275 results on '"Peter J. Morgan"'
Search Results
2. Global Discord: Values and Power in a Fractured World Order by Paul Tucker, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2022, xiii + 533 pp
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Peter J. Morgan
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Development - Published
- 2023
3. Fintech and Financial Inclusion in Southeast Asia and India
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Peter J. Morgan
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Political Science and International Relations ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance - Published
- 2022
4. The ASEAN Access to Digital Finance Study
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Tania Ziegler, Krishnamurthy Suresh, Zhifu Xie, Felipe Ferri de Camargo Paes, Peter J. Morgan, and Bryan Zheng Zhang
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History ,Polymers and Plastics ,Business and International Management ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Published
- 2023
5. DYNAMIC CONNECTEDNESS OF FINANCIAL STRESS ACROSS ADVANCED AND EMERGING ECONOMIES: EVIDENCE FROM TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS
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Lan Hoang Nguyen, Trinh Quang Long, and Peter J. Morgan
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Economics and Econometrics ,2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Social connectedness ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Financial stress ,Economic geography ,Business ,Proxy (statistics) ,Emerging markets - Abstract
This study analyzes the dynamic connectedness (i.e., spillovers and spillbacks) of financial stress across advanced and emerging economies. As proxy for financial stress, we reconstruct the financial stress index (FSI) for 16 advanced economies and 15 emerging economies from January 1997 to August 2020. The constructed FSIs reflect combined stress level in banking sectors, equity markets, capital markets and exchange rate markets. Using frameworks proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers. International Journal of Forecasting, 28(1), 57–66) and Baruník and Křehlík (Measuring the frequency dynamics of financial connectedness and systemic risk. Journal of Financial Econometrics, 16(2), 271–296), we find that there is strong connectedness of financial stress across economies. Moreover, the connectedness of the financial stress is stronger after the global financial crisis and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the spillover of shocks is strongest in the short-term horizon, the spillovers in the longer-term horizons are not trivial. Our results also show that the US is the largest shock transmitter as well as one of the largest shock receivers. Our results also suggest that shocks originating in advanced economies have strong effects on other economies, but shocks originating in emerging economies also play an increasing role. Global factors such as global economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risks influence the magnitude of the spillover of financial stress.
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- 2021
6. FRONT MATTER
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Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Naoyuki Yoshino, Chul Ju Kim, Peter J Morgan, and Daehee Yoon
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- 2021
7. Analyzing the factors influencing the demand and supply of solar modules in Japan – Does financing matter
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Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Yugo Inagaki, Peter J. Morgan, and Naoyuki Yoshino
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Finance ,Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Money supply ,Photovoltaic system ,Interest rate ,Supply and demand ,Renewable energy ,Photovoltaics ,0502 economics and business ,Ordinary least squares ,Production (economics) ,050207 economics ,business ,media_common - Abstract
This paper analyzes the influence of certain factors on the demand and supply of solar modules by employing the fully modified ordinary least squares method using Japanese data. Our regression analysis shows that interest rates and money supply (M2) significantly impact the solar photovoltaic module supply, indicating that lower interest rates and more funding channels for the renewable energy sector will increase solar photovoltaic module production. Based on this finding, the paper concludes that, for Japan to increase its energy self-sufficiency rate, the Government of Japan should implement green financing policies, providing renewable energy business owners with a wider variety of funding channels with lower interest rates, and ultimately invigorating investments in solar photovoltaic installation.
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- 2021
8. Financial Liberalization and Economic Development in Korea, 1980–2020 by Yung ChulPark, Joon‐KyungKim, and HailPark, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2021, xix + 315 pp
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Peter J. Morgan
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Economics and Econometrics ,Joon ,Financial liberalization ,Political science ,Economic history ,Development - Published
- 2021
9. ENERGY INSECURITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
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Youngho Chang, Naoyuki Yoshino, Peter J. Morgan, and Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary
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Economics and Econometrics ,Resource (biology) ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,05 social sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Energy security ,Environmental economics ,Energy policy ,Renewable energy ,0502 economics and business ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,050207 economics ,business ,Energy (signal processing) - Abstract
Energy security, a multidimensional concept that encompasses the notion of resource availability, accessibility, environmental acceptability and cost affordability, has been widely discussed. However, the same cannot be said about energy insecurity, a concept that may not necessarily mirror energy security, but also comprises the various consequences of energy unavailability. Energy insecurity mostly affects the poorest and can lead to deepened inequalities and poor health at the household level. One solution for tackling energy insecurity could be adoption of renewable energy. Power generated from renewable sources could help in mitigating energy price fluctuations and reduce health issues, as well as encourage stable economic growth. This special issue discusses the interaction between the three concepts through careful case studies and panel analysis and proposes various policy implications for energy policymakers. This introductory paper introduces the articles selected for this special issue.
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- 2020
10. A Framework for Regional Banking Regulation in ASEAN
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Peter J. Morgan
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Economics and Econometrics ,Political Science and International Relations ,Financial system ,Business ,Finance - Abstract
This paper argues that there is a role for regional-level institutions of banking regulation in the ASEAN region. This is particularly important in an environment of increasing financial integration and harmonization, including exposures to shocks from volatile capital flows and cross-border banking institutions. The paper examines four aspects of financial regulation: microprudential regulation, macroprudential regulation, resolution capacity and deposit insurance, and a financial safety net. The paper argues that EU regional banking regulation provides a useful reference point, but the lower degree of credit market openness in ASEAN implies that a more nuanced approach can be adopted, and makes specific recommendations.
