacionadas aos 120 primeiros dias da crise, nossos estudos apontam que experiências trazidas por essas medidas não farmacológicas precisam ser mais bem avaliadas, no que diz respeito a sua integração com a vigilância em saúde e ao processo de comunicação com os cidadãos.

To assess the prevalence of burnout, anxiety and depression symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in PICU workers in Brazil during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. To compare the results of subgroups stratified by age, gender, professional category, health system, and previous mental health disorders.Multicenter, cross-sectional study using an electronic survey.Twenty-nine public and private Brazilian PICUs.Multidisciplinary PICU workers.None.Self-reported questionnaires were used to measure burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition [PCL-5]) in 1,084 respondents. Subjects were mainly young (37.1 ± 8.4 yr old) and females (85%), with a median workload of 50 hours per week. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 33% and 19%, respectively, whereas PTSD was 13%. The overall median burnout scores were high in the emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment dimensions (16 [interquartile range (IQR), 8-24] and 40 [IQR, 33-44], respectively) whereas low in the depersonalization one (2 [IQR, 0-5]), suggesting a profile of overextended professionals, with a burnout prevalence of 24%. Professionals reporting prior mental health disorders had higher prevalence of burnout (30% vs 22%; p = 0.02), anxiety (51% vs 29%; p0.001), and depression symptoms (32.5% vs 15%; p0.001), with superior PCL-5 scores for PTSD (p0.001). Public hospital workers presented more burnout (29% vs 18.6%, p0.001) and more PTSD levels (14.8% vs 10%, p = 0.03). Younger professionals were also more burned out (p0.05 in all three dimensions).The prevalence of mental health disorders in Brazilian PICU workers during the first 2020 peak of COVID-19 was as high as those described in adult ICU workers. Some subgroups, particularly those reporting previous mental disorders and younger professionals, should receive special attention to prevent future crises.

5-Fluoroufacil (5FU) is a chemotherapeutic agent indicated for solid tumors but causes oral mucositis, which can be prevented and treated using photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). It is unknown whether PBMT modifies DNA damage induced by 5FU in oral cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PBMT on DNA damage and repair and on oxidative stress in gingival fibroblasts exposed to 5FU. Primary gingival fibroblasts were exposed to 5FU and then treated with a laser (660 nm, 100 mW, 1 W cm

Esse relato de experiência surge da minha participação como coordenadora local e orientadora de Estudo no Programa Nacional de Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNAIC) no município de Cordeiros - Bahia. As considerações aqui expostas convergem para realçar a participação de professoras na formulação de programas educacionais e na melhoria da qualidade da educação municipal. O PNAIC aconteceu nos anos 2013 a 2015 e seu objetivo era o de assegurar que todas as crianças fossem alfabetizadas nos três primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental, ao final do 1º Ciclo de Alfabetização. Como programa do âmbito federal buscou parceria com os governos estaduais, municipais e instituições com implementação de ações que se integrassem ao programa. O pacto tinha quatro eixos de atuação: Formação Continuada de Professores Alfabetizadores, Material Didático e Pedagógico, Avaliações e Gestão, Controle Social e Mobilização. Os materiais didáticos e pedagógicos, e os cadernos de estudos para a formação continuada dos professores que atuavam nas classes de Alfabetização tinham como foco a Alfabetização e Letramento.

Antioxidants protect cells from the injuries caused by oxidative reactive species, especially under biotic and abiotic stressful conditions. Each kind of free radical presents different oxidative sites and, therefore, different assays could be done to better evaluate the antioxidant capacity of a compound. Little is known about secondary metabolites from Annona coriacea Mart. (Annonaceae), especially related to their antioxidant capacity. Eleven flavonols were isolated from leaves: Quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside (1), Quercetin-3-O-robinobioside (2), Rutin (3), Hyperin (4), Isoquercitrin (5), Biorobin (6), Nicotiflorin (7), Keioside (8), Narcissin (9), Cacticin (10) and Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside (11). The isolated compounds and their commercial aglycones were evaluated in DPPH, ABTS+• radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen reduction antioxidant capacity (ORAC). Two patterns of response were observed. In the first, found in DPPH and FRAP assays, quercetin and its derivatives (1–5) showed higher antioxidant activity than kaempferol (6–7) and isorhamnetin derivatives (8–11). On the other hand, in the second pattern, observed in ABTS+• and ORAC assays, isorhamnetin showed higher or similar activities than quercetin derivatives. These differences were attributed to the B-ring substitution pattern of flavonols and to the distinct mechanisms of antioxidant activity in each assay. Different assays must be performed to determine the mechanisms of antiradicalar action of a compound.

