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Peer influence is an instrument of change, with outcomes that are not preordained: The same processes that make influence a source of harm also make it a valuable interpersonal resource. Yet the benefits of peer influence are insufficiently appreciated. Knowing when and how much to conform to the wishes of others is an important skill that children must acquire to adjust to and thrive in a social world dominated by peers. Peer influence can be an adaptive strategy whose benefits outweigh the costs that sometimes arise in its application. To overlook the adaptive consequences of peer influence is to miss the main point of conformity, which is to foster harmony between individuals and secure their interpersonal, physical, and mental well-being.

Undergraduate training in Nursing requires an analysis of teachinglearning strategies and processes in the relationship between theory and practice in clinical teaching. Violence in young people’s intimate relationships is a sensitive issue for Nursing care, and peer education can produce moments of cooperative training among students. Action research and project methodology promote intervention in Community Nursing for vulnerable groups and the acquisition of skills in Nursing students. To reflect on the teaching-learning process in Nursing training in Clinical Teaching to Vulnerable Groups, in the last three years, in a community context and using the project methodology, where attitudes related to violence in the intimate relationships of young people are measured in a certain population, and hence, targeting the decision-making process in an action research context, a typology of interventions and outcomes in peer education interventions is described. A reflection on action research, project methodology and peer education in the training of Nursing students was elaborated. The analysis of the data obtained in the different editions of clinical teaching was carried out and the clinical teaching reports were analyzed to extract the interventions carried out in the face of the phenomenon under study. There is a legitimation of violence in the intimate relationships of young people that justifies a structured and continuous intervention in the target population. Intervention strategies were diversified and adapted to the young population, making peer education tangible in the training of young people in the specific protection of violence in intimate relationships. Teaching-learning has to bring theory and practice closer. Research and intervention in Community Nursing can be supported by the use of research action strategies, peer education and by integrating intervention projects focusing on the worrying legitimation of violence in the intimate relationships of young people. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

We study optimal advertising and entry timing decisions for a new product being sold in two-segment markets in which followers are positively influenced by elites, whereas elites are either unaffected or repulsed by product popularity among followers. Key decisions in such markets are not only how much to advertise in each segment over time but also when to enter the follower segment. We develop a continuous-time optimal control model to examine these issues. Analysis yields two sets of two-point boundary value problems where one set has an unknown boundary value condition that satisfies an algebraic equation. A fast solution methodology is proposed. Two main insights emerge. First, the optimal advertising strategy can be U-shaped, that is, decreasing at first to free-ride peer influence but increasing later on to thwart the repulsion influence of overpopularity causing disadoption. Second, in markets where cross-segment repulsion triggers disadoption, advertising is only moderately effective, and entry costs are high, managing both advertising and entry timing can result in significantly higher profits than managing only one of these levers. In markets without disadoption, with high advertising effectiveness or with low entry costs, in contrast, delaying entry may add little value if one already manages advertising optimally. This implies that purveyors of prestige or cool products need not deny followers access to their products in order to protect their profits, and can use advertising to speed up the democratization of consumption profitably. This paper was accepted by Juanjuan Zhang, marketing.

Background: Adolescents with mild-to-borderline intellectual disability (MBID) may be more susceptible to peer influence than typically developing (TD) adolescents.Aims: This preregistered study compares adolescents with MBID and TD adolescents on their susceptibility to peer influence and investigates links with three potential underlying mechanisms: inhibition, Theory of Mind (ToM) and negative interpretation bias.Methods and Procedures: We assessed 163 adolescents (111 MBID, 52 TD; 14-19 years; 63% boys) using experimental tasks and self- and/or teacher-reports.Outcomes and Results: Adolescents with MBID and TD adolescents did not differ in their susceptibility to peer influence, inhibition and negative interpretations. On two of the four ToM instruments, adolescents with MBID showed weaker ToM than TD adolescents. In a structural equation model, tested in the MBID group, the latent factors inhibition, ToM and negative interpretation bias were not related to susceptibility to peer influence.Conclusions and Implications: Using a multimethod approach, a structural equation model, and a large sample, this study revealed new insights in adolescents with MBID: they did not differ from TD adolescents in many domains and their inhibition, ToM and negative interpretation bias were not linked to their susceptibility to peer influence.

The underlying channels through which peer influence operates in durable good adoption can affect the ability of marketers to leverage them. In this paper, we assess whether the visibility of peers' adoption decisions leads to greater peer influence. The context we study is residential rooftop solar panels. We exploit the plausibly exogenous location and orientation of peers' rooftop solar panels relative to proximate roadways and visual obstructions, such as vegetation, in order to determine whether geographically proximate peer installations increase a household's probability of solar adoption more if they are visible from the road. Highlighting the role of peer influence at the very local level, we find evidence of peer influence for non-visible solar arrays only within 100m on the same street. We also demonstrate that installations that are visible from the street exert peer influence at distances of at least 500m. A peer installation within 500m that is visible from proximate roadways at angles totaling 90 degrees exerts the same magnitude peer effect as a non-visible installation within 100m. The effect of peer visibility is moderated by the economic value the peers receive from installing solar, providing suggestive evidence of social learning through visual information.

How well adolescents get along with others such as peers and teachers is an important aspect of adolescent development. Current research on adolescent relationship with peers and teachers is limited by classical methods that lack explicit test of predictive performance and cannot efficiently discover complex associations with potential non-linearity and higher-order interactions among a large set of predictors. Here, a transparently reported machine learning approach is utilized to overcome these limitations in concurrently predicting how well adolescents perceive themselves to get along with peers and teachers. The predictors were 99 items from four instruments examining internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, sensation-seeking, peer pressure, and parent-child conflict. The sample consisted of 3232 adolescents (M = 14.0 years, SD = 1.0 year, 49% female). Nonlinear machine learning classifiers predicted with high performance adolescent relationship with peers and teachers unlike classical methods. Using model explainability analyses at the item level, results identified influential predictors related to somatic complaints and attention problems that interacted in nonlinear ways with internalizing behaviors. In many cases, these intrapersonal predictors outcompeted in predictive power many interpersonal predictors. Overall, the results suggest the need to cast a much wider net of variables for understanding and predicting adolescent relationships, and highlight the power of a data-driven machine learning approach with implications on a predictive science of adolescence research.