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- 2020
11. THE ENERGY–POLLUTION–HEALTH NEXUS: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS OF LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME ASIAN COUNTRIES
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Peter J. Morgan, Youngho Chang, Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Ehsan Rasoulinezhad, and Naoyuki Yoshino
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Consumption (economics) ,Pollution ,Economics and Econometrics ,Natural resource economics ,Energy (esotericism) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Air pollution ,Energy consumption ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Economics ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Nexus (standard) ,Non-renewable resource ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Panel data ,media_common - Abstract
Increased consumption of nonrenewable energy sources may lead to more air pollution, resulting in negative health impacts in a society. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between fossil fuel energy consumption and health issues using generalized method of moments estimation technique for data from 18 Asian countries (both low- and middle-income) over the period 1991–2018. The findings demonstrate that fossil fuel energy consumption increases the risk of lung and respiratory diseases. In addition, the results demonstrate the significant effect of CO2 emissions and fossil fuel consumption on undernourishment and death rates. Furthermore, we find that increases in the gross domestic product per capita and healthcare expenditure may help reduce undernourishment and death ratio. The conclusion recommends that diversification of energy in low- and middle-income countries from too much reliance on fossil fuels to more renewable energy sources can improve energy insecurity, at the same time reduce greenhouse gas emissions and minimize the negative impacts on human health.
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- 2020
12. Regional Economic Integration in Asia: Challenges and Recommended Policies
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Naoyuki Yoshino, Chul Ju Kim, Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, and Peter J. Morgan
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Economic integration ,Economics ,Economic system ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance - Abstract
Regional economic integration is one of the most effective ways of fostering stability, addressing regional challenges, and increasing rates of...
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- 2020
13. HETEROGENEOUS EFFECTS OF CREDIT ACCESS ON FORMAL AND INFORMAL FIRM GROWTH: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM
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Minh Binh Tran, Trinh Quang Long, and Peter J. Morgan
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Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,Causal effect ,Employment growth ,Economics ,Demographic economics ,050207 economics ,Empirical evidence - Abstract
This paper examines the causal effect of credit access on firm growth (measured by employment growth), using a unique micro-, small-, and medium-sized firm-level data collected every two years in Vietnam from 2005 to 2013. The results obtained from fixed-effects (FE) and FE with instrumental variable estimators show that firms with credit access experience a higher growth than firms without credit access. We also find that access to credit is positively associated with both formal and informal firm growth, but the results for formal firms seem to be driven by some high growth firms (and rapidly shrinking firms). The effect of credit access on firm growth is also heterogeneous by firm size and firm age in both types of firms.
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- 2020
14. Trends in licence approvals for ophthalmic medicines in the United Kingdom
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Peter J Morgan-Warren and Jiten Morarji
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pharmaceutics ,business.industry ,Authorization ,Timolol ,Glaucoma ,Article ,United Kingdom ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ophthalmology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,030221 ophthalmology & optometry ,medicine ,Humans ,Drug therapy ,Regulatory agency ,Ophthalmic Solutions ,business ,Licensure ,Ocular surface ,Ophthalmic use ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Retrospective Studies ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objectives The grant of marketing authorisation (MA) for new medicines requires comprehensive assessment by regulatory authorities. This study sought to identify ophthalmic medicines granted United Kingdom MA and consider trends in licence approvals. Methods This retrospective study reviewed published lists of products granted MA by the UK Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency between January 2001 and December 2018, inclusive. Eye drops and medicinal products intended for ophthalmic use were identified. All regulatory data sources consulted are in the public domain. Data analyses were descriptive. Results A total of 295 MAs were issued for ophthalmic products between 2001 and 2018, inclusive. Of these 229 (78%) were for single-active substances and 66 (22%) fixed-dose combination (FDC). Approvals for products with single-active substance included ocular hypotensives (115; 50%), antibiotics (48; 22%), allergy medicines (30; 13%), lubricants (18; 8%) and anti-inflammatories (11; 5%). Approvals for FDCs were predominantly ocular hypotensives (56; 85%), with timolol combined with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (27; 48%) and prostaglandin analogues (26; 46%) accounting for the majority of glaucoma FDCs. Other FDCs were approved for antibiotic/inflammatory (5; 7.5%), pupillary mydriasis (2; 3%), allergy (2; 3%) and ocular surface lubrication (1; 1.5%) products. A median of 16 licences were approved per year (range 7 [2005] to 35 [2011]). Conclusions The majority of MAs granted were for single-agent products, particularly ocular hypotensives and antibiotic preparations. Most products were generic versions of well-established active substances. A trend for increased approvals for FDCs is evident, particularly for the treatment of raised IOP.
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- 2020
15. Impacts of COVID-19 on Households’ Business, Employment and School Education: Evidence from Household Survey in CAREC Countries
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ADBI Submitter, Dina Azhgaliyeva, Ranjeeta Mishra, Long Q. Trinh, Peter J. Morgan, and Wataru Kodama
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- 2022
16. The People's Republic of China's Digital Yuan: Its Environment, Design, and Implications
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Elijah Fullerton and Peter J. Morgan
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- 2022
17. Impacts of COVID-19 on Households in ASEAN Countries and Their Implications for Human Capital Development: Medium-Run Impacts and the Role of Government Support
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ADBI Submitter, Peter J. Morgan, Long Q. Trinh, and Kunhyui Kim
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- 2022
18. Assessing the Risks Associated with Green Digital Finance and Policies for Coping with Them
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Peter J. Morgan
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- 2022
19. Investment in Startups and Small Business Financing
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Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Chul Ju Kim, Daehee Yoon, Naoyuki Yoshino, and Peter J. Morgan
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Finance ,Small business financing ,business.industry ,Business ,Investment (macroeconomics) - Published
- 2021
20. Ophthalmic medicine regulatory approvals through the European Centralised Procedure, 1999–2017: Clinical efficacy considerations
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Peter J Morgan-Warren
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0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Risk Assessment ,Clinical trial ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ophthalmology ,Treatment Outcome ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,030221 ophthalmology & optometry ,Humans ,Medicine ,European Union ,Clinical efficacy ,business ,Intensive care medicine ,Drug Approval ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
Objectives:Regulatory approval of new medicines requires a thorough assessment of the potential clinical benefits and risks. Study end-points are expected to demonstrate a clinically relevant treatment effect that will translate into direct patient benefits. This study sought to review the ophthalmic medicines with European Union–wide approval granted via the Centralised Procedure and characterise the key efficacy end-points underpinning the demonstration of clinical benefit.Methods:This study was a retrospective review of published data pertaining to the European regulatory authorisation of centrally approved ophthalmic products between 1999 and 2017, inclusive. All sources and data consulted are in the public domain. European Public Assessment Reports published by the European Medicines Agency were consulted for data concerning the pivotal clinical efficacy studies supporting the applications. Data analyses were descriptive.Results:The European Medicines Agency have authorised 30 products via the Centralised Procedure between 1999 and 2017. For these products, a total of 24 additional approvals for line extensions or additional therapeutic indications were granted. Four products have been approved for orphan indications, including one approval ‘under exceptional circumstances’ and one ‘Conditional Marketing Authorisation’. Approvals for products in retina (36%) and glaucoma (28%) indications together accounted for the majority of authorisations, with trial end-points predominantly based on visual acuity and intraocular pressure parameters, respectively. Products were also approved for indications in ocular surface disease, inflammation, optic neuropathy and surgical adjuncts, with a range of functional and anatomical end-points.Conclusion:Approvals for ophthalmic medicines have been granted for a range of clinical indications, representing a considerable portion of available major therapeutics for practitioners. Benefit–risk assessments rely on clinical trial data demonstrating a clearly relevant patient benefit.
