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We propose a strategy to accelerate tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated thrombolysis using a microswarm under ultrasound imaging. The microswarm is formed in blood using an oscillating magnetic field and navigated with switchable locomotion modes. The aspect ratio of the microswarm can be reversibly tuned by modulating the input field, enabling the capability to adapt to different clot regions. Simulations show that three-dimensional flow is induced around the microswarm, which enhances the mass transfer and shear stress near the clot-fluid interface. Guided by ultrasound imaging, the microswarm can be navigated towards clot regions and deformed to adapt to blood clots with different widths. Affected by the enhanced fluid convection and shear stress, experimental results show that the microswarm-assisted lysis rate enhances up to 3.13-fold compared to that using tPA drug only. Moreover, the comparison between microswarm-assisted thrombolysis in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and blood environments validates our modeling and simulation results. Our method provides a strategy to increase the efficiency of tPA-mediated thrombolysis by applying an ultrasound-localized microrobotic swarm, indicating that swarming micro/nanorobots have the potential as effective tools towards imaging-guided therapy.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to develop and validate a discriminative dissolution method for tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II drug, by a simple ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric analysis. The final dissolution medium composition was selected based on the solubility and stability criteria of the drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As a prerequisite for this, the solubility of the drug was assessed in media of different pH (1.2-7.4), and surfactant concentrations of 0.5-1.5% (w/v) sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in water, and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. The dissolved drug concentration in each medium was quantified by UV analysis at 280 nm wavelength. RESULTS: The drug solubility was found to be high at a pH of 1.2 and 7.4. The media with surfactant enhanced solubility of the drug by approximately 17-fold and exhibited better sink conditions. The discriminative power of the developed dissolution medium (i.e., 1% w/v SLS in pH 7.4) was determined by performing in vitro dissolution studies of the prepared THC tablets and comparing their release profiles using fit factors (f1 and f2). The results of the fit factor comparisons made between the dissolution profiles of THC tablets proved the discriminative ability of the medium. The validation of the developed dissolution method was performed by international guidelines and the method showed specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision within the acceptable range. CONCLUSION: The proposed dissolution method was found to be adequate for the routine quality control analysis of THC, as there is no specified dissolution method for the drug in the pharmacopoeia.

We present the results of studying and selectiing optimal conditions for the determination of caffeine, catechins and gallic acid in black tea by the method of micellar electrokinetic chromatography. The choice of analytes is determined by the fact that they form the main consumer qualities of tea and, due to their antioxidant properties, have a positive effect on human health. Optimization of the electrophoretic detemination of seven catechins, caffeine and gallic acid in black tea was carried out using the method of ex­ periment design. Optimized conditions — 25 mM phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.4, containing 30 mM SDS and 5% ethyl alcohol — provided a satisfactory resolution of all electrophoretogram peaks, the analysis time was 25 minutes, and the current in the system did not exceed 120 pA. After the assessment of the metrological characteristics of the proposed method the standard deviation of the determina­tion of analytes did not exceed 15%. The samples of black tea from Ceylon, Chinese, Assamese, Indian, Kenyan and Krasnodar regions of growth were analyzed, and an array of data on the contents of the analytes under study was formed. Discriminant analysis was used to develop a model and obtain classifica­tion functions for six tea groups from different regions of the world. Proceeding from the obtained classifi­cation functions, a scatter diagram of canonical values was constructed, which showed that the samples of Krasnodar and Chinese tea were localized from all the studied groups. Indian, Assamese and Ceylon teas formed a single area with close to the Chinese tea group. The correctness of the model was checked and revealed the total predictive force about 92%. It is shown that the content of catechins, gallic acid and caf­feine are suitable markers for the classification of black tea samples from different regions of origin.

