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Great Judgments of the European Court of Justice presents a new approach to understanding the landmark decisions of the European Court of Justice in the 1960s and 1970s. By comparing the Court's doctrines to the enforcement and escape mechanisms employed by more common forms of trade treaty, it demonstrates how the individual rights created by the doctrine of direct effect were connected to the practical challenges of trade politics among the European states and, in particular, to the suppression of unilateral safeguard mechanisms and inter-state retaliation. Drawing on the writings and speeches of French Judge and President of the Court, Robert Lecourt, it demonstrates that one of the Court's most influential judges shared this understanding of the logic of direct effect. This book offers a distinctive interpretation of the Court of Justice's early years, as well as of the purpose of the fundamental principles of European law. -- Introduction 1. Pork products, 1961 – no unilateral safeguards 2. Van Gend en Loos, 1963 – direct effect 3. Costa v. ENEL, 1964 – supremacy 4. Dairy products, 1964 – no inter-state retaliation 5. International fruit, 1972 – no direct effect for the GATT 6. Van Duyn, 1974 – direct effect of directives 7. Simmenthal, 1978 – obligations of 'lower' national courts 8. Sheep meat, 1979 – no inter-state retaliation revisited 9. Internationale Handelsgesellschaft, 1970 – protection of fundamental rights 10. States and individuals in the great judgments of the European Court of Justice, 1961–1979.

We report the synthesis and measurements of magnetic, transport, and thermal properties of polycrystalline Nb0.18Re0.82, which has a superconducting transition at Tc ~ 8.8 K. The non-centrosymmetric alpha-Mn structure of the compound is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Using the measured values for the lower critical field Hc1, upper critical field Hc2, and the specific heat C, we estimate the thermodynamic critical field Hc(0), coherence length {\xi}(0), penetration depth {\lambda}(0), and the Ginzburg-Landau parameter {\kappa}(0). The specific heat jump at Tc, {\Delta}C/{\gamma}Tc = 1.86, suggests that Nb0.18Re0.82 is moderately coupled superconductor. Below Tc the electronic specific heat decays exponentially, suggesting that the gap is isotropic. Our data suggests that the triplet admixture is weak in the polycrystalline form of compound. However, the estimated value of the upper critical field Hc2(0) is close to the calculated Pauli limit indicating the need for single crystal measurements., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Physical Review B