- Published
- 2019
21. LTV policy as a macroprudential tool and its effects on residential mortgage loans
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Paulo José Regis, Nimesh Salike, and Peter J. Morgan
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040101 forestry ,Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,Financial stability ,Financial risk ,05 social sciences ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Monetary economics ,Large sample ,Mortgage loan ,0502 economics and business ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Business ,Finance ,Large size - Abstract
Since the early 2000s, macroprudential policy has increasingly become part of the regulatory and supervisory framework. Likewise, the housing market has been at the center of the debate on systemic financial risk prevention. Among macroprudential tools, the purpose of the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio is to constrain mortgage loan creation. This paper is unique in that it analyzes the effectiveness of LTV on mortgage lending moderation using a large sample of more than 4000 banks from 46 countries. The analysis suggests mortgage loans have been successfully curbed in countries with a LTV policy. Size and non-performing loans are the two key characteristics to the effectiveness of LTV. When nonlinearities are considered, the average effect of LTV can be very large; however, it becomes much less effective with large banks and banks with bad loans. Our results suggest the inclusion of other macroprudential tools may have complementary effects to LTV, and for large size banks in particular.
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- 2019
22. Impacts of COVID-19 on Households in ASEAN Countries and Their Implications for Human Capital Development
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Peter J. Morgan and Long Q. Trinh
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Consumption (economics) ,Social distance ,Food policy ,language ,Household income ,Demographic economics ,Business ,Disability insurance ,Working time ,Human capital ,language.human_language ,Waste disposal - Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus and the resulting falls in demand due both to uncertainty and policy interventions such as lockdowns, “social distancing,” and travel restrictions are having a severe impact on Asian economies and hence on Asian households. These negative impacts come through a variety of channels, including loss of employment or reduced working hours, loss of sales and income of a household business, inability to travel to work, increased need to stay at home to look after children or sick household members, higher prices and/or lack of availability of staple items, reduced access to schooling, etc. To better understand these impacts, we carried out computer-assisted telephone interviews of households in eight ADB developing member countries: Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Our empirical results suggest that various household characteristics, including household income class (before COVID-19), household demographic factors, and COVID-19-induced factors such as having at least one person who lost their job or being located in lockdown areas, all affected the likelihood of a decline in income. In all countries, having at least one person who lost their job or had reduced working time increases the likelihood of experiencing financial difficulties by 17 percentage points. About 27% of children who stopped attending school could not fully participate in online learning programs due to weak/insufficient internet connections and a lack of digital devices. Two COVID-19-related factors—having at least one person who lost their job or had working hours reduced and experiencing financial difficulties—significantly affect the intensity of online classes taken by children in an average household.
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- 2021
23. Mealtime: A circadian disruptor and determinant of energy balance?
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Leonie C. Ruddick-Collins, Alexandra M. Johnstone, and Peter J. Morgan
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Circadian clock ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Biology ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Circadian Clocks ,Internal medicine ,Weight management ,Zeitgeber ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Endocrine system ,Circadian rhythm ,Meals ,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ,Leptin ,Feeding Behavior ,Circadian Rhythm ,Ghrelin ,Energy Intake ,Energy Metabolism ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Hormone - Abstract
Circadian rhythms play a critical role in the physiological processes involved in energy metabolism and energy balance (EB). A large array of metabolic processes, including the expression of many energy-regulating endocrine hormones, display temporal rhythms that are driven by both the circadian clock and food intake. Mealtime has been shown to be a compelling zeitgeber in peripheral tissue rhythms. Inconsistent signalling to the periphery, because of mismatched input from the central clock vs time of eating, results in circadian disruption in which central and/or peripheral rhythms are asynchronously time shifted or their amplitudes reduced. A growing body of evidence supports the negative health effects of circadian disruption, with strong evidence in murine models that mealtime-induced circadian disruption results in various metabolic consequences, including energy imbalance and weight gain. Increased weight gain has been reported to occur even without differences in energy intake, indicating an effect of circadian disruption on energy expenditure. However, the translation of these findings to humans is not well established because the ability to undertake rigorously controlled dietary studies that explore the chronic effects on energy regulation is challenging. Establishing the neuroendocrine changes in response to both acute and chronic variations in mealtime, along with observations in populations with routinely abnormal mealtimes, may provide greater insight into underlying mechanisms that influence long-term weight management under different meal patterns. Human studies should explore mechanisms through relevant biomarkers; for example, cortisol, leptin, ghrelin and other energy-regulating neuroendocrine factors. Mistiming between aggregate hormonal signals, or between hormones with their receptors, may cause reduced signalling intensity and hormonal resistance. Understanding how mealtimes may impact on the coordination of endocrine factors is essential for untangling the complex regulation of EB. Here a review is provided on current evidence of the impacts of mealtime on energy metabolism and the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms, with a specific focus on human research.