Bioabsorbable arterial grafts can potentially improve patency and neovessel formation; however, their application in clinical settings has not been realized. In this study, we developed bioabsorbable gradient sheets based on silk fibroin (SF) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a core-shell nanofibrous structure. This gradient sheet was expected to promote vascular remodeling while we maintained its physical properties and a gradual degrading process from the luminal surface. ESP was conducted at various flow rates for SF and PVA to achieve the multilayer gradient structure. Furthermore, the elasticity of the gradient sheet could be increased by increasing the PVA flow rate; however, this reduced the tensile strength of the core-shell fibers. Notably, the physical properties of the gradient sheet did not degrade even after 7 days of immersion in a phosphate buffer saline solution, which indicates that the structure could maintain its structural integrity while resisting arterial pressure. In vitro experiments revealed that the number of endothelial cells attached to the SF/PVA sheet was notably higher than that on the cell-culture dish. The gradient sheets were implanted in rat abdominal aortas and explanted after 14 days to confirm acute-phase patency and vascular remodeling. The gradient sheets constructed with SF composed of polyurethane and PVA improved the ease of handling of the material, and these sheets resulted in a favorable vascular remodeling outcome. Our results strongly suggest that the SF/PVA-based gradient sheets described in this study can serve as a novel design for bioabsorbable arterial grafts upon further modifications.

The objective of this experiment was to develop and validate a simple, robust, and accurate QbD based Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method for Simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine besylate and Lisinopril dihydrate in bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage form. A box-Behnken design was employed for optimizing the mobile phase, flow rate and pH of buffer, the optimized chromatographic conditions were Phosphate buffer: Methanol (25: 75 v/v), pH of buffer: 6.5 and flow rate: 1mL/min. Furthermore formulation injected and observed that the additives do not interfere with the peak of Amlodipine besylate and Lisinopril dehydrate. Both drugs are well resolved and Retention times were found to be 2.332 min and 3.584 min respectively. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 10 μg to 50 μg/mL (r2=0.999). The accuracy range was 99.75 to 100.04%. Intra-day and Inter-day precision was found to be less than 2% RSD. The proposed method was useful for the best analysis of Amlodipine besylate and Lisinopril dihydrate in Bulk, pharmaceutical dosage forms and was successfully applied to routine analysis.

Two different simple, accurate, and precise UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of erlotinib hydrochloride in bulk and tablet forms by the zero-order (method I) and the zero-order AUC (method II). The drug was dissolved in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4), and at 228.20 nm the zero-order (method I) and at 224.20–230.20 nm the zero-order AUC (method II) were developed. For both methods, erlotinib has linearity in the concentration range 10–70 μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient R2 > 0.99. Both methods showed good reproducibility and recovery with %RSD less than 2 and an accuracy of 98.54–101.39 and 98.08–99.83%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 1.16, 3.51, and 21.41, 64.90 μg/mL, respectively, for both methods.

A new method was established for simultaneous estimation of Canagliflozin by RP-HPLC method. The chromatographic conditions were successfully developed for the separation of Canagliflozin by using INERTSIL column, C18 (150x4.6)5µm column, flow rate was 1ml/min, mobile phase ratio was Water: Acetonitrile (70:30), detection wavelength was 264nm. The instrument used was Hitachi HPLC Auto Sampler, Separation module 1575. The analytical method was validated according to ICH guidelines (ICH, Q2 (R1)). The linearity study for Canagliflozin was found in concentration range of 1μg-5μg and 100μg-500μg and correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.999 and 0.999, %mean recovery was found to be 100% and 100.5%, %RSD for repeatability was 0.2 and 0.4, %RSD for intermediate precision was 0.5 and 0.1 respectively.

Aim and Study Design: Aims: The current research paper describes the RP-HPLC Method for estimation of Olmesartan Medoxomil, Telmisartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide and implements the role of QbD for Data Analysis Study design: Mentioned study is simple, rapid, economical, accurate, and robust RP-HPLC Method for Olmesartan Medoxomil, Telmisartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide and implementing QbD Approach for Data Analysis. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was carried out at Smt. S. M. Shah Pharmacy College, Mahemdabad, Gujarat, India from October 2019 to February 2020. Methodology: The separation was done on Hypersil ODS C18 column with dimensions (250mm x 4.6ID, Particle size: 5 microns) and Methanol: 0.02M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (60:40%v/v) pH 3 used as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.2ml/min; detection at 254nm. QbD approach was applied for data analysis. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Results: The RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for Linearity and Range through the QbD approach. Factorial Design was developed through Design Expert Software for estimation of Telmisartan, Olmesartan Medoxomil, and Hydrochlorothiazide. 27 experiments were constructed and its effect was seen on Resolution, Tailing factor, and Retention Time. Conclusion: It was clear that the proposed method was suitable for the QbD approach and identification and validation approaches. This process helps in the proper understanding of the parameters and less amount of time for the development cycle of the analytical method.