This narrative review aims to update the reader about the current issues surrounding central aspects implicated in the relationship between oral mucositis (OM) and periodontitis. We searched Medline/PubMed database. English language publications were included in the study. Paired reviewers selected articles for inclusion and extracted data. Forty-four studies met our inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies were review (63.8%) and clinical studies (36.2%). There is a lack of studies regarding the association of periodontal disease (PD) and OM. However, there are pathogenic similarities between them. Look for scientific evidence to confirm the relationship between PD and OM is imperative. Thus, if periodontitis can actually interfere with the occurrence and severity of OM, the establishment of strategies to reduce it may contribute to better control of OM, a serious adverse effect of cancer treatment.

Gasoline is a complex mixture of substances, including aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). These compounds are emitted into the air, with the special relevance of benzene since it is provenly carcinogenic. The study aimed to assess BTEX concentrations in filling stations in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to calculate the cancer risk associated with such exposures. Two types of sampling were performed (stationary and mobile), adapted from methodology n. 1,501 (U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) for aromatic hydrocarbons, in six filling stations in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Stationary sampling was done near the fuel pumps, while mobile sampling was done in the breathing zone of the workers (station attendants) as they moved around the station. The samples were analyzed with gas chromatography flame ionization detector. The sampling results were used to calculate the health risk, using the indicators Hazard quotient (HQ) and Cancer risk (CR) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects, respectively, in filling station workers. Environmental concentrations for the most of the BTEX compounds were below the recommended limits, except for benzene, a carcinogenic compound, which displayed concentrations far above the limits, leading to high cancer risk values. The results showed that there are health risks for filling station attendants, especially the risk of developing cancer from excessive exposure to benzene.A gasolina é uma mistura complexa de substâncias, dentre elas estão hidrocarbonetos como o benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX), sendo esses compostos emitidos para a atmosfera, com destaque ao benzeno, por ser comprovadamente carcinogênico. Objetivamos avaliar as concentrações de BTEX no ar de postos de revenda de combustíveis no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, e calcular o risco de câncer associado a estas exposições. Foram realizados dois tipos de amostragem (fixa e móvel) adaptadas da metodologia nº 1.501 do Instituto Nacional de Segurança e Saúde Ocupacional (Estados Unidos), em seis postos de revenda de combustíveis na Zona Oeste da cidade. A amostragem fixa foi feita próxima às bombas de combustível, enquanto a móvel foi realizada através da coleta do ar na zona respiratória dos trabalhadores (frentistas), conforme estes se deslocavam pelo posto. As amostras foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa com detecção por ionização em chama. Com os resultados das amostragens foram feitos os cálculos de risco à saúde, usando os indicadores Quociente de perigo (HQ) e Risco de câncer (CR), para avaliar os possíveis efeitos não-carcinogênicos e carcinogênicos, respectivamente, nos trabalhadores dos postos de revenda de combustíveis. As concentrações ambientais para a maioria dos compostos BTEX foram abaixo dos limites preconizados, menos para o benzeno, um composto carcinogênico, que apresentou concentrações muito acima dos limites, levando a altos valores de risco de câncer. Os resultados demonstraram que há riscos à saúde dos trabalhadores de postos de revenda de combustíveis, principalmente o risco de desenvolver câncer, devido à exposição excessiva ao benzeno.La gasolina es una mezcla compleja de sustancias, entre ellas existen hidrocarburos como el benceno, tolueno, etilbenceno y xilenos (BTEX), emitiéndose estos compuestos a la atmósfera, donde se destaca el benceno, al tratarse de un carcinogénico comprobado. Los objetivos fueron evaluar las concentraciones de BTEX en el aire de puestos de reventa de combustibles, en el municipio de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, así como calcular el riesgo de cáncer asociado a estas exposiciones. Se realizaron dos tipos de muestra (fija y movible), adaptadas de la metodología nº 1.501 del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud Laboral (EE.UU.), en seis puestos de reventa de combustibles de la zona oeste de la ciudad. La muestra fija se realizó cerca de las bombas de combustible, mientras que la móvil se hizo mediante tomas de aire en la zona respiratoria de los trabajadores (de la gasolinera), a medida que estos se desplazaban por el lugar de trabajo. Las muestras se analizaron por cromatografía gaseosa con detección por ionización en llama. Junto a los resultados de las muestras, se realizaron cálculos de riesgo para la salud, usando los indicadores Cociente de peligro (HQ) y Riesgo de cáncer (CR), con el fin de evaluar los posibles efectos no-carcinogénicos y carcinogénicos, respectivamente, en los trabajadores de los puestos de reventa de combustibles. Las concentraciones ambientales para la mayoría de los compuestos BTEX estuvieron por debajo de los limites preconizados, menos en el caso del benceno, un compuesto carcinogénico, que presentó concentraciones muy por encima de los límites, llevando a altos valores de riesgo de cáncer. Los resultados demostraron que existen riesgos para la salud de los trabajadores de puestos de reventa de combustibles, principalmente, riesgo de desarrollar cáncer, debido a la exposición excesiva al benceno.