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- 2020
24. Tanycytes and Their Pivotal Role in Seasonal Physiological Adaptations
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Perry Barrett and Peter J. Morgan
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Regulation of gene expression ,endocrine system ,biology ,Neurogenesis ,Deiodinase ,DIO2 ,Cell biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Hypothalamus ,Median eminence ,Neuropil ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Pars tuberalis - Abstract
Tanycytes are glial cells whose cell soma are embedded in the ependymal layer surrounding the ventral region of the third ventricle in the hypothalamus. They send projections into the surrounding hypothalamus, with processes terminating in the neuropil of the hypothalamus, or extended to contact portal blood vessels in the median eminence or the surrounding pars tuberalis. Photoperiodic regulation of gene expression occurs in tanycytes through local signals emanating in the pars tuberalis. Of considerable importance across vertebrate taxa is photoperiodic regulation of type II (Dio2) and type III (Dio3) deiodinase enzyme gene expression in tanycytes as these regulate local thyroid hormone availability. This chapter explores the evidence for photoperiodic regulation of thyroid hormone and retinoic acid signalling by tanycytes, and considers this in relation to their other key functions, including their potential as a stem cell niche in the adult brain, their role as part of the blood brain barrier in transporting nutrients and hormones into the brain, and their role in regulating neuroendocrine secretion in the median eminence by virtue of their anatomical proximity to neuronal terminals.
- Published
- 2020
25. Public and private investment in human capital and intergenerational transfers in Asia: an overview
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Yoko Niimi, Peter J. Morgan, and Charles Yuji Horioka
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050208 finance ,Physical capital ,Economic policy ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,Political Science and International Relations ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Business ,050207 economics ,Development ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,Human capital - Abstract
Investments in human capital (education) are as important as investments in physical capital (plant and equipment, housing and infrastructure) in bringing about economic growth and development. At ...
- Published
- 2018
26. FINANCIAL STABILITY AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION: THE CASE OF SME LENDING
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Victor Pontines and Peter J. Morgan
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Financial inclusion ,Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,business.industry ,Inter-dealer broker ,Financial risk ,05 social sciences ,Financial intermediary ,Financial ratio ,Financial system ,Indirect finance ,0502 economics and business ,Financial analysis ,Business ,050207 economics ,Financial services - Abstract
Developing economies are seeking to promote financial inclusion, i.e., greater access to financial services for low-income households and firms. This raises the question of whether greater financial inclusion tends to increase or decrease financial stability. A number of studies have suggested both positive and negative impacts on financial stability, but very few empirical studies have been made. This study focuses on the implications of greater financial inclusion for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for financial stability. It estimates the effects of measures of the share of bank lending to SMEs on two measures of financial stability — bank nonperforming loans and bank Z scores. We find some evidence that an increased share of lending to SMEs aids financial stability by reducing non-performing loans (NPLs) and the probability of default by financial institutions.
- Published
- 2018
27. MORTGAGE LENDING AND FINANCIAL STABILITY IN ASIA
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Peter J. Morgan and Yan Zhang
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Secondary mortgage market ,Financial inclusion ,Money market ,Economics and Econometrics ,Financial stability ,Control variable ,Financial ratio ,Sample (statistics) ,Financial system ,Mortgage insurance ,Shared appreciation mortgage ,Financial development ,Loan-to-value ratio ,Probability of default ,Loan ,Mortgage underwriting ,Collateralized mortgage obligation ,Business - Abstract
We estimated the effect of the share of mortgage lending by individual banks (together with some control variables) on two measures of financial stability — the bank Z-score and the non-performing loan ratio — for a sample of 397 banks in 19 emerging Asian economies for the period 2003–2014 from the Bankscope database. We find evidence that an increased share of mortgage lending is positive for financial stability, specifically by lowering the probability of default by financial institutions and reducing the non-performing loan ratio, at least in non-crisis periods, for levels of mortgage shares up to 23–65%. For higher levels of mortgage lending shares, there is some evidence that the impact on financial stability turns negative. We also find that the share of mortgage lending can be a useful measure of both financial development and financial inclusion. This finding most likely reflects the effect of a higher share of mortgage lending in diversifying the mix of banks’ assets and thereby reducing overall risk. However, if the share of mortgage lending is too high, then the diversification effect diminishes. Therefore, the challenge is to balance the expected improvement in financial stability due to asset diversification against negative impacts that might result from easier lending standards or too rapid increases in mortgage lending that could trigger a bubble in the housing market. This highlights the need for prudent monetary policy and macroprudential policy measures to forestall the development of such bubbles.