Materialism has been recognized as an important variable in postmodern societies; however, most of the studies on this concept have focused on the adult population. The aim of the present study is to determine the possible association between materialism and life satisfaction, and the possible mediating role of attitudes towards money and peer influence in this association, in a sample of Chilean adolescents. A sample of 1325 Chilean secondary school students completed a questionnaire measuring materialism, attitudes in regards with money, susceptibility to peer influence, and satisfaction with life. First, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the scalers. Secondly, a theoretical model was tested using Hayes (2013) SPSS macro, PROCESS. The theoretical model included materialism as the predictor variable, satisfaction with life as the predicted variable, and attitudes towards money and susceptibility to peer influence as mediator variables. Results indicate that materialistic attitudes regarding money strengthens a negative relation between materialism and satisfaction with life. This tendency is not observed in susceptibility to peer influence despite being positively associated with materialism and attitudes regarding money. These findings suggest that the variables materialism and attitudes regarding money play a relevant role in the life satisfaction of Chilean adolescents. Resumen El materialismo se ha reconocido como una variable importante en sociedades posmodernas, sin embargo, la mayor parte de los estudios respecto a este concepto se han centrado en población adulta. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la posible asociación entre materialismo y satisfacción con la vida, y el posible rol mediador de las actitudes hacia el dinero y la influencia de pares en dicha asociación, en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos 1325 estudiantes de secundaria completaron un cuestionario que media materialismo, actitudes hacia el dinero, susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares, y satisfacción con la vida. En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para validar las escalas utilizadas. En segundo lugar, se probó un modelo teórico utilizando la macro PROCESS de SPSS de Hayes (2013). El modelo teórico consideró materialismo como variable predictora, satisfacción con la vida como variable predicha, y actitudes hacia el dinero, y susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares como variables mediadoras. Los resultados indican que actitudes materialistas hacia el dinero fortalecen una asociación negativa entre materialismo y satisfacción con la vida. Esta tendencia no se observa en susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares a pesar de estar asociada positivamente con materialismo y actitudes hacia el dinero. Estos Hallazgos sugieren que las variables materialismo y actitudes hacia el dinero juegan un rol relevante en la satisfacción con la vida de adolescentes chilenos.

Based on WHO data, western Europeans consume more alcohol, people who consume the least alcohol are found in the countries of Southern Asia. On the other hand, China, America and Russia based on their population are the countries that consume the most alcohol in the world. That sociologically the consumption of alcoholic beverages in Indonesia is motivated by the customs and habits of their community. Alcoholic Drinks are all types of drinks that contain ethanol which is also called grain alcohol. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the role of parents and the influence of peers on consuming alcohol in adolescents in Hamlet VII, Sei Rattan Village, Percut Sei Tua District, Deli Serdang Regency in 2021. Types This research is an analytic descriptive which aims to describe the reality of the object being studied objectively about the relationship between the role of parents and the influence of peers on the consumption of alcohol in young men in Hamlet VII. This research was conducted from October 2021 - January 2022 with a population of 70 and a sample of the entire population, namely 70 respondents. The sampling technique used was total sampling with the research instrument, namely the questionnaire. Management of data editing, coding, tabulating, and data entry research results the majority of respondents consume alcohol 54 respondents (77.1%) and the minority does not consume alcohol 16 respondents (22.2%) the majority do not play a role 56 respondents (80%) the minority plays a role 14 respondents (14%) majority unaffected 17 Respondents (24.3%) minority affected 53 Respondents (53%), the results of the study of the relationship between parental roles and alcohol consumption were obtained (OR) = 229.667% CI = 22,056-2391,527 and P value 0.000 < 0.05, the relationship between peer influence on alcohol consumption was obtained (OR) = .008% CI = 001-055 and P value 0.000 < 0.05, It is expected that adolescents do not consume alcohol because consuming alcohol will cause poisoning in the brain and affect on the reproductive system.

Understanding individual savings in a developing country such as the Philippines is beneficial since developing countries need to create the funds necessary for investment and mobilize public and private funds for speedy development. The purpose of this study was to determine whether parental socialization, peer influence, self-control, and financial literacy significantly influence the saving behavior of a workforce of a State College in Davao de Oro, Philippines. The researcher used the descriptive-correlational research design. The respondents of the study are 205 purposively chosen faculty members and non- teaching staff in four campuses. The survey questionnaire used was adapted. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson r and regression analysis. Findings reveal that parental socialization, financial literacy, and self-control of the respondents are evident. However, peer influence is only fairly evident. On the other hand, their saving behavior is favorable. Furthermore, parental socialization, peer influence, self-control, and financial literacy could significantly influence saving behavior. Forty-one percent of the variation of saving behavior could be attributed to the combined influence of these four factors.

Many important social and policy decisions are made by small groups of people (e.g., juries, college admissions officers, or corporate boards) with the hope that a collective process will yield better and fairer decisions. In many instances, it is possible for these groups to fail to reach a decision by not garnering a minimum number of votes (e.g., hung juries). Our research finds that pivotal voters vote to avoid such decision failure—voters who can “tip” their group into a punishment decision will be more likely to do so. This effect is distinct from well-known social pressures to simply conform with others or reach unanimity. Using observational data from Louisiana court cases, we find a sharp discontinuity in juries’ voting decisions at the threshold between indecision and conviction (Study 1). In a third-party punishment paradigm, pivotal voters were more likely to vote to punish a target than nonpivotal voters, even when holding social information constant (Study 2), and adopted harsher views about the target's deservingness of punishment (Study 3). Using vignettes, we find that pivotal voters are judged to be differentially responsible for the outcomes of their votes—those who “block” the group from reaching a punishment decision are deemed more responsible for the outcome than those who “fall in line” (Study 4). These findings provide insight into how we might improve group decision-making environments to ensure that their outcomes accurately reflect group members’ actual beliefs and not the influence of social pressures.

