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1. A multi-site synthesis on health and wellbeing during the Covid-19 pandemic: findings from seven countries

Author

Croft LA, Puig-García M, Silver C, Pearlman J, Stellmach D, Gray N, Stringer B, and Caleo G

Abstract

INTRODUCTION Between 2020 and 2021, MSF’s social sciences team designed and supported implementation of qualitative assessments to better understand community-level outbreak responses and well-being in the context of Covid-19. Assessments were conducted in seven sites, specifically Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Chad, Iraq, Tajikistan, Syria, and Somaliland. Although a single protocol was designed and followed, each site was unique in terms of its setting (e.g. camp, conflict, urban, or rural), who implemented assessments (e.g. field epidemiologists, health promotion staff), timing of implementation (early phase of the pandemic versus late phase), and community involvement. Here we present a synthesis of the assessments to inform future public health responses. METHODS Synthesis involved secondary analysis of qualitative reports over five iterative phases. Phase 1 involved in-depth reading of each report, during which analytic annotation and note-taking took place. In Phase 2, each report was coded inductively. In Phase 3, codes were reviewed, defined, and clustered into initial categories and themes. Phase 4 involved reviewing and refining codes, categories, and themes, and establishing connections. In Phase 5, synthesis findings were organised and written up. The process was managed using the software ATLAS.ti. ETHICS This synthesis is an a posteriori analysis of secondary data. Ethics approval for primary data was granted by officials in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Chad, Iraq, Tajikistan, Syria, and Somaliland and the MSF Ethics Review Board. RESULTS Overall 138, people participated in the assessments, of which 21 (15%) were women. Participants included health workers, community members, traditional healers, chiefs, young people, women’s leaders and local staff. Four themes were identified: 1) exacerbation of pre-existing vulnerabilities and inequalities; 2) disruption of coping mechanisms; 3) awareness of the risks of Covid-19; 4) community as a public health enabler. The pandemic was seen to magnify existing social inequalities and overall health burden. Public health measures to control the spread of Covid-19 often disrupted community coping mechanisms by causing fear of separation and practical challenges around compliance. Awareness of the risks of Covid-19 and understanding of prevention measures were high, with socio-economic costs of compliance relying on external funding and relief. A community led intervention for effective public health controls varied between sites, depending on previous outbreak experiences (e.g. Ebola and tuberculosis), and/or settings experiencing protracted conflict (e.g. Syria, and Iraq). CONCLUSION Our synthesis illustrates syndemic effects of the pandemic. From an operational perspective, there is a need to diversify humanitarian, social, and health interventions, and strengthen approaches to working with communities to identify how best to take forward public health measures in humanitarian settings. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST None declared.

Published
2022
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2. An analysis of monetary and macroprudential policies in a DSGE model with reserve requirements and mortgage lending

Author

Ben-Gad, M., Pearlman, J., and Sabuga, I.

Subjects
HC, Economics and Econometrics, HG
Abstract

We propose a general equilibrium framework that highlights the interaction of reserve requirements and a conventional monetary policy in a model that combines endogenous housing loan defaults and financial intermediation frictions due to the costs of enforcing contracts. We use the model to examine how the interaction of these policies affect (i) the credit and business cycle; (ii) the distribution of welfare between savers and borrowers; (iii) the overall welfare objectives when monetary and macroprudential policies are optimised together or individually. We find that models with an optimised reserve ratio rule are effective in reducing the sudden boom and bust of credit and the business cycle. We also find that there are distributive implications of the introduction of reserve ratio where borrowers gain at the expense of savers.

Published
2022
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4. Ocean data product integration through innovation - The next level of data interoperability

Author

Buck, J. J., Bainbridge, S. J., Burger, E. F., Kraberg, Alexandra, Casari, M., Darroch, L., Del Rio Fernandes, J., Metfies, Katja, Delroy, E., Fischer, Philipp, Gardner, T., Heffernan, R., Jirka, S., Kokkinaki, A., Loebl, Martina, Buttigieg, Pier, Pearlman, J. S., and Schewe, Ingo