- Published
- 2018
28. FINANCIAL INCLUSION, FINANCIAL STABILITY AND INCOME INEQUALITY: INTRODUCTION
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Naoyuki Yoshino and Peter J. Morgan
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Financial inclusion ,Economics and Econometrics ,Labour economics ,Comprehensive income ,Financial stability ,05 social sciences ,Economic inequality ,Income inequality metrics ,Income distribution ,0502 economics and business ,Financial analysis ,Economics ,050211 marketing ,050207 economics - Published
- 2018
29. Dietary Uncoupling of Gut Microbiota and Energy Harvesting from Obesity and Glucose Tolerance in Mice
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Alexander W. Ross, Matthew J. Dalby, Peter J. Morgan, and Alan W. Walker
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Blood Glucose ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Firmicutes ,Physiology ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Ileum ,Gut flora ,Diet, High-Fat ,digestive system ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Feces ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cecum ,0302 clinical medicine ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Glucose Intolerance ,medicine ,Animals ,Obesity ,Food science ,Microbiome ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,biology ,Bacteroidetes ,Body Weight ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Fatty Acids, Volatile ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Composition (visual arts) - Abstract
Summary: Evidence suggests that altered gut microbiota composition may be involved in the development of obesity. Studies using mice made obese with refined high-fat diets have supported this; however, these have commonly used chow as a control diet, introducing confounding factors from differences in dietary composition that have a key role in shaping microbiota composition. We compared the effects of feeding a refined high-fat diet with those of feeding either a refined low-fat diet or a chow diet on gut microbiota composition and host physiology. Feeding both refined low- or high-fat diets resulted in large alterations in the gut microbiota composition, intestinal fermentation, and gut morphology, compared to a chow diet. However, body weight, body fat, and glucose intolerance only increased in mice fed the refined high-fat diet. The choice of control diet can dissociate broad changes in microbiota composition from obesity, raising questions about the previously proposed relationship between gut microbiota and obesity. : Dalby et al. show that high-fat-diet-induced changes in gut microbiota composition and cecal fermentation can be dissociated from obesity and glucose intolerance in mice by using a nutritionally more appropriate control diet. This highlights the importance of the control diet in interpreting microbiota studies. Keywords: energy harvest, microbiome, microbiota, obesity, SCFA, high-fat diet, chow, gut, glucose intolerance
- Published
- 2017
30. Mortgage lending, banking crises, and financial stability in Asia and Europe
- Author
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Peter J. Morgan and Yan Zhang
- Subjects
040101 forestry ,Secondary mortgage market ,05 social sciences ,Diversification (finance) ,General Social Sciences ,Financial system ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Shared appreciation mortgage ,Loan-to-value ratio ,General Business, Management and Accounting ,Probability of default ,Loan ,0502 economics and business ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Mortgage underwriting ,Collateralized mortgage obligation ,Business ,050207 economics - Abstract
Our paper investigates the relationship between financial stability and mortgage lending. We estimated the effect of the share of mortgage lending by individual banks (together with some control variables) on two measures of financial stability—the bank Z-score and the non-performing loan ratio—for a sample of 1889 banks in 65 advanced and emerging economies for the period 1987–2014 from the Bankscope database. We specifically compared the behavior of banks in Europe and Asia. We find evidence that an increased share of mortgage lending is positive for financial stability, specifically by lowering the probability of default by financial institutions and reducing the non-performing loan ratio, at least in non-crisis periods, for levels of mortgage shares up to 49–68%. For higher levels of mortgage lending shares, the impact on financial stability turns negative. Also, the occurrence of a banking crisis reduces the diversification benefits associated with mortgage lending. Compared with the base sample, Asian banks show greater financial stability during non-crisis periods, but are more negatively affected by a higher mortgage ratio during crisis periods, while European banks show greater financial stability during non-crisis periods, but are less negatively affected during crisis periods. Finally, a higher level of regulatory quality improves both financial stability measures, but the effects of macroprudential measures are found to be mixed.
- Published
- 2017
31. A seasonal switch in histone deacetylase gene expression in the hypothalamus and their capacity to modulate nuclear signaling pathways
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Gisela Helfer, Peter McCaffery, Robert Starr, Patrick N. Stoney, Dagmara Kociszewska, Peter J. Morgan, Anna Ashton, Thabat Khatib, Diana Rodrigues, and Elizabeth A. Hay
- Subjects
Lipopolysaccharides ,0301 basic medicine ,Retinoic acid ,HDAC, histone deacetylase ,Retinoic acid receptor beta ,SD, short-day ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,RARE, retinoic acid response element ,Gene expression ,Transcriptional regulation ,Bdnf, brain derived neurotrophic factor ,Nrgn, neurogranin ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha ,Inflammatory ,Full-length Article ,Neurons ,NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ,NF-kappa B ,LCoR, ligand-dependent corepressor ,cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate ,LPS, lipopolysaccharide ,qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction ,Seasons ,Dio, deiodinase ,Signal transduction ,Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 ,AP-1, activator protein-1 ,TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone ,Signal Transduction ,LD, long-day ,Photoperiod ,Ependymoglial Cells ,Immunology ,PBS, phosphate-buffered saline ,Hypothalamus ,Prkc, protein kinase C ,Lipopolysaccharide ,Biology ,DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium ,THR, thyroid hormone receptor ,Nucleus ,Histone Deacetylases ,Cell Line ,Tumour necrosis factor alpha ,MAP2, microtubule-associated protein 2 ,03 medical and health sciences ,TRE, thyroid hormone response element ,Animals ,HSP90, heat-shock protein 90 ,Histone deacetylase ,Inflammation ,T3, triiodothyronine ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ,GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein ,Ptp1b, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B ,HDAC4 ,Rats, Inbred F344 ,Rats ,030104 developmental biology ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Nuclear receptor ,chemistry ,Cancer research ,sense organs ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,RAR α, β and γ, retinoic acid receptor alpha, beta and gamma - Abstract
Highlights • Seasonal changes in rat trigger change in hypothalamic histone deacetylases (HDACs). • NF-κB is an inflammatory regulator under seasonal control in the hypothalamus. • These HDACs may control hypothalamic inflammatory and nuclear receptor pathways., Seasonal animals undergo changes in physiology and behavior between summer and winter conditions. These changes are in part driven by a switch in a series of hypothalamic genes under transcriptional control by hormones and, of recent interest, inflammatory factors. Crucial to the control of transcription are histone deacetylases (HDACs), generally acting to repress transcription by local histone modification. Seasonal changes in hypothalamic HDAC transcripts were investigated in photoperiod-sensitive F344 rats by altering the day-length (photoperiod). HDAC4, 6 and 9 were found to change in expression. The potential influence of HDACs on two hypothalamic signaling pathways that regulate transcription, inflammatory and nuclear receptor signaling, was investigated. For inflammatory signaling the focus was on NF-κB because of the novel finding made that its expression is seasonally regulated in the rat hypothalamus. For nuclear receptor signaling it was discovered that expression of retinoic acid receptor beta was regulated seasonally. HDAC modulation of NF-κB-induced pathways was examined in a hypothalamic neuronal cell line and primary hypothalamic tanycytes. HDAC4/5/6 inhibition altered the control of gene expression (Fos, Prkca, Prkcd and Ptp1b) by inducers of NF-κB that activate inflammation. These inhibitors also modified the action of nuclear receptor ligands thyroid hormone and retinoic acid. Thus seasonal changes in HDAC4 and 6 have the potential to epigenetically modify multiple gene regulatory pathways in the hypothalamus that could act to limit inflammatory pathways in the hypothalamus during long-day summer-like conditions.