Even though emotional competence and especially emotion regulation have gained strong interest in the research community in the past decades, there is still a shortage of suitable instruments to assess these constructs. Researchers heavily rely on teacher and caregiver report as well as standardized assessments that aim to measure these constructs in hypothetical situations (Hagstrøm et al., 2019; Johnson et al., 2016; McCoy, 2019). There are only few tools that are suitable to observe children’s emotion regulation in semi-standardized and real-life situations. This publication describes the development and validation of the Emotion Regulation Scoring System (ERSS), an instrument to observe preschoolers’ behavioral aspects of emotion regulation and social behavior in a variety of different situations. The ERSS was developed with inspiration from other observational instruments (i.e., Minnesota Preschool Affect Checklist (MPAC-RS; Denham et al., 2012), Preschool Self-Regulation Assessment (PSRA; Smith-Donald et al., 2007), Regulation-Related Skill Measure (RRSM; McCoy et al., 2022) and a variety of established questionnaires using video recordings from a pilot study (N=28) of children from Swiss kindergartens playing in comparable dyadic semi-standardized play situations. In total the ERSS consists of 38 items that are rated on a 7-point likert scale (1/2 = not/rarely observable; 3/4/5 = on a moderate level; 6/7 = on an intense level). The items are grouped in four higher order subscales – Emotion Expression Index, Emotion Regulation, Responses to Emotion-Eliciting Situations Index and Social Behavior. The subscale Emotion Expression Index consists of 4 Items for positive / pleasant (e.g., joy / happiness) and 6 items for negative / unpleasant (e.g., anger / frustration) emotion expressions. The subscale Emotion Regulation encompasses 4 items for general emotion expression (e.g., appropriate emotions) and 5 items for emotion modulation (e.g., remains on high emotional level). The subscale Responses to Emotion-Eliciting Situations Index consists of 3 items for social (e.g., verbal interaction), 5 items for internalizing (e.g., distraction) and 6 items for externalizing (e.g., verbal venting) responses. The subscale Social Behavior encompasses 5 items (e.g., prosocial behavior). Trained raters code the video recorded play-situations from the first study of the EmU Project. The factorial validity will be analyzed with a confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, the aggregated ERSS scores will be correlated with the parents’ and educators’ questionnaire results as well as the results of the Lab-TAB tests to assess the convergent validity. The analyses will be carried out in R and SPSS. The results will be discussed whether the ERSS is a suitable instrument to observe the emotion regulation of preschoolers in semi-standardized play-situations and thereby fill the gap of observational instruments to assess emotion regulation in preschoolers.

This study examines adolescents' knowledge and endorsement of gender-stereotypes of competency in school subjects, and how these stereotypes relate to their educational choices (both actual school subjects, and hypothetical projects). It also examines the influence of gender majority biases and whether there are gender differences in who adolescents choose to copy. Prior research has identified that adolescents know and, albeit to a lesser extent, endorse gender stereotypes about competence in different school subjects (Wood et al., 2022). Additionally, adolescent girls were more likely to reject gender stereotypes than adolescent boys. Moreover, Wood et al. (2022) found that boys were more likely to make more own gender stereotyped subject choices than girls. The researchers suggest that this could be explained by gender differences in levels of peer influence. The current study predicts that 1) adolescents of all ages will demonstrate knowledge and endorsement of school subject gender stereotypes, with knowledge being higher than endorsement, 2) Stereotype rejection scores (i.e., difference between knowledge and endorsement scores) will be higher in girls than in boys, and 3) Boys will show higher levels of own-gender typical subject choice selection than girls. Social learning is key to building skills and knowledge, with individuals strategically selecting who to learn from (Molleman et al., 2019). Studies have revealed that children’s choices are often influenced by their peers and what the peer-majority are choosing to do (Haun & Tomasello, 2011). Despite a wealth of childhood social learning studies, adolescent studies are relatively scarce. Ruggeri and colleagues (2018) found that adolescents are influenced by their peers. To date, little research has examined the effect of own-gender or peer-majority influence has on adolescents’ school subject choices. Therefore, we aim to investigate adolescents’ level of interest in joining hypothetical gender-typical and gender-atypical community projects, where peer gender majority enrolment information either corresponds or does not correspond with the pupil’s own gender. The study predicts that 4) adolescents of all ages will score own-gender typical projects as being of higher interest than other-gender typical projects, 5) adolescents of all ages will score own-gender majority projects higher than other-gender majority projects, and 6) the main effect predicted in hypothesis 5 will be complicated by an interaction; such that scores for own-gender typical projects will be less affected by gender majority than scores for other-gender typical projects. Finally, the study aims to explore the relationships in males and females separately, between own-gender peer-majority influence, an adolescents’ endorsement of gender stereotypes and the real-world subject choices that adolescents are making. References Haun, D. B. M., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Conformity to Peer Pressure in Preschool Children. Child Development, 82(6), 1759-1767. https://10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01666.x Molleman, L., Kanngiesser, P., & van den Bos, W. (2019). Social information use in adolescents: The impact of adults, peers and household composition. PLoS One, 14(11), e0225498. https://10.1371/journal.pone.0225498 Ruggeri, A., Luan, S., Keller, M., & Gummerum, M. (2018). The Influence of Adult and Peer Role Models on Children’ and Adolescents’ Sharing Decisions. Child Development, 89(5), 1589-1598. https://10.1111/cdev.12916 Wood, L. A., Hutchison, J., Aitken, M., & Cunningham, S. J. (2022). Gender stereotypes in UK children and adolescents: Changing patterns of knowledge and endorsement. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(3), 768-789. https://10.1111/bjso.12510

To understand peer influence, it is essential to define those “peers” who serve as a source of influence. Previous research has identified close or best friends as an important source of peer influence. More recently, a few studies have shown that popular peers, compared to low-status peers, also have a significant influence over others. Thus far, research efforts have been parallel in examining peer influence emanating from close friends and high-status peers. As a result, it is not clear to what degree popular peers exert influence over adolescents in comparison with the influence originating from friends. Previous research on the importance of popularity and empirical studies on the influence of popular peers suggest that the effect of popular peers might be dependent on whether the adolescents´ choices are visible to peers. In this study, we are interested in determining the difference in social influence of friends and popular peers on adolescents’ risky decision-making when the individuals´ choices are kept private or shared with peers. To study this, adolescents from different high school classes in the Netherlands will participate in two test sessions. In the first session, participants will indicate with a peer nomination questionnaire which classmates are their friends and which classmates they perceive as popular. After this, participants and their classmates play a risky card game, to determine participants’ initial behaviour on this game and to collect the choices of their peers that will be presented in a follow-up session. In session 2, participants see the real choices stemming from a friend or a popular peer while making their choices on this game again, to measure how much adolescents change their own choices in response to the choices of these sources. One part of the participants will be told that their final choices will be shared with others, and the other part believes their choices are kept private.