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of children and adolescents admitted to intensive care with confirmed COVID‐19. Method: Prospective, multicenter, observational study, in 19 pediatric intensive care units. Patients aged 1 month to 19 years admitted consecutively (March–May 2020) were included. Demographic, clinical‐epidemiological features, treatment, and outcomes were collected. Subgroups were compared according to comorbidities, age < 1 year, and need for invasive mechanical ventilation. A multivariable logistic regression model was used for predictors of severity. Results: Seventy‐nine patients were included (ten with multisystemic inflammatory syndrome). Median age 4 years; 54% male (multisystemic inflammatory syndrome, 80%); 41% had comorbidities (multisystemic inflammatory syndrome, 20%). Fever (76%), cough (51%), and tachypnea (50%) were common in both groups. Severe symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and higher inflammatory markers were more frequent in multisystemic inflammatory syndrome. Interstitial lung infiltrates were common in both groups, but pleural effusion was more prevalent in the multisystemic inflammatory syndrome group (43% vs. 14%). Invasive mechanical ventilation was used in 18% (median 7.5 days); antibiotics, oseltamivir, and corticosteroids were used in 76%, 43%, and 23%, respectively, but not hydroxychloroquine. The median pediatric intensive care unit length‐of‐stay was five days; there were two deaths (3%) in the non‐ multisystemic inflammatory syndrome group. Patients with comorbidities were older and comorbidities were independently associated with the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 5.5; 95% CI, 1.43–21.12; p = 0.01). Conclusions: In Brazilian pediatric intensive care units, COVID‐19 had low mortality, age less than 1 year was not associated with a worse prognosis, and patients with multisystemic inflammatory syndrome had more severe symptoms, higher inflammatory biomarkers, and a greater predominance of males, but only comorbidities and chronic diseases were independent predictors of severity. Resumo: Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas de crianças e adolescentes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva com COVID‐19 confirmada. Método: Estudo prospectivo, multicêntrico, observacional, em 19 unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Foram incluídos pacientes entre um mês e 19 anos, admitidos consecutivamente (março a maio de 2020). As características demográficas, clínico‐epidemiológicas, o tratamento e os resultados foram coletados. Os subgrupos foram comparados de acordo com as comorbidades, idade < 1 ano e necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva. Um modelo de regressão logística multivariável foi utilizado para preditores de gravidade. Resultados: Setenta e nove pacientes foram incluídos (10 com síndrome inflamatória multi-ssistêmica). Mediana de idade, quatro anos; 54% eram do sexo masculino (síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica, 80%); 41% tinham comorbidades (síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica, 20%). Febre (76%), tosse (51%) e taquipneia (50%) foram comuns nos dois grupos. Sintomas graves egastrointestinais e marcadores inflamatórios mais elevados foram mais frequentes na presença de síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica. Infiltrados intersticiais pulmonares foram comuns em ambos os grupos, mas o derrame pleural foi mais prevalente no grupo com síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica (43% vs. 14%). A ventilac¸ão mecânica invasiva foi utilizada em 18% (mediana 7,5 dias); antibióticos, oseltamivir e corticosteroides foram utilizados em 76%, 43% e 23%, respectivamente, mas não a hidroxicloroquina. A mediana do tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica foi de 5 dias; duas mortes ocorreram (3%) no grupo não- síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica. Os pacientes com comorbidades eram mais velhos, e as comorbidades foram independentemente associadas à necessidade de ventilac¸ão mecânica invasiva(OR 5,5; IC95%, 1,43-21,12; P 0,01). Conclusões: Nas unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica brasileiras, a COVID‐19 apresentou baixa mortalidade, a idade inferior a um ano não foi associada a um pior prognóstico, os pacientes com síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica apresentaram sintomas mais graves, biomarcadores inflamatórios mais elevados e uma grande predominância no sexo masculino, mas apenas a presença de comorbidades e doenças crônicas foi um preditor independente de gravidade.