- Published
- 2017
32. Prospects for a re-acceleration of economic growth in the PRC
- Author
-
Justin Yifu Lin, Guanghua Wan, and Peter J. Morgan
- Subjects
Macroeconomics ,Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,Annual growth rate ,Slowdown ,05 social sciences ,Acceleration (differential geometry) ,Monetary economics ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,050207 economics ,Chinese economy ,China ,Total factor productivity - Abstract
After more than three decades of unprecedented high growth at an average rate of nearly 10% per annum, China's economy has been slowing down since 2010, dropping to 6.9% in 2015, the lowest annual growth rate since 1990. As the world's largest economy in PPP terms and the second largest in terms of nominal exchange rates, such a slowdown has profound implications. The whole world is asking if the Chinese economy will continue to slow or be trapped in low growth. This paper presents a rather optimistic outlook for the Chinese economy, concluding that a reacceleration to 8% in the medium run is possible under favorable conditions. We argue that the main factors that led to the slowdown since 2010 are external and cyclical. Nevertheless, structural and institutional obstacles to the re-acceleration of growth are also discussed, together with policy suggestions.
- Published
- 2016
33. Fintech and Financial Literacy in the Lao PDR
- Author
-
Long Q. Trinh and Peter J. Morgan
- Subjects
Economic cooperation ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Instrumental variable ,Developing country ,Financial literacy ,The Internet ,Accounting ,Business ,Democracy ,Financial services ,media_common ,FinTech - Abstract
A growing literature has examined the role of financial literacy in an individual’s income, saving behavior and the use of various financial products. However, so far, no one has examined the relationship between financial literacy and the awareness and adoption of financial technology (fintech) products, i.e., financial products provided via internet-based and mobile-based platforms. This paper examines this relationship in a developing country, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). We use information collected in the Lao PDR using the standardized questionnaire developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development International Network on Financial Education (OECD/INFE) to calculate our financial literacy. We find that a higher level of financial literacy has strong and positive effects on an individual’s awareness of fintech products. This result still holds when we use a set of instrumental variables for the financial literacy variable. However, there is insufficient data to find a significant relationship between financial literacy and the use of fintech products.
- Published
- 2019
34. China’s emerging global role
- Author
-
Peter J. Morgan
- Subjects
Economy ,Political science ,China - Published
- 2018
35. China in the Local and Global Economy
- Author
-
Peter J. Morgan, Charles van Marrewijk, Steven Brakman, and Nimesh Salike
- Subjects
Politics ,Economy ,Sustainability ,China - Published
- 2018
36. Guest Editors' Words
- Author
-
Peter J. Morgan and Guanghua Wan
- Subjects
050208 finance ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,Sociology ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,050203 business & management - Published
- 2016
37. Factors Affecting the Outlook for Medium-term to Long-term Growth in China
- Author
-
Peter J. Morgan, Guanghua Wan, and Justin Yifu Lin
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,050208 finance ,Long term growth ,05 social sciences ,Growth accounting ,Gross domestic product ,Medium term ,Capital formation ,Real gross domestic product ,0502 economics and business ,Development economics ,Economics ,050207 economics ,China ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance - Abstract
China achieved average GDP growth of nearly 10 percent over the period 1978–2015. However, how long can such high levels of growth be sustained, especially when per capita GDP levels have reached middle-income status, and the normal tendency of economies is to slow down as they mature? This paper reviews the recent literature on the determinants and outlook for real GDP growth in China and addresses some of the key issues, including identifying supply-side factors that can support continued strong growth under favorable conditions, as well as risk factors that might cause growth to fall short. The paper reviews supply-side determinants of growth using a growth accounting framework, and also assesses major demand-side factors driving potential growth, including exports, capital formation and household consumption.
- Published
- 2016
38. Thyroid hormone activation of retinoic acid synthesis in hypothalamic tanycytes
- Author
-
Patrick N. Stoney, Gisela Helfer, Peter McCaffery, Diana Rodrigues, and Peter J. Morgan
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Regulation of gene expression ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Thyroid hormone receptor ,Retinoic acid ,Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Retinoic acid receptor ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,Neurology ,chemistry ,Nuclear receptor ,Hypothalamus ,Internal medicine ,Gene expression ,medicine ,Receptor - Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for adult brain function and its actions include several key roles in the hypothalamus. Although TH controls gene expression via specific TH receptors of the nuclear receptor class, surprisingly few genes have been demonstrated to be directly regulated by TH in the hypothalamus, or the adult brain as a whole. This study explored the rapid induction by TH of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Raldh1), encoding a retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzyme, as a gene specifically expressed in hypothalamic tanycytes, cells that mediate a number of actions of TH in the hypothalamus. The resulting increase in RA may then regulate gene expression via the RA receptors, also of the nuclear receptor class. In vivo exposure of the rat to TH led to a significant and rapid increase in hypothalamic Raldh1 within 4 hours. That this may lead to an in vivo increase in RA is suggested by the later induction by TH of the RA-responsive gene Cyp26b1. To explore the actions of RA in the hypothalamus as a potential mediator of TH control of gene regulation, an ex vivo hypothalamic rat slice culture method was developed in which the Raldh1-expressing tanycytes were maintained. These slice cultures confirmed that TH did not act on genes regulating energy balance but could induce Raldh1. RA has the potential to upregulate expression of genes involved in growth and appetite, Ghrh and Agrp. This regulation is acutely sensitive to epigenetic changes, as has been shown for TH action in vivo. These results indicate that sequential triggering of two nuclear receptor signalling systems has the capability to mediate some of the functions of TH in the hypothalamus.