Scholars acknowledge that friends shape youth civic engagement, but the relative contribution of peer influence and critical beliefs to civic behaviors has yet to be disaggregated. Informed by sociopolitical development and critical consciousness theories, the present study used longitudinal social network analysis to examine peer socialization and adolescents’ awareness of systemic inequities in relation to participation in service and activist activities at a high school serving primarily low-income Latinx youth. Students were surveyed in May 2019 and May 2020 (N = 354; 51% female; in 2019, Mage = 15.9, age range 14.4 to 18.5). The results yielded evidence of peer influence on service activities, but not activism or perceptions of inequities. In contrast, adolescents’ perception of inequities predicted their activist behavior, but not service, after controlling for network effects and individual covariates. The school provided scaffolding for service activities, but not activist activities, potentially explaining the salience of service participation in youth friendship networks.

Group mentoring programs foster supportive relationships and constructive feedback between mentors and peers. Given the power of peer influence to promote adaptive or harmful outcomes, it is important to evaluate peer influence in group mentoring. This study examined whether a history of negative behavior among peers in mentoring groups exacerbated individual participants' behavior problems. Using a sample of 239 ninth grade participants in a group mentoring program, multilevel regression assessed group-level influence on suspensions and truancy using school administrative data records. The association between exposure to peers with a history of problem behaviors and outcomes did not reach statistical significance for either outcome. The results suggest that grouping youth with a history of poor attendance and suspensions did not inherently increase the risk for either outcome. Further evaluation of potential peer contagion effects and publication of nonsignificant results will help build literature to determine the likelihood of harmful outcomes for group mentoring.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar factores socioculturales que repercuten en la percepción de conductas sexuales. El estudio tiene un enfoque mixto, con análisis cualicuantitativo. Participaron 313 adolescentes de tercer año de secundaria. Un bajo funcionamiento familiar, una baja resistencia a la influencia de pares y una adherencia ideológica a los roles de género tradicionales se relacionaron con ser sexualmente activos, mientras que una baja religiosidad, una alta resistencia a la influencia de pares y una ideología de género más igualitaria, con una alta resiliencia sexual. Hubo diferencias entre los adolescentes conforme a variables sociodemográficas. En cuanto al significado psicológico, el embarazo adolescente se identificó responsabilidad, bebé, aborto e irresponsabilidad , y sexo seguro fue sinónimo de condón. Se concluye que sí existe relación de variables medidas con la resiliencia sexual, particularmente con los factores individuales; sus implicaciones para la educación sexual son discutidas. ABSTRACT The following research was developed aiming to analyze the individual and relational factors that affect the adolescent perception of sexual behavior. The study was conducted with a mixed approach with qualitative and quantitative analysis. The sample was composed of 313 junior high school adolescents. Poor family functioning, low resistance to peer influence and less egalitarian gender ideology are related to being sexually active, while a low religiosity, high resistance to peer influence and a high egalitarian gender ideology are linked to a high sexual resilience. There were differences between the adolescents according to sociodemographic variables. The psychological meaning of teenage pregnancy implied responsibility , baby, abortion, irresponsibility; safe sex was a synonym of condom. There is a relationship between some measured variables with sexual resilience, being that the effect is clear with the individual factors; sexual education implications are discussed.

Compelling evidence demonstrates that peer influence is a pervasive force during adolescence, one that shapes adaptive and maladaptive attitudes and behaviors. This literature review focuses on factors that make adolescence a period of special vulnerability to peer influence. Herein, we advance the Influence-Compatibility Model, which integrates converging views about early adolescence as a period of increased conformity with evidence that peer influence functions to increase affiliate similarity. Together, these developmental forces smooth the establishment of friendships and integration into the peer group, promote interpersonal and intragroup compatibility, and eliminate differences that might result in social exclusion.

Only a limited number of studies have investigated the association between positive peer influence and youth prosocial behavior in child welfare. None of such studies has been completed in group home setting for youth. This study aimed to examine if positive peer influence is associated with (or predicts) youth prosocial behavior. The Ontario Looking After Children (OnLAC) database was used for analysis. There were 875 participants (males and females) aged 10 to 17 who were surveyed in group homes in 2010–2011. A full regression analysis found strong association between positive peer influence and youth prosocial behavior. The main predictive effect of gender was observed to be modestly associated with youths’ prosocial behavior as demonstrated by the adjusted and unadjusted main predictive effects (OR = .67 and .63). There was a significant positive peer influence by group home size interaction and its moderating effect was such that positive peer influence significantly predicted youths’ prosocial behaviors in small homes (incremental ORs of 2.00 and 4.49), but not in large homes. Findings show that positive peer influence informs youth prosocial behaviors in group homes.

Purpose Social media sites are one of the vital technological developments of WEB 2.0. This study aims to emphasize on building an empirical model to investigate the impending determinants of users’ intention to use social media sites in higher education. Depending on the existing theories such as the social media acceptance model, e-learning acceptance model, unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and existing literature, determinants such as “performance,” “communication functionality” and “self” have been identified to test. Further, the mediation effect of “peer influence” on the relationship has also been tested. Design/methodology/approach A total of 310 students of different private and public Indian institutions have participated in an online survey. Exploratory factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis are performed and results were analyzed. Findings The results of this study demonstrated substantial evidence of the impact of performance, communication functionality and self on the intention to use social media in higher education. The mediation of peer influence has also been seen between all the relations. Originality/value An empirical model of intention to use social media in higher education is built. The median of peer influence is tested.

SMOKING BEHAVIOR IN IMMANUEL KABANJAHE PRIVATE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN 2020 There are many factors that background teenagers into smokers, including intrinsic factors that include gender factors, personality factors, occupational factors and confidence factors. Extrinsic factors include the influence of family and the environment, peer influence, climate influence, cigarette advertising, ease of obtaining cigarettes, absence of regulation, and attitude of health officials. This study aims to find out the factors that influence smoking behavior in private middle school students immanuel kabanjahe in 2020. The type of research used is qualitative research with phenomenological design. The type of research used is qualitative research with phenomenological design. Data collection in the form of in-depth interviews. Determination of informants using purposive sampling method and obtained informant as many as 5 people. The results of this study shows the factors influenced smoking behavior in Private Junior High School student Immanuel Kabanjahe are individual factors, family factors (parenting patterns), family history. Based on the results of the study it is recommended for students to form a community of anti-smoking peers in order to promote about smoking behavior and its dangers to health. For parents to pay more attention to their children. For schools to conduct UKS training activities to BK teachers related to cigarettes and their dangers to health by involving health centers or health services.