Crude extracts using hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, 80% methanol or water of two agarophytes (Gracilaria caudata and Gracilaria domingensis) and their phase partitions were evaluated on early growth of lettuce. Hexane, methanol, 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of G. caudata and dichloromethane and aqueous extracts of G. domingensis were biostimulants. Palmitic acid, the major compound of non-polar extracts and phase partition, showed a significant stimulant activity in the concentrations tested (ranging from 0.49 mM to 1.95 mM), increasing 83% of lettuce root length, comparing to control, at the highest concentration. The promoting effect of the aqueous extracts is probably related to the presence of agaran, a typical hydrocolloid polysaccharide from red algae, which is mostly an exclusive constituent of these extracts. The agarans of G. domingensis and G. caudata promoted an increase in lettuce root length of 60% and 40%, respectively (both at 1 mg·mL−1 of extract). Differences in the effects promoted by these two agarans are probably related to the different content of sulfate groups (higher for polysaccharide from G. domingensis). These results suggest that structural features of agaran-type polysaccharides can elicit distinct responses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of compounds with biostimulating potential from Gracilaria.

Objectives: To compare the severity of oral mucositis and the frequency of gastrointestinal mucositis, and to observe if there is impact of these adverse effects on overall survival (OS), in patients who underwent CBV (carmustine, BCNU, and VP-16) and LEAM (lomustine, etoposide, Ara-C, and melphalan) conditioning for autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (aHCT). Method: We collected retrospective data from medical records (n = 120) of transplantation and mucositis in the digestive tract of Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients. Results: The frequency of OM grade 1 was higher in LEAM (36.76%) than in CBV (19.72%, p=0.038). There were no significant differences between the frequency of gastrointestinal mucositis in the two regimens (CBV - 52.11% and LEAM - 63.27%, p=0.305). CBV regimen exhibited lower 1-year overall survival (OS) than did LEAM (p=0.003). Oral mucositis grade ≥2 was associated with reduced OS in the CBV group (p=0.013). CBV regimen (HR=2.98, p 0.005) and oral mucositis grade ≥2 (HR=2.17, p=0.013) interfered negatively on the OS rate. Conclusion: Oral mucositis was more severe in CBV than in LEAM, decreasing the OS rate. Further studies with comprehensive follow-up and toxicity analyses must be undertaken to clarify the safety of LEAM conditioning in the digestive tract.

Nos dias atuais, a estética do sorriso vem crescendo no mercado, visto que muitos consideram como parte do padrão de beleza desejável, o sorriso alinhado e os dentes brancos. Assim sendo, o clareamento dental constitui um dos procedimentos mais procurados e realizados pelos cirurgiões-dentistas, no quesito estética. Dessa forma, o cirurgião-dentista deve ter uma base sólida de conhecimento a respeito, para que faça uma avaliação clínica e o correto diagnóstico da estrutura dental, indicando a melhor técnica em cada caso. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura sobre os tipos de clareamento dental, comparando-os quanto à eficácia, em relação à alteração de cor, e quanto à sensibilidade, com buscas nas bases de dados, Pubmed, Scielo e Scopus, através dos descritores: Tooth bleaching; Carbamide peroxide; Hydrogen Peroxide; Dentin Sensitivity. Foram considerados elegíveis estudos em inglês, português ou espanhol, publicados entre 01/2006 a 05/2021. Assim, notou-se que as técnicas de clareamento são capazes de atingir os mesmos resultados quanto à mudança de cor, mas com variação no tempo e indicação. Quanto à sensibilidade, há uma tendência dessa ser maior, quando usado gel de maior concentração. Porém, já existem atualmente, géis clareadores contendo substâncias dessensibilizantes, e/ou protocolos que podem ser utilizados, para que se tenha uma redução da mesma. Além disso, quando realizada a técnica de clareamento caseiro, sugere-se dar preferência ao gel de Peróxido de Carbamida na menor concentração, uma vez que esse apresenta menor risco de desenvolvimento de sensibilidade dentária e é eficaz, se comparado às maiores concentrações.

A odontologia digital permite que tratamentos reabilitadores sejam realizados de forma virtual. O cirurgião-dentista deve escolher a forma de trabalho, ao inserir ou não o fluxo digital na rotina odontológica, buscando o tratamento mais adequado ao seu paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar a literatura sobre o fluxo digital no planejamento e execução das reabilitações orais estéticas. A busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, Pubmed, Scopus e Google Scholar, com as palavras-chave “Odontologia digital” “CAD/CAM” e “Estética dentária”. Foram considerados elegíveis estudos em inglês, português ou espanhol, publicados entre 01/2010 a 04/2021. Os avanços no fluxo de trabalho digital possibilitam o tratamento de maneira relativamente rápida e mais conveniente para o cirurgião-dentista, além de oferecerem maior conforto ao paciente. A tecnologia oferece inúmeras possibilidades aos trabalhos protéticos, com propriedades semelhantes ou superiores aos procedimentos convencionais. Embora seja de custo elevado e demande treinamento para utilização do sistema, os equipamentos se tornaram menos custosos e mais versáteis, facilitando o trabalho do profissional. Assim, com todo o processamento em consultório, do escaneamento à fresagem/impressão 3D, tornou-se possível realizar todo o procedimento restaurador em única sessão. Dessa forma, é interessante inserir a odontologia digital ao consultório odontológico, visto que esta fornece resultados superiores à odontologia analógica.