Abstract

In the next decade the pressures on ocean systems and the communities that rely on them will increase as multiple stressors of climate change, food security and human activities start to impact. Our ability to manage and sustain our oceans will depend on the data we collect and the information and knowledge generated. Much of the uptake of this knowledge will be outside the ocean domain, for example by policy makers, local Governments, custodians and other organizations, so it is imperative that we democratize or open the access and use of ocean data. This paper looks at how technologies, scoped by standards, best practice and communities of practice, can be deployed to change the way that ocean data is accessed, utilized, value added and transformed into information and knowledge. The current portal-download model which requires the user to know what data exists, where it is stored, in what format and with what processing, limits the uptake and use of ocean data. Using examples from a range of disciplines, a web services model of data and information flows is presented. A framework is described, including the systems, processes and human components, which delivers a radical rethink about the delivery of knowledge from ocean data. A series of vision statements describe parts of the future vision along with a series of recommendations about how this may be achieved. The paper recommends the development of virtual test-beds for end to end development of new data workflows and knowledge pathways. This supports the continued development, rationalization and uptake of standards, creates a platform around which a community of practice can be developed, promotes cross discipline engagement from ocean science through to ocean policy, allows for the commercial sector, including the informatics sector, to partner in delivering outcomes and provides a focus to leverage long term sustained funding. The next ten years will be ‘make or break’ for many ocean systems. The decadal challenge is to develop the governance and co-operative mechanisms to harness emerging information technology to deliver on the goal of generating the information and knowledge required to sustain oceans into the future.

Published
2019

5. Procedures to Improve Sensor Data Quality

Author

Nehir, Münevver, Achterberg, Eric P., Frank, C., Esposito, Mario, Begler, C., Pearlman, J., Connelly, P. D., and Mowlem, M. C.

Abstract

The oceans play an important role in aspects of global sustainability, including climate change, food security and human health. Because of its vast dimensions, internal complexity, and limited accessibility, efficient monitoring and predicting of the ocean forms a collaborative effort of regional and global scale. A key requirement for ocean observing is the need to follow well-defined approaches. Summarized under “Ocean Best Practices” (OBP) are all aspects of ocean observing that require proper and agreed-on documentation, from manuals and standard operating procedures for sensors, strategies for structuring observing systems and associated products, to ethical and governance aspects when executing ocean observing. In Task 6.2 we have developed new tools, and organized workshops with outcomes of Best Practice manuals and scientific publications. The focus has been on improving accuracy of trace element measurements in seawater and also of marine omics analysis, and enhancing reliability, interoperability and quality of sensor measurements for dissolved oxygen, nutrients and carbonate chemistry measurements.

Published
2019

8. NeXOS - Next generation, cost-effective, compact, multifunctional web enabled ocean sensor systems

Author

Meme, S., Eric Delory, Felgines, M., Pearlman, J., Pearlman, F., Del Rio, J., Martinez, E., Masmitja, I., Gille, J., Rolin, J. -F, Golmen, L., Hareide, N. R., Waldmann, C., and Zielinski, O.

Subjects
NEXOS Project, Physical oceanography, GOOS, Interoperability, Hydrophones, Sensor Web, Multifunctional ocean sensors, Cost- efficiency, Fisheries management, Optical sensors, Underwater sound, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, RECOPESCA, GEOSS
Abstract

Ocean processes are of biological, geological, chemical or physical nature, occurring at micro - to kilometer scales, from less than seconds to centuries, turning the understanding and the sustainable management of the ocean into a multi-scale and multi-disciplinary effort. To address this variability with a cost-effective solution, the European FP7 project NeXOS has developed a new generation of multifunctional, compact, interoperable and Web enabled optical and acoustical sensor systems as well as sensors for fisheries management. These sensor systems have been designed, built, tested and validated in a number of platforms using scenarios that are demonstrations of applications for long-term implementation. The performance validations have been carried out during 2017 and the most updated results are provided in this paper. Published Refereed Current 14.a N/A Validated (tested by third parties) Reports with methodological relevance