PurposeUsing three theoretical lenses − organismic integration theory (OIT), theory of values-belief-norm (VBN) and gender schema theory (GST) − this study aims to examine the effect of environmental factors (environmental attitude, environmental concerns, perceived environmental responsibility and peer influence) on consumers' intentions to purchase eco-friendly athletic wear.Design/methodology/approachA sample of n = 380 Pakistani consumers was used to test hypothesized relationships. Data were analyzed through the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique using SmartPLS version 3.3.3.FindingsFindings suggest that environmental attitude, environmental concerns, perceived environmental responsibility and peer influence are positively associated with green purchase behavior. The moderating effects of individual green values were found statistically significant between peer influence and green purchase behavior. The data further revealed that the effect of environmental attitude, environmental concerns, peer influence and perceived environmental responsibility on green purchase behavior varies across the gender.Originality/valueThis research is one of the first attempts to explore the effect of environmental motivational factors on consumers' intentions to purchase eco-friendly athletic wear using theories of OIT, VBN and GST. This study employs advanced analytical methods to perform multi-group analysis and establish the predictive relevance of the model, using PLS-SEM in sports management and marketing context.

What role peers play in individuals’ decisions to become entrepreneurs and to what extent peer effects play a role in influencing behaviours at the various stages of business venturing are important questions for scholars and policymakers. This systematic review takes stock of the recent additions to the literature around the phenomenon of peer influence in entrepreneurship. The review identified 2894 documents which were then narrowed down through three consecutive filtering stages. We thematically analysed the final sample of 27 empirical studies that shed light on how individual peers influence the process and outcomes of these individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour, allowing for critical analysis. We propose a conceptual schema of social influence that occurs in interactions among entrepreneurial individuals within business venturing and across the three stages of pre-formation, formation and growth. Our framework reconciles the conceptual classification around discovering, evaluating and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities with the mechanisms of social influence affecting entrepreneurial behaviours. Grounded in the findings of the literature review, this framework synthesizes peer influence in entrepreneurship with the tripartite distinction of the behavioural motives recognized in contemporary theories of social influence. We suggest promising directions for further research on how interactions with peers might affect individuals’ entrepreneurial behaviours.

The aim of this project is to assess the relationship between individual students' normative anxiety levels and that of their classmates.

When coronavirus disease (COVID-19) news along with protective health recommendations first came to people’s life, such ambiguous information became a public opinion. Performing protective behaviors can be regarded as an approval of the majority opinion as people have to alter their established health positions and practices. So far, the association between public opinion and protective health behaviors is unclear especially in the pandemic context. This study utilized a survey data collected between 1 and 10 April 2020 in Germany (n = 101), Austria (n = 261), Switzerland (n = 26), and China (n = 267). We compared the protective health behaviors between the Chinese and European participants, as well as examined the associations between the protective health behaviors, peer influence, and fear of social isolation. Protective health behaviors were found similar between Chinese and European participants, although being independent from peer influence and fear of social isolation were related to protective health behaviors in the Chinese sample. Our cross-national findings are consistent with previous studies, suggesting that both official and unofficial health communication show stronger influences in Asian populations. Findings from this study provide advice for public communication strategies to promote protective health behaviors during pandemics.

The goal of this study was to identify the elements that contribute to students' academic performance and motivation in Grade 12 Senior High School. The components are divided into five categories: learning skills, parental background, peer influence, teacher quality, and learning infrastructure. To quantitatively assess and analyze the factors, the researcher employed a descriptive-correlational study approach. The findings indicate that respondents descriptively agree on all factors while demonstrating a substantial association with performance and motivation, revealing that the enumerated factors indeed influence performance and motivation.

Objective: This thesis examines the situational role of aggressive peers in the explanation of school-based aggression. Peer influence research has traditionally been limited by the neglect of person-environment interactions, the failure to specify and test plausible causal mechanisms, and the need for methodological developments. Responding to these challenges, this thesis applies and develops a robust theoretical framework – Situational Action Theory (SAT) – to theorise the mechanisms and conditions of situational peer influence in relation to aggressive behaviour. This thesis also pioneers an innovative application of the Space-Time Budget (STB) method to test this theoretical model and improve the study of aggression and peer influence in schools. Methods: The multimethod Peer Relations and Social Behaviour (PEERS) Study collected data from a random sample of 396 adolescents aged 13 to 14 at six diverse secondary schools in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, UK. This study employed a cross-sectional questionnaire followed by STB interviews with a randomly selected subsample of participants (n = 90). The major methodological contribution of the PEERS study was the adaptation of the STB method to collect real-world situational data on the types of peers present in the setting for the first time. This thesis presents situational analyses of this unique STB data alongside traditional additive analyses of survey data to test the situational model of peer influence. Results: Both situational and individual-level analyses largely supported the situational model of peer influence. Findings showed that (i) aggression was more likely when aggressive peers were present than when adolescents were with non-aggressive peers, (ii) the effect of aggressive peers was greatest amongst adolescents with high aggression-relevant propensity (weak morality and a poor ability to exercise self-control), (iii) weak deterrence was most relevant when adolescents were with aggressive peers, and (iv) the effect of weak deterrence when aggressive peers were present was greatest for high propensity adolescents. Whilst adolescents with high propensity were situationally vulnerable to the influence of aggressive peers and weak deterrence, low propensity adolescents were situationally resistant to these aggression-conducive features of settings. Conclusion: These findings suggest that adopting a multisystemic approach to the prevention of school-based aggression is essential for maximising the effectiveness of intervention programmes. In addition, targeting aggression-relevant propensity may be more fundamental than reducing exposure to aggression-conducive settings for preventing aggressive behaviour in schools. Finally, the innovative STB method developed in this thesis and the unique real-world situational data collected in the PEERS study can inform future research on peer influence and the situational dynamics of aggressive behaviour in schools., ESRC Trinity Hall Studentship