To investigate whether the process of primary gingival keratinocytes culture obtained from normal human gingiva modifies the expression of keratins (K) 10, K14, and K19.Human gingival fragments were collected from healthy individuals in the same oral site. One part of the samples underwent an immunohistochemistry assay for K10, K14, and K19. The labeling in the epithelium was quantified using a semiautomated method. Another part was used for primary gingival keratinocytes isolation and growth in two-dimensional culture. These cells were also stained for K10, K14, and K19 using immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry. Positive cells were counted, and the nuclei and cytoplasmatic labeling areas were quantified.In the gingival tissue, a higher expression was found for K14 versus K10 (p 0.001); K19 was negative in all samples. In gingival keratinocytes culture, K14 (89.6 %) had the highest expression with significant differences in relation to K10 (76.9 %, p 0.01) and K19 (9.9 %, p 0.01). The cells positive for K14 exhibited larger nuclei in comparison with K10 (p 0.05) and K19 (p 0.05), suggesting a more undifferentiated phenotype. K19 cells showed the largest cytoplasmatic labeling in relation to K10- (p 0.05) and K14-positive (p 0.05) cells.The process of growth in culture of gingival keratinocytes maintained the expression pattern of K10 and K14 observed in gingival tissues. However, this method induces the expression of K19, suggesting a potential transformation of the keratin network presented in the gingival keratinocytes during the formation of a monolayer in vitro. This reflects the dynamics of cell differentiation.

Annona is one of the largest genus of Annonaceae. Flavonol derivatives have the major occurrence in the family and in Annona . Glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin have been isolated and identified more frequently than any other flavonols. Annona coriacea Mart. is a perennial shrub native to the Brazilian savanna. The species has some acetogenins, alkaloids, diterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids and volatile compounds already identified. We isolated 11 flavonols from A. coriacea leaves: 1 - quercetin-3- O -β-(6″- O -β-glucosyl)-glucoside (quercetin-3- O -gentiobioside), 2 - quercetin-3- O -β-(6″- O -α-rhamnosyl)-galactoside (quercetin-3- O -robinobioside), 3 - quercetin-3- O -β-(6″- O -α-rhamnosyl)-glucoside (rutin), 4 - quercetin-3- O -β-galactoside (hyperin), 5 - quercetin-3- O -β-glucoside (isoquercitrin), 6 - kaempferol-3- O -β-(6″- O -α-rhamnosyl)-galactoside (biorobin), 7 - kaempferol-3- O -β-(6″- O -α-rhamnosyl)-glucoside (nicotiflorin), 8 - isorhamnetin-3- O -β-(6″- O -α-rhamnosyl)-galactoside (keioside), 9 - isorhamnetin-3- O -β-(6″-O-α-rhamnosyl)-glucoside (narcissin), 10 - isorhamnetin-3- O -β-galactoside (cacticin), 11 - isorhamnetin-3- O -β-glucoside. Quercetin derivatives were predominant, followed by isorhamnetin and kaempferol ones. All flavonols, except 3 , have never been described in A. coriacea . Compound 10 was isolated only once in another species of the family. Compounds 8 and 9 are described for the first time in Annonaceae. The occurrence of flavonol derivatives as the main flavonoids could confirm that the family represents a basal evolutionary state.

The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxic potential of leaves of Myrcia tomentosa, as well as to isolate and identify the main bioactive compounds. The results for the coleoptile and phytotoxicity bioassays indicated the ethyl acetate extract for the phytochemistry study, owing to the high activity and the maintenance of the activity at lower concentrations. This extract was chromatographed and subjected to 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Two major active compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of leaves of M. tomentosa: avicularin and juglanin. The fractions where these compounds were isolated showed potent inhibition of coleoptile growth. This paper is the first report on the presence of the flavonoids avicularin and juglanin in species of Myrtaceae from Neotropical savanna and provides a basis for future studies on the bioprospecting of M. tomentosa.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of screening hyper and hypoglycemia measured by capillary glycemia and standard monitorization of hyperglycemic patients hospitalized in regular care units of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Methods: The capillary glycemia was measured by the Precision PCx (Abbott) glucosimeter, using the PrecisionWeb (Abbott) software. The detection of hyper and hypoglycemia during the months of May/June were compared to those of March/April in 2009 and to the frequency of the diagnosis of diabetes in 2007. Results: There was an increase in the glycemia screening from 27.7 to 77.5% of hospitalized patients (p < 0.001), of hyperglycemia detection (from 9.3 to 12.2%; p < 0.001) and of hypoglycemia (from 1.5 to 3.3%; p < 0.001) during the months of May/June 2009. According to this action 14 patients for each additional case of hyperglycemia and 26 cases for each case of hypoglycemia were identified. The detection of hyperglycemia was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the frequency of registered diagnosis related do diabetes in the year of 2007. Conclusions: the adoption of an institutional program of glycemia monitorization improves the detection of hyper and hypoglycemia and glycemia control in hospitalized patients in regular care units.