- Published
- 2015
39. Financial literacy, financial inclusion, and savings behavior in Laos
- Author
-
Trinh Quang Long and Peter J. Morgan
- Subjects
Financial inclusion ,Economics and Econometrics ,International network ,050208 finance ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Perspective (graphical) ,Instrumental variable ,Control (management) ,Accounting ,Economic cooperation ,0502 economics and business ,Financial literacy ,Business ,Survey instrument ,050207 economics ,Finance - Abstract
This study examines the effects of financial literacy on financial inclusion and savings behavior in Laos. Compared to previous literature, we use a broader definition of financial literacy which covers not only financial knowledge but also financial behavior and financial attitudes. We also use a new definition of financial inclusion which goes beyond the supply-side perspective to consider the consumer’s perspective. To do so, we use the survey instrument designed by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development International Network on Financial Education. We also used more reliable instrumental variables to investigate the effects of financial literacy on financial inclusion (and its components) and savings behavior. We find that financial literacy has statistically positive effects on both financial inclusion and savings. Moreover, the effects of financial literacy on different measures of financial inclusion vary. Our results further show that individuals with higher financial literacy scores are more likely to hold savings in both formal and informal forms than those who have lower financial literacy scores, even when we control for income and education.
- Published
- 2020
40. Introduction
- Author
-
Peter J. Morgan, Ulrich Volz, and Naoyuki Yoshino
- Published
- 2018
41. Routledge Handbook of Banking and Finance in Asia
- Author
-
Ulrich Volz, Naoyuki Yoshino, and Peter J. Morgan
- Subjects
Finance ,Macroprudential regulation ,Commercial banking ,business.industry ,Sovereign wealth fund ,Monetary policy ,Business ,Capital flows ,China ,Stock (geology) ,Islamic finance - Abstract
The Routledge Handbook of Banking and Finance in Asia brings together leading scholars, policymakers, and practitioners to provide a comprehensive and cutting-edge guide to Asia’s financial institutions, markets, and systems. Part I provides a country-by-country overview of banking and finance in East, Southeast, and South Asia, including examples from China, Japan, Hong Kong, India, and Singapore. Part II contains thematic chapters, covering topics such as commercial banking, development banking, infrastructure finance, stock markets, insurance, and sovereign wealth funds. It also includes examinations of banking regulation and supervision, and analyses of macroprudential regulation, capital flow management measures, and monetary policy. Finally, it provides new insights into topical issues such as SME, green, and Islamic finance.
- Published
- 2018
42. Financial inclusion in Asia
- Author
-
Peter J. Morgan
- Subjects
Financial inclusion ,Microfinance ,Economic growth ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Inclusive growth ,Southeast asian ,law.invention ,Economic cooperation ,Promotion (rank) ,law ,Action plan ,Access to finance ,Business ,media_common - Abstract
Financial inclusion (i.e., access to finance) is receiving increasing attention as having the potential to contribute to economic and financial development while at the same time fostering more inclusive growth and greater income equality. Leaders of the G20 countries have approved the Financial Inclusion Action Plan and established the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion 1 to promote the financial access agenda. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Finance Ministers’ process has a dedicated forum looking at financial inclusion issues. 2 The implementation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Framework on Equitable Economic Development has made the promotion of financial inclusion a key objective (ASEAN 2014). The Asian Development Bank has approved 121 projects (amounting to USD 2.59 billion as of 2012) to support microfinance in countries in Asia and the Pacific region (ADB 2012). Many individual Asian economies have adopted strategies on financial inclusion as an important part of their overall strategies to achieve inclusive growth.
- Published
- 2018
43. Japan’s financial system and its challenges
- Author
-
Shinichi Nakabayashi, Naoyuki Yoshino, and Peter J. Morgan
- Subjects
business.industry ,Financial system ,business ,Slow growth ,Developed country ,Banking sector ,Economic bubble ,Financial sector ,FinTech - Abstract
This chapter discusses post-war economic development of Japan’s financial system and the current status of Japanese financial sector issues. Japan has one of the world’s most developed and largest financial systems. It served the needs of Japan’s economy during the high-growth period of the 1960s and 1970s very well, but has struggled to adapt fully to the era of slow growth following the bursting of the financial bubble in 1989. Compared with other advanced economies, the banking sector is still relatively large, with an excessive number of differentiated institutions. Start-up companies and small and medium-sized enterprises still find it difficult to obtain finance. Key challenges include the need to respond to innovative financial technology (“fintech”) and to encourage households to invest in riskier assets.
- Published
- 2018
44. A unifying hypothesis for control of body weight and reproduction in seasonally breeding mammals
- Author
-
Perry Barrett, Peter J. Morgan, and Gisela Helfer
- Subjects
Food intake ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Thyroid Hormones ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Neurogenesis ,Photoperiod ,Ependymoglial Cells ,Models, Neurological ,Zoology ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Biology ,Body weight ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Agouti-Related Protein ,Melatonin ,Chronobiology Phenomena ,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ,Appetite Regulation ,Reproduction ,Body Weight ,Adaptation, Physiological ,Pituitary Gland ,Seasons ,Energy Metabolism ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Animals have evolved diverse seasonal variations in physiology and reproduction to accommodate yearly changes in environmental and climatic conditions. These changes in physiology are initiated by changes in photoperiod (daylength) and are mediated through melatonin, which relays photoperiodic information to the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland. Melatonin drives thyroid-stimulating hormone transcription and synthesis in the pars tuberalis, which, in turn, regulates thyroid hormone and retinoic acid synthesis in the tanycytes lining the third ventricle of the hypothalamus. Seasonal variation in central thyroid hormone signalling is conserved among photoperiodic animals. Despite this, different species adopt divergent phenotypes to cope with the same seasonal changes. A common response amongst different species is increased hypothalamic cell proliferation/neurogenesis in short photoperiod. That cell proliferation/neurogenesis may be important for seasonal timing is based on (i) the neurogenic potential of tanycytes; (ii) the fact that they are the locus of striking seasonal morphological changes; and (iii) the similarities to mechanisms involved in de novo neurogenesis of energy balance neurones. We propose that a decrease in hypothalamic thyroid hormone and retinoic acid signalling initiates localised neurodegeneration and apoptosis, which leads to a reduction in appetite and body weight. Neurodegeneration induces compensatory cell proliferation from the neurogenic niche in tanycytes and new cells are born under short photoperiod. Because these cells have the potential to differentiate into a number of different neuronal phenotypes, this could provide a mechanistic basis to explain the seasonal regulation of energy balance, as well as reproduction. This cycle can be achieved without changes in thyroid hormone/retinoic acid and explains recent data obtained from seasonal animals held in natural conditions. However, thyroid/retinoic acid signalling is required to synchronise the cycles of apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. Thus, hypothalamic neurogenesis provides a framework to explain diverse photoperiodic responses.