Health self-management is important for healthcare undergraduates who are at the late adolescent or early adulthood stage, and will play an important part in health promotion for the general population. Previous research has shown that perceived health status affects health self-management. However, few studies have uncovered the mechanism between self-rated health and health self-management among healthcare undergraduates. Based on social ecology theory and Pender’s health promotion model, this study aimed to explore the associations between health self-management ability, self-rated health, eHealth literacy and resistance to peer influence of healthcare undergraduates, with a focus on identifying the mediating effects of eHealth literacy and resistance to peer influence. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 515 healthcare undergraduates in Eastern China between July and September 2021. Serial mediation analysis was performed using Haye’s Model 6 PROCESS macro to examine the mediating effects. The study found that health self-management ability was significantly and positively correlated with eHealth literacy, resistance to peer influence and self-rated health. Self-rated health had a direct and positive predictive effect on health self-management, with a direct effect value of 0.654. eHealth literacy and resistance to peer influence played both an independent mediating and a chain-mediating role in the mechanism of self-rated health affecting health self-management among healthcare undergraduates, with indirect effect values of 0.085, 0.101, and 0.013, respectively. The results suggest that eHealth literacy and resistance to peer influence could be intervention targets in programs for improving these students’ health self-management ability.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the components of the Theory of Planned Behavior, which consists of positive attitude, peer influence, and zakat knowledge on the compliance behavior of paying zakat profession with the intention to pay zakat as an intervening variable update case in covid 19. This research is a quantitative study using the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. The sample used is 100 respondents based on the calculation of the Slovin formula with 129 respondents of zakat profession payers (muzakki) in Indonesia. Empirical findings indicate that a positive attitude and zakat knowledge positively and significantly affect the intention to pay zakat. The intention to pay zakat has a significant positive effect on the compliance behavior of paying zakat profession even during covid 19. Meanwhile, peer influence has no significant impact on the intention to pay zakat due to the Covid 19 era. Policymakers need to pay more attention to the factors that have been identified in this study as essential factors to become a reference in developing strategies to increase zakat collection. Zakat is one of potential Islamic social fund to eradicate poverty as impact of the Covid 19 pandemic.

Studies have shown that parents and peers are among the dominant factors that contribute to smoking initiation among non-smoking adolescents. The paucity of this information in Malaysia warrants a longitudinal study to determine the actual factors associated smoking initiation. The study aims to address the gaps in our knowledge on the factors that associated with smoking initiation among non-smoking school-going adolescents. We carried out a longitudinal study among non-smoking secondary school-going adolescents in Kota Tinggi district, Johor. A representative sample of 1682 was selected via multi-stage sampling and respondents were followed-up for a period of one year. A pre-validated questionnaire was used to collect data from the selected respondents and multivariable logistic regression was employed to determine the factors associated with smoking initiation among non-smoking school-going adolescents. Approximately 1 in 10 non-smoking school-going adolescents-initiated smoking at the end of follow-up. Having peers and a father who smokes were significantly associated with smoking in univariate analysis, similarly, a relationship was also observed in multivariable analysis between parents who smoked with smoking initiation after the effect of other independent variables were controlled (Adjusted relative risk: 1.81, 95% CI 1.06-2.95). The study revealed that parental influence was more dominant than peer influence with regard to smoking initiation. Therefore, intervention programmes should involve parents/guardians to enhance their chances of success and reduce the incidence of smoking among non-smoking school-going adolescents.

Social influence cannot be identified from purely observational data on social networks, because such influence is generically confounded with latent homophily, i.e., with a node's network partners being informative about the node's attributes and therefore its behavior. If the network grows according to either a latent community (stochastic block) model, or a continuous latent space model, then latent homophilous attributes can be consistently estimated from the global pattern of social ties. We show that, for common versions of those two network models, these estimates are so informative that controlling for estimated attributes allows for asymptotically unbiased and consistent estimation of social-influence effects in linear models. In particular, the bias shrinks at a rate which directly reflects how much information the network provides about the latent attributes. These are the first results on the consistent non-experimental estimation of social-influence effects in the presence of latent homophily, and we discuss the prospects for generalizing them., Comment: 35 pages, 4 figures

Sebagai Generasi Millenial dalam era perkembangan digital saat ini tentu harus menyadari betul bahwa apa yang dilakukan masa kini akan berdampak pada masa depan dan menabung merupakan salah satu pilihan dalam menjaga kestabilan keuangan untuk jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor apa saja yang dapat mempengaruhi saving behavior generasi milenial pada mahasiswa manajemen angkatan 2016 Universitas Pelita Bangsa. Metode analisis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif dan data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dan data primer berupa kuesioner dengan sampel sebanyak 282 mahasiswa. Pengolahan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan program SPPS 26. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan secara parsial financial literacy, self-control, saving motive dan income dapat mempengaruhi saving behavior generasi milenial mahasiswa manajemen angkatan 2016 Universitas Pelita Bangsa, sedangkan secara parsial peer influence tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap saving behavior generasi milenial mahasiswa manajemen angkatan 2016 Universitas Pelita Bangsa

Past research as indicated the relevance of the dual systems model for understanding offending. However, there is a dearth of research focused on how deviant peer influence may condition the relationships between dual systems constructs (impulsivity and sensation seeking) and offending. The present study utilized data from 248 undergraduate students to better understand these relationships. A series of logistic regression models first examined the direct effects of these three constructs and then predicted interactions. Deviant peer influence interacted significantly with both dual systems constructs, indicating that the greatest risk of offending was observed among participants reporting high levels of all of these constructs. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the impulsivity interaction may be more relevant. This indicates the importance of screening college students in psychosocial domains upon entrance into college and providing opportunities for mentorship among those who may be at high risk of offending.