SUMMARYLeaf gas exchange and leaf water potential (Ψleaf) were measured seasonally on non-grafted and grafted Coffea arabica on Coffea canephora in the field to investigate whether grafting would be able to protect the carbon balance against the rise of in vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature (Tair) under future climate change. The net maximum photosynthetic rate obtained from the net photosynthesis (PN) curve as a function of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in wet and dry periods was used to estimate the integrated potential diurnal net CO2 assimilation (IPPN) around midday. The difference between IPPN and the integrated values of PN during diurnal courses (IPN) was measured to test grafting as suitable practice for minimizing midday depression of PN. Higher values of PN in grafted plants around midday showed that grafting was important even when environmental conditions were favourable in field conditions. Reduced susceptibility of grafted plants to midday depression was revealed by lower values of Ψleaf associated with higher values of PN and leaf transpiration (E) on sunny days in summer and spring, and by higher values of stomatal conductance (gs) around midday in autumn, winter and spring. The differences of E, gs, PN and Ψleaf between non-grafted and grafted plants were higher in dry periods in winter and spring. In addition, the ratio IPN/IPPN in grafted was double that in non-grafted plants around midday in sunny summer and in spring. Indeed, PN and gs of non-grafted plants showed higher dependence on VPD than grafted ones. The lower susceptibility of grafted plants to water stress demonstrated the graft efficiency for increasing positive components of leaf carbon balance of C. arabica in the field, especially under high VPD in projected future climate conditions.

SUMMARYHardening of Coffea arabica saplings by watering cycles (WCs) might be a suitable practice to achieve higher tolerance to low leaf water potential (Ψleaf) before transplanting to the field. As a consequence, hardening could promote growth and biomass gain during the initial development of C. arabica in the field. Thus, the less interrupted initial growth in a changing environment should confer higher flowering intensity in hardened than in control plants. The aim of this work was to verify if leaf gas exchange and Ψleaf behaviour of C. arabica saplings grafted on C. canephora showed consistent alterations during hardening by WCs and if this was effective to improve vegetative and reproductive growth under field conditions. For these reasons, saplings of the Mundo Novo cultivar of C. arabica grafted on C. canephora were submitted to seven WCs over 35 days. Each WC was completed when net photosynthesis was close to zero. The pattern of leaf gas exchange, mainly stomatal conductance (gs), was modified permanently after three WCs and the new pattern of leaf gas exchange could result in a more positive water balance and less interrupted development of C. arabica saplings in the field, particularly due to permanent low values of gs. After field transplantation, hardened plants showed greater height and stem diameter, more leaves and branches, and superior biomass production in leaves, stem and roots than control plants in dry and wet periods. The number of flowers was also significantly higher in hardened than in control plants. On the other hand, similar values were found between control and hardened plants in the leaf area ratio and the shoot/root ratio. Therefore, previous hardening by WCs was effective in improving leaf gas exchange, vegetative and reproductive development under field conditions and maintained the original biomass partitioning among the main plant compartments in dry and wet periods.

O grau de conexao entre as trocas gasosas e o potencial hidrico foliar e a autonomia dessas variaveis em relacao as condicoes meteorologicas foram determinados em Coffea arabica, ao longo de dias claros e nublados. Os valores elevados do deficit de pressao de vapor, da temperatura do ar e da densidade do fluxo de fotons fotossinteticamente ativos resultaram em reduzida autonomia no dia claro, independentemente do grau de conexao entre as variaveis fisiologicas foliares. A forte sincronizacao entre a fisiologia da folha e as variaveis meteorologicas foi considerada uma importante causa da diminuicao da fotossintese liquida (PN) no dia claro. Por outro lado, o valor de PN foi cerca de tres vezes maior no dia nublado, quando todos os cultivares apresentaram maior autonomia. A analise de componentes principais corroborou os resultados de autonomia, revelando uma clara oposicao entre os vetores fisiologicos e meteorologicos, alem de uma menor variabilidade das caracteristicas fisiologicas da folha ao longo do dia claro. Apesar dessas respostas gerais, ocorreram diferencas significativas entre as cultivares nos dias claro e nublado. A autonomia da folha foi uma importante referencia para avaliar o comportamento de C. arabica sob estresse e deve ser levada em consideracao na selecao de cultivares sob condicoes de campo.