9. Evolving and Sustaining Ocean Best Practices and Standards for the Next Decade

Author

Peter Pissierssens, Rene Garello, Mark Bushnell, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Nadia Pinardi, Reyna Jenkyns, Eric P. Achterberg, Roberto Bozzano, Miguel Charcos Llorens, Ana Lara-Lopez, George Petihakis, Eric Moussat, Andres Cianca, Adam Leadbetter, Fred Whoriskey, Pierre Testor, Manuel Bensi, Julie Bosch, Sylvie Pouliquen, Francoise Pearlman, Emma Heslop, Bernard Bourlès, Christoph Waldmann, E. Delory, Simon Jirka, Mario N. Tamburri, Jay Pearlman, Manolis Ntoumas, Giuseppe Manzella, Rachel Przeslawski, Caroline Cusack, Henry C. Bittig, Vanessa Cardin, Eugene Burger, Laurent Coppola, Juliet Hermes, Toste Tanhua, Joan Masó, Valerie Harscoat, Julie Thomas, Cristian Munoz-Mas, Jerome Blandin, Gabriele Giovanetti, Maciej Telszewski, Justin J. H. Buck, Daniel Cano, Hua Chen, C. L. Chandler, Johannes Karstensen, Robert Heitsenrether, Hairong Tang, Nicholas P. Roden, Andrea McCurdy, Joe Silke, Sara Pensieri, Pauline Simpson, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Susan E. Hartman, Nadine Lanteri, Michele Barbier, IEEE, Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Mediterranean Science Commission, University of South Florida [Tampa] (USF), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS BREST), Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR065, Centre de Télédétection et d'Analyse des Milieux Naturels (CTAMN), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Wuhan Technology and Business University, Lab-STICC_TB_CID_TOMS, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 52North Initiative for Geospatial Open Source Software GmbH (52°N), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Marine Institute [Oranmore], ETT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Consortium for Ocean Leadership, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARM), University of Bremen, European Project: 633211,H2020,H2020-BG-2014-2,AtlantOS(2015), European Project: 654310,H2020,H2020-INFRASUPP-2014-2,ODIP 2(2015), European Project: 730960, SeaDataCloud(2016), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Pearlman J., Bushnell M., Coppola L., Karstensen J., Buttigieg P.L., Pearlman F., Simpson P., Barbier M., Muller-Karger F.E., Munoz-Mas C., Pissierssens P., Chandler C., Hermes J., Heslop E., Jenkyns R., Achterberg E.P., Bensi M., Bittig H.C., Blandin J., Bosch J., Bourles B., Bozzano R., Buck J.J., Burger E.F., Cano D., Cardin V., Llorens M.C., Cianca A., Chen H., Cusack C., Delory E., Garello R., Giovanetti G., Harscoat V., Hartman S., Heitsenrether R., Jirka S., Lara-Lopez A., Lanteri N., Leadbetter A., Manzella G., Maso J., McCurdy A., Moussat E., Ntoumas M., Pensieri S., Petihakis G., Pinardi N., Pouliquen S., Przeslawski R., Roden N.P., Silke J., Tamburri M.N., Tang H., Tanhua T., Telszewski M., Testor P., Thomas J., Waldmann C., and Whoriskey F.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Best practice, Interoperability, Ontologie, interoperability, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Market fragmentation, Documentation, Ontologies, best practices, ontologies, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, digital repository, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], ocean observing, Global and Planetary Change, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Scale (chemistry), Methodologie, sustainability, Ocean observing, Data science, Digital repository, Sustainability, 13. Climate action, Software deployment, Semantic technology, lcsh:Q, Methodologies, methodologies
Abstract

The oceans play a key role in global issues such as climate change, food security, and human health. Given their vast dimensions and internal complexity, efficient monitoring and predicting of the planet’s ocean must be a collaborative effort of both regional and global scale. A first and foremost requirement for such collaborative ocean observing is the need to follow well-defined and reproducible methods across activities: from strategies for structuring observing systems, sensor deployment and usage, and the generation of data and information products, to ethical and governance aspects when executing ocean observing. To meet the urgent, planet-wide challenges we face, methods across all aspects of ocean observing should be broadly adopted by the ocean community and, where appropriate, should evolve into “Ocean Best Practices.” While many groups have created best practices, they are scattered across the Web or buried in local repositories and many have yet to be digitized. To reduce this fragmentation, we introduce a new open access, permanent, digital repository of best practices documentation (oceanbestpractices.org) that is part of the Ocean Best Practices System (OBPS). The new OBPS provides an opportunity space for the centralized and coordinated improvement of ocean observing methods. The OBPS repository employs user-friendly software to significantly improve discovery and access to methods. The software includes advanced semantic technologies for search capabilities to enhance repository operations. In addition to the repository, the OBPS also includes a peer reviewed journal research topic, a forum for community discussion and a training activity for use of best practices. Together, these components serve to realize a core objective of the OBPS, which is to enable the ocean community to create superior methods for every activity in ocean observing from research to operations to applications that are agreed upon and broadly adopted across communities. Using selected ocean observing examples, we show how the OBPS supports this objective. This paper lays out a future vision of ocean best practices and how OBPS will contribute to improving ocean observing in the decade to come.

Published
2019
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