Abstract Conceptualising early-stage new venture informal investors as co-entrepreneurs whose actions are socially embedded, we examine the role of social influence and how it interplays with entrepreneurial experience at the individual level leading to informal investment. We extend theories of social homophily and social influence to argue that informal investment decisions are influenced by shared experience and entrepreneurism in peer groups. We test our hypotheses with a multi-level model using first a large cross-country dataset and next in depth within a country. Our analysis reveals that both individual entrepreneurship experience and peer group-embedded experience significantly influence the likelihood that an individual becomes an early-stage investor. Furthermore, these social effects substitute for the lack of individual entrepreneurial experience.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the role of peer influence on adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts within youth seeking emergency care or outpatient mental health services. We examined whether affiliation with peers reporting suicidal thoughts/behaviors was associated with an adolescent's own suicidal ideation and/or suicide attempt beyond individual risk factors. Methods One hundred and eighteen adolescents, ages 13–18, were recruited from the emergency department and outpatient mental health clinics at a large, metropolitan children's hospital. Adolescents with suicidal ideation in the past six months (ideators, n=19) and with a suicide attempt in the past year (attempters, n=40) were matched with controls with no history of ideation or attempt on age (±1 year), sex, and race. Adolescents and parents completed semi-structured interviews and self-report questionnaires to examine individual and peer associated risk factors. Results Both ideators and attempters were more likely to affiliate with peers with suicidal behavior compared to their matched controls. However, affiliation with suicidal peers was only associated with attempter group status after controlling for individual risk factors. Conclusion Affiliation with peers reporting suicidal thoughts/behaviors was linked to an adolescent's own history of suicide attempt. Through understanding peer affiliation, peers may be an important resource for both identifying and preventing youth suicidal behavior. Evidence-based programs that focus and utilize peer influence may be invaluable for prevention efforts.

Despite the escalating public concern about pathological use of the Internet among youth, little research has investigated the longitudinal trajectory of the problem and the role of peer support in it. This study aimed to determine the growth trajectory of pathological Internet use (PIU), identify latent subgroups presenting heterogeneous growth trajectories of PIU, and examine the initial status of and the rate of change in peer support as predictors of the growth trajectory of PIU among children and adolescents. Using four-wave longitudinal data from 3,079 Singaporean youth at ages 7-19, we performed Latent Growth Curve Modeling, Latent Class Growth Analysis and Latent Growth Mixture Modeling. Results revealed a downward trajectory of PIU among youth. We identified six latent subgroups, three of which were in pathological status for at least a year. The more rapid improvement in peer support, but not the initial level of peer support, predicted the faster reduction of PIU symptoms during the 3-year period. Findings suggest that although the symptoms of PIU among children and adolescents would decline over time, improving peer support could further alleviate youth PIU. We recommended that intervention programs include a peer support component to mitigate PIU among youth.

PurposeThis study examines users' information selection strategy on knowledge-sharing platforms from the individual level, peer level and societal level. Though previous literature has explained these three levels separately, few have simultaneously examined their impacts and identified the dominant one according to their effect strengths. The study aims to fill this research gap of the competitions among different levels of information selection mechanisms. Besides, this study also proposes a three-step decision-tree approach to depict the consumption process, including the decision of first-time exposure, the decision of continuous consumption and the decision of feedback behavior participation.Design/methodology/approachThis study analyzed a clickstream dataset of a Chinese information technology blogging site, CSDN.net. Employing a sequential logit model, it examined the impacts of self-level interest similarity, peer-level interest similarity and global popularity simultaneously on each turning point in the consumption process.FindingsThe authors’ findings indicate that self-level interest similarity is the most dominant factor influencing users to browse a knowledge-sharing blog, followed by peer-level interest similarity and then global popularity. All three mechanisms have consistent influences on decision-making in continuous information consumption. Surprisingly, the authors find self-level interest similarity negatively influences users to give feedback on knowledge-sharing blogs.Originality/valueThis paper fulfills the research gap of the dominance among three-levels of selection mechanisms. This study's findings not only could contribute to information consumption studies by providing theoretical insights on audience behavior patterns, but also help the industry advance its recommendation algorithm design and improve users' experience satisfaction.Peer review – The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-10-2020-0475

This study explored primary school children’s personal use and views of social media and the social and psychological drivers that may underpin engagement. 100 children, aged 9 – 11 years old, in a Welsh, urban local authority completed an online questionnaire investigating social media engagement (SME) and perceptions of use, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), and ways to support young social media users. Six children were interviewed to further explore ways to overcome the reported challenges with SME. 82% of children surveyed used social media and a significant positive correlation was found between levels of FOMO and SME. Thematic analysis revealed that children enjoyed using social media and managed risks with assertiveness and initiative. However, conflict between competing motivations and underlying assumptions regarding stranger interaction could place children at risk. The findings convey a strong argument for more in-depth, psychologically informed, primary e-safety curricula addressing peer pressure, self-worth, and online interactions with strangers.

The descriptive study examined the role of peer influence and tertiary institution type on attitude toward cohabitation among adolescents in southwestern Nigeria. A sample of 620 males and females with (M=19.56 years, SD=6.18) completed a survey that comprised demographic information, measures of attitude toward cohabitation and peer pressure. Findings revealed that there was significant influence of peer influence on attitude toward cohabitation. There was no influence of tertiary institution type on attitude toward cohabitation. The study concluded that peer influence was a major determinant of attitude toward cohabitation. The study therefore recommended that psychologists should give proper orientation to students on the destructive tendencies that peer influence could have on their intention to have positive attitude toward cohabitation.

Researchers have noted that paid employment during the teen years is associated with a combination of both positive and negative consequences, including higher rates of substance use among adolescents who are actively employed. Using a sample of high school seniors, drawn from 130 public and private schools throughout the USA, this study examines the relative impact of job characteristics and peer influence on the substance use patterns of female and male adolescents. The analyses show that males report higher usage of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana, as compared to females. The type of job, number of work hours, and job satisfaction all yield significant associations with substance use, yet peer disapproval also is shown to substantially detract from such usage. Comparatively, work characteristics appear to yield a more substantial impact upon male substance usage, while peer influence seems to affect females and males in a similar manner. The findings and implications of these results are discussed within the framework of ecological theory.