- Published
- 2018
45. Comments on 'Informality, Micro and Small Enterprises, and the 2016 Demonetisation Policy in India'
- Author
-
Peter J. Morgan
- Subjects
Market economy ,Political Science and International Relations ,Economics ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance - Published
- 2018
46. Quantifying the robustness of first arrival dates as a measure of avian migratory phenology
- Author
-
Stacey M Fairhurst, Peter J Morgan, Julia B Morrison, Matthew J.A. Wood, Anne E. Goodenough, and Martin Cade
- Subjects
Geography ,Population level ,Ecology ,Phenology ,Bird migration ,Robustness (evolution) ,Climate change ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,QL_671 - Abstract
As the climate changes, many long-term studies have shown that the timing of bird migration is shifting, increasing the need for reliable measures of migratory phenology. Ideally, daily counts of birds at a site are used to calculate the mean arrival date (MAD) but, as this approach is not always possible and is very labour-intensive, simpler metrics such as first arrival date (FAD) have commonly been used. Here, we examine the relationship between FAD and MAD in 28 summer migrant bird species over a 42-year period (1970–2011) at Portland Bird Observatory, UK. Although significant correlations between FAD and MAD were detected, relationships were weak, particularly in long-distance migrants. We suggest that FAD, although a simple and straightforward measure, is not particularly robust as a proxy for overall migratory phenology at a population level.
- Published
- 2014
47. Frameworks for central–local government relations and fiscal sustainability
- Author
-
Peter J. Morgan and Long Q. Trinh
- Subjects
Tax revenue ,Government ,business.industry ,Economic policy ,Local government ,Central government ,Public sector ,Economics ,Government revenue ,Fiscal sustainability ,business ,Public finance - Abstract
Sustainable and inclusive growth in emerging Asian economies requires continued high levels of public sector investment in areas such as infrastructure, education, health, and social services. These responsibilities, especially with regard to infrastructure investment, need to be devolved increasingly to the regional government level. However, growth of sources of revenue and financing for local governments has not necessarily kept pace, forcing them, in some cases, to increase borrowing or cut spending below needed levels. This paper reviews alternative models of the relationship between central and local governments, and provides an overview and assessment of different financing mechanisms for local governments, including tax revenues, central government transfers, bank loans, and bond issuance, with a focus on the context of emerging Asian economies. The paper also reviews financing mechanisms for local governments and mechanisms for maintaining fiscal stability and sustainability at both the central and local government levels. Based upon the evidence on the decentralization process in Asia, it proposes some policy implications for improving central-local government relations and fiscal sustainability.
- Published
- 2017
48. Fiscal decentralization and local budget deficits in Viet Nam: an empirical analysis
- Author
-
Peter J. Morgan and Long Q. Trinh
- Subjects
Macroeconomics ,Development studies ,Economic policy ,Debt ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Local government ,Ordinary least squares ,Business ,Decentralization ,Stock (geology) ,media_common ,Social equality ,Public finance - Abstract
Since 1975, Viet Nam has gradually decentralized more fiscal responsibilities to local authorities. This study has two objectives: (i) to take stock of the current institutional framework for intergovernmental fiscal relations in Viet Nam, and (ii) to empirically assess the debt sustainability of local governments in Viet Nam. The empirical analysis uses two estimation methods: (i) fully modified ordinary least squares (OLS) to estimate the long-term correlations between co-integration equations, including vectors of co-integration variables, and stochastic regressor innovations; and (ii) fiscal reaction equations at the provincial level, based upon the Bohn (2008) model. The empirical results suggest that deficit levels are generally sustainable at the local level.
- Published
- 2017
49. Central and Local Government Relations in Asia
- Author
-
Peter J. Morgan and Naoyuki Yoshino
- Subjects
Central government ,Political science ,Political economy ,Local government - Published
- 2017
50. Non-canonical pathway induced by Wnt3a regulates β-catenin via Pyk2 in differentiating human neural progenitor cells
- Author
-
Brigitte M. Pützer, Adelinde M. Uhrmacher, Moritz J. Frech, Venkata Ajay Narendra Talabattula, Jiankai Luo, Arndt Rolfs, Peter J. Morgan, and Ottmar Herchenröder
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Calmodulin ,Biophysics ,Biochemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,Neural Stem Cells ,GSK-3 ,Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ,Wnt3A Protein ,Humans ,Molecular Biology ,Wnt Signaling Pathway ,Cells, Cultured ,beta Catenin ,Neurons ,biology ,Chemistry ,Wnt signaling pathway ,LRP6 ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,LRP5 ,Cell Differentiation ,Cell Biology ,Receptor Cross-Talk ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Focal Adhesion Kinase 2 ,Catenin ,biology.protein ,Cancer research ,Signal transduction - Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ca2+ pathways are involved in cellular processes during embryonic development and the interaction between them in the same cell decides the outcome of cellular functions. In this study, we showed that Wnt3a triggers the Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway, indicated by an increase of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) and activation of calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII) during the differentiation of human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs). Wnt3a via the increase of [Ca2+]i activates proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), which subsequently regulates phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and β-catenin stabilization. Our findings suggest that Pyk2 plays an important role in the coordination of stabilization of β-catenin in the crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathways upon Wnt3a stimulation in differentiating hNPCs.
- Published
- 2017
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