Annonaceae is one of the richest families of the wood components of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). Annona coriacea Mart., Annona crassiflora Mart., Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff. and Xylopia aromatica L. are common species in this region. The main goal of our study was to determine biological activities of these species. Therefore, we evaluated phytotoxic effects of ethanolic extracts of leaves and stems of these species in the laboratory. In addition, toxicity to animal targets was also evaluated. Lettuce was the less affected target species, with discreet effects over germination rate and initial root development observed using the highest concentration (0.8 mg mL−1) of extracts of A. coriacea. Notwithstanding, tomato was the most affected target species by these annonaceous extracts, with an expressive decrease in germination rate, shoot and root growth even with the lowest extract concentrations. Onion germination was affected mainly by X. aromatica and A. coriacea leaf extracts, with significant results for all concentrations. Effects on shoot and root growth were also observed for this species. In general, the strongest phytotoxic activities were detected for the extracts of A. coriacea and X. aromatica. These extracts also inhibited growth of Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster. The extracts of A. coriacea were also very toxic to brine shrimp nauplii. No antibacterial or antifungal effects were detected with the extracts of these four species of Annonaceae. Among the four species, X. aromatica and A. coriacea exhibited strong biological activities and the results could be useful in agricultural fields in Brazil. These extracts were also promising for isolation and identification of commercial valuable metabolites.

Three cultivars of Coffea arabica, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 81, Icatu Amarelo IAC 2944 and Obatã IAC 1669–20, were evaluated in relation to leaf gas exchange and potential photochemical efficiency of photosystem II under field conditions on clear and cloudy days in the wet season in southeast Brazil. Independent of levels of irradiance, leaf water potential (υleaf) values were always higher than the minimum required to affect daily net photosynthesis (PN). PN, stomatal conductance (gs), leaf transpiration (E) and the index of photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) declined on a clear day in all cultivars. The depression of leaf gas exchange and Fv/Fm (specially around midday) caused a strong decrease (about 70 %) in daily carbon gain on a clear day. Under cloudless conditions, gs and PN were correlated with the air vapour pressure deficit (VPDair), but not with photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) values. On a cloudy day, the daily carbon gain was barely limited by PPFD below 800 μmol m−2 s−1, the Fv/Fm values showed a slight decrease around midday, and gs and PN were positively correlated with PPFD but not with VPDair. By contrast, irrespective of the contrasting irradiance conditions during the day, PN and E were correlated with gs.

Onopordum acanthium L. (Asteraceae) is a plant native to southern Europe and southwestern Asia, but it is invasive in disturbed areas and agricultural fields around the world, causing many agronomic problems by interfering with crops or preventing animals from grazing on pastures. Allelopathy could be one of the reasons that this plant has spread over different continents. The aim of the present study was to bioprospect O. acanthium leaf extracts through the isolation and purification of allelopathic secondary metabolites with phytotoxicity to explain their invasive behavior. Phytotoxic activity was tested using etiolated wheat coleoptiles. The most active extract was selected to perform a bioassay-guided isolation of two flavonoids, pectolarigenin (1) and scutellarein 4’-methyl ether (2), and two sesquiterpene lactones, elemanolide 11(13)-dehydromelitensin b-hydroxyisobutyrate (3) and acanthiolide (4). All compounds were isolated for the first time from O. acanthium, and acanthiolide (4) is described for the first time. Compound 3 strongly inhibited the growth of wheat coleoptiles and 1 showed an intermediate effect. The results indicate that these compounds could contribute to the invasion of O. acanthium in ecological systems and agricultural fields.