We analyse the influence of financial constraints on the peer effect of dividend decision in China by employing the Carhart four-factor model to construct instrument variables of peer influence. We find that (1) the decision of whether to pay cash dividends (DIV) is significantly influenced by peers, and the estimated marginal effect is 0.53%, but the question of whether to pay catering dividends and the extent of such dividends to be paid are not significantly affected by peers. (2) Under the semi-mandatory dividend policy in China, financial constraints will significantly reduce peer influence on the dividend level. (3) Peer influence on DIV is more pronounced among companies that face high financial constraints.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of smoking among adolescents keeps increasing. Based on data from the Regional Health Research 2013, the prevalence of child smokers aged 10–18 years old was 7.2–9.1% in 2018. In fact, it exceeds the government’s target to reduce the number of child smokers in 2019 to 5.4%. Cigarette advertising is one of the reasons children are attracted to smoking, and Indonesia ranks first in ASEAN for youth exposure to tobacco advertisement and promotion. AIM: The aim of the study is to determine the factors that affect the urge to smoke in adolescents, specifically the influence of friends who smoke and exposure to cigarette advertisements in Sleman, Indonesia. METHODOLOGY: A non-experimental study with a correlation study and a cross-sectional approach. The sample was 318 respondents with a total sampling technique on first-grade junior high school students from three schools. The research instruments used were a questionnaire on exposure to cigarette advertisements, smoker friends, and the intention to smoke. The bivariate analysis used was the chi-square correlation test. RESULTS: Most of the respondents were exposed to cigarette advertisements in the medium category (56.6%), most of the respondents had smoking friends (57.2%), 11% of respondents had the desire to smoke shortly, and 15.1% of respondents had a desire to smoke for an extended period. The correlation test results between exposure to cigarette advertisements and smoking friends and the desire to smoke in the near and long term showed a p-value of

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of online customer reviews (OCRs) and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on customers’ purchase intention (PUI). This study also investigates the cultural differences between the customers in India and UK as regards the influence of OCR and customers’ PUIs. Design/methodology/approach This study has used socialisation theory, theory of reasoned action, congruity theory and expectation value theory, along with the existing literature to develop the conceptual model. The theoretical model has been validated using the PLS-SEM technique on a survey involving 305 and 280 respondents for India and UK, respectively. Findings The findings highlight that gender has no effect on UK customers’ PUIs, whereas age and gender have considerable impacts on Indian customers’ PUIs. Research limitations/implications The study only examines the cross-cultural difference between a European country (UK) and an Asian country (India). Also, since the sample size is low, the findings did not represent a generic view. Practical implications The proposed model has provided important inputs to the organisations to understand consumer behaviour particularly the study would help marketing departments to formulate their marketing strategies regarding OCR and customers’ PUI. Originality/value This study is unique in understanding the implications of OCR and their influence on customer purchase decisions of UK customers and India’s customers. This study also helps to understand the impact of age and gender on OCR and PUIs.

Introduction This study examined the degree to which peers can serve as a protective factor to mitigate the negative effects of exposure to violence (i.e., victimization, witnessing violence) on adolescents' physical aggression. Four specific dimensions of peer influence were examined — friends' support for nonviolence, friends' support for fighting, peer pressure for fighting, and friends’ delinquent behavior. Methods Analyses were conducted on four waves of data collected every 3 months (i.e., fall, winter, spring, summer) from a predominantly African-American (78%) sample of 2575 sixth, seventh, and eighth graders attending three public middle schools in the United States. The sample was 52% female, with a mean age of 12.3 years (SD = 1.00). Results Findings for relations with victimization differed by sex. For boys, low levels of friends' delinquent behavior attenuated the relation between victimization and changes in physical aggression across all three waves. The protective effect of low levels of peer pressure for fighting was only evident in the winter for boys, whereas the protective effect of friends' support for nonviolence was only evident in the summer. For girls, high levels of friends’ support for nonviolence attenuated the relation between victimization in the winter and changes in physical aggression in the spring. In contrast, none of the peer factors moderated the relation between witnessing violence and physical aggression. Conclusions Findings suggest that prevention and interventions that increase positive peer influences and decrease negative peer influences may benefit adolescents by reducing risks associated with victimization.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the value co-creation at bottom of the pyramid (BOP) using social media and to investigate how it is impacted by age, gender and peer influence. Design/methodology/approach A BOP approach provides sustainable profits by involving low-income producers and consumers by way of co-creating values. The focus of the BOP approach in the business environment in this study is to establish co-creation among the different stakeholders at the BOP level. With the help of a literature review and related theories, a conceptual model has been developed. The model has been tested statistically for validation using a survey by considering 314 usable respondents. Findings This study has focused on the impact of different issues such as age, gender and peer influence concerning the consumers at BOP segments involving in co-creation activities. The study finds that people at BOP segments emphasize more social media usage compared to the influence of peers in the context of co-creating values. Research limitations/implications Co-creation at BOP is a new approach. This study is unique research where it identifies the impact of gender, age and peer influence at the BOP level consumers for co-creation activities. The study also highlights the influence of social media on BOP consumers for co-creating values. The model so developed along with the findings of this study contribute to the overall body of knowledge in this area which has a wider theoretical and social implication. Practical implications The proposed model in this study can help organizations to understand the impact of age, gender, peer influence on value co-creation activities at BOP using social media. This study can help managers of the organizations involved in co-creation at BOP to formulate an appropriate strategy to get engaged with the customers at BOP. Finally, this study can motivate customers to value co-creating and engaging with organizations. Originality/value This study has primarily identified the impact of age, gender and peer influence for the consumers at BOP segments and is involved in different co-creation activities. The study has been mainly conducted in India, an emerging economy. None of such studies has been conducted in the emerging markets. Thus, this study claims to have possessed its uniqueness.

Over the years, individuals have been visiting the drug stores intending to treat their respective illnesses without expert consultation. Self-medication has been defined as self-prescription and self-administration of drugs by an individual without consulting a medical expert. It is a public health concern. Research has established several predictor variables in self-medication. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the predictive role of peer influence and self-esteem on self-medication practice among the youth in the middle-belt region of Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was adopted. Two hundred and sixteen youth pooled from four large public health institutions in Kogi and Benue State participated in the study. The participant completed a self-report measure,and a multiple regression model was used to test the hypothesis. The result showed that peerinfluence statistically significantly predicted self-medication practice, while self-esteem did not. The study recommends a robust anti-self-medication campaign.

Social learning theory is one of the most prominent criminological theories of the 20th century. The dual systems model represents an emerging framework in recent years, which may help to better understand how social learning processes are influenced by sensation-seeking and impulse control. This study utilized data from all waves of the Pathways to Desistance study. A series of mixed-effects models were utilized to test for moderating effects of these constructs on offending outcomes. Impulse control moderated the relationship between deviant peer association and offending frequency, indicating that high levels of both constructs predicted increased offending frequency. Sensation-seeking moderated the relationship between deviant peer association and odds of offending, indicating that high levels of both constructs were associated with greater odds of offending although this moderation effect was only marginally significant.