Allelopathic substances can be used to develop weed control alternatives based on natural products. The objective of this study was to compare the phytotoxic activity of aqueous leaf extracts of Rapanea umbellata with the toxicity of a synthetic herbicide on the germination and growth of weed species. The weeds species barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) and morning glory (Ipomoea grandifolia) were used. The effects of the aqueous leaf extract of R. umbellata at concentrations of 10% and 5% (g mL-1) were compared to the control (distilled water) and to the synthetic herbicide oxyfluorfen. The average weed germination time was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in control than in extract and herbicide treatments. The herbicide had more significant effects than the extract on the initial growth of the aerial part. However, the initial growth of the root part was significantly more affected by the leaf extract than by the herbicide. The extract also caused many disorders in weed root anatomy. Therefore, the leaf aqueous extract of R. umbellata showed important results that indicate that it should be bioprospected and that its allelochemicals should be purified for the discovery of natural-origin herbicides. Substâncias alelopáticas podem ser utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de produtos alternativos baseados em compostos naturais para o controle de espécies infestantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o efeito do extrato aquoso foliar de Rapanea umbellata com um herbicida sintético sobre a germinação e o crescimento inicial de espécies infestantes das culturas agrícolas. As espécies infestantes estudadas foram: capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli), amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla) e corda-deviola (Ipomoea grandifolia). Os efeitos do extrato foliar aquoso de R. umbellata nas concentrações 10 e 5% (g mL-1) foram comparados com controle (água destilada) e o herbicida sintético oxifluorfem. O tempo médio de germinação das espécies infestantes foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) no controle do que em extrato foliar e o herbicida. O comprimento da parte aérea foi significativamente mais afetado pelo herbicida do que pelo extrato. Porém, o comprimento da parte radicular foi mais afetado pelo extrato do que pelo herbicida. O extrato também causou vários tipos de danos na anatomia das raízes das infestantes. O extrato foliar de R. umbellata apresentou resultados promissores que indicam que deve ser bioprospectado e seus aleloquímicos purificados para a descoberta de novos herbicidas de origem natural.

) Grupo de Alelopata, Departamento de Qumica Orga´nica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad deCa´diz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, C/Repu´blica Saharaui s/n,Apdo. 40, ES-11510 Puerto Real (Ca´diz) (phone: þ34-956012770; e-mail: famacias@uca.es)The stressful conditions associated with the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) environment weresupposed to favor higher levels of allelochemicals in Rapanea umbellata from this ecosystem. Theallelopathic potential of R. umbellata leaf extracts was studied using the etiolated wheat coleoptile andstandard phytotoxicity bioassays. The most active extract was selected to perform a bioassay-guidedisolation, which allowed identifying lutein (1) and ( )-catechin (2) as potential allelochemicals. Finally,thegeneralbioactivityofthetwocompoundswasstudied,whichindicatedthatthepresenceof1mightbepart of the defense mechanisms of this plant.

Research on allelopathic interactions can be useful in the search for phytotoxins produced by plants that may be employed as natural herbicides. The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxic action of aqueous leaf extract of Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Myrcia multiflora, Myrcia splendens and Myrcia tomentosa on the germination and development of three weeds. The working hypothesis was that leaf extracts of Myrtaceae may negatively influence the development of weed species. Aqueous leaf extracts at 5 and 10% (g mL-1) were tested on the germination and growth of Euphorbia heterophylla, Echinochloa crus-galli and Ipomoea grandifolia and compared with the herbicide oxyfluorfen and distilled water (control). The most extracts caused pronounced delays in seed germination and inhibited the growth of seedlings of E. heterophylla; I. grandifolia and E. crus-galli, with the last target species had no growth shoot inhibited by the extracts. In this study, the potential and efficiency of the tested aqueous leaf extracts were evident because they were more phytotoxic to the weeds than the herbicide. Thus, the aqueous extracts of leaves from Myrtaceae species show potential for the isolation of active compounds that can be used for the production of natural herbicides in the future. Estudos relacionados à interações alelopáticas podem ser úteis na busca por fitotoxinas produzidas por plantas que podem ser empregadas como herbicidas naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade fitotóxica de extratos aquosos de folhas de Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Myrcia multiflora, Myrcia splendens e Myrcia tomentosa sobre a germinação e o desenvolvimento de três plantas infestantes de culturas agrícolas. A hipótese testada neste trabalho foi que extratos foliares de Myrtaceae podem influenciar negativamente sobre o desenvolvimento de espécies infestantes de cultura. Foram testados os extratos foliares aquosos a 5 e 10% (g mL-1) sobre a germinação e crescimento de três espécies infestantes de cultura e comparados com o herbicida oxyfluorfen e água destilada (controle). A maioria dos extratos promoveram atrasos acentuados na germinação de sementes e inibiram o crescimento de plântulas de E. heterophylla; I. grandifolia e E. crus-galli, apenas esta última espécie alvo não apresentou inibição no crescimento de sua parte aérea pelos extratos. O presente estudo comprovou o potencial e a eficiência dos extratos, uma vez que foram mais fitotóxicos às espécies infestantes que o herbicida. Assim, extratos foliares aquosos de espécies de Myrtaceae apresentam potencial para isolamento de compostos que poderão ser usados para produção de herbicidas naturais no futuro.