The possibility of preparing bone substitutes in clinic is demonstrated in this study. With the addition of a small amount of water, the relative density of the calcium sulfate specimen prepared at room temperature became higher than 92%. This value is close to the density of the specimen prepared through conventional sintering at 1100 °C for 1 h. The biaxial strength of the specimen disc can reach 120 MPa. Densification is assisted by the hydration of calcium sulfate hemihydrate to dihydrate wherein coarse hemihydrate particles transformed to fine dihydrate dendrites. Strength is conferred by the entanglement of dendrites and microstructure refinement. The densified calcium sulfate disc remains degradable; its degradation rate in a phosphate buffer saline solution is ~1.6 wt%/day, and the rate remains steady for 28 days.

A magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-based lateral flow immunochromatography assay (LFIA) was established to detect fluoroquinolones (FQs) in milk. This method is an improvement of traditional Au nanoparticle (AuNP)-based LFIA. Compared with AuNP-labeled antibody, the combination between MNPs and antibody is stronger and more stable, and the preparation process is convenient. In this study, the color intensity of MNPs-LFIA test strip was analyzed, which laid a research foundation for magnetic quantitative analysis and high sensitivity analysis of LFIA. The limits of detection (LODs) for 10 FQs in phosphate buffer (PB) solution ranged from 1 to 5 ng/mL, and in milk ranged from 2 to 20 ng/mL. The recovery in spiked milk sample ranged from 16.47 to 83.67%. The log functions of analyte concentration and T/C value were fitted into a linear equation. The specificity of the MNPs-LFIA is satisfactory, without cross-reaction with antibiotics from other chemical classes. The results of this method are consistent with those of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, indicating the MNPs-LFIA method is reliable and accurate. As far as we know, this is the first time that MNPs-LIFA has been applied to the detection of FQs in milk.

A drug delivery system with near-infrared emissions response to drug delivery and release is essential as marking or targeting drug delivery system. For this reason, the Er3+-doped ZnAl-LDH with near-infrared emissions was used for the first time for controlled release of the ibuprofen (IBU) that is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug. The drug release was controlled in simulated intestinal medium (pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solutions at 37 °C). The release kinetics showed an initial burst release followed by a slow release of IBU. The most important thing is that the intercalation of IBU into the Er3+-doped ZnAl-LDH greatly reduced the near-infrared emissions of the Er3+-doped ZnAl-LDH, whereas the near-infrared emissions were recovered after the IBU was released from the Er3+-doped ZnAl-LDH delivery system. This change of near-infrared emissions would provide a useful technique for in situ monitoring of the delivery and release of IBU. The Er3+-doped ZnAl-LDH with near-infrared emissions is inexpensive, biocompatible, nontoxic, and little damage to biological tissue, which would be potential application as drug delivery system with marking or targeting performance.

This paper is focused on the specifics of amperometric oxygen (O2) measurements in biological media (cultivation media, reaction mixtures, media designed for isolated cellular and subcellular structures) and other complex media using Clark-type electrodes. Specifically, the impact of the qualitative and quantitative composition of liquid media on the readings of Clark electrodes is considered. Using sucrose, sorbitol, NaCl and phosphate buffer as examples, it has been shown that, provided the content of dissolved O2 is constant, an increase in the content of concomitant to O2 substances in the test medium results in an increase of the signal of the Clark electrode located in this medium. On the basis of the obtained and published data, the effect of the qualitative and quantitative composition of media on the readings of Clark electrodes is evaluated. In its turn, the very effect of media composition on Clark electrodes readings can be explained by the fact that in reality Clark electrodes measure the activity of dissolved O2, which usually increases with an increase in the content of concomitant to O2 substances. Since Clark electrodes measure the activity rather than the true O2 content in media and the ratio between the activity and true O2 content is often unknown, the issue regarding the calibration of Clark electrodes has been also considered in this study. It is noted that the methods of adding known amount of O2 to liquid media (the Hill reaction, catalase reaction, or injection of a micro portion of water saturated with pure O2), which were applied in this work to demonstrate the effect of media composition on the Clark electrode readings, can be used to calibrate the Clark electrodes in units of the true O2 content, and, thus, to take into account the influence of the media content on the readings of these O2-sensors when it is necessary. It is suggested that the calibration based on the addition of an O2-saturated micro-portion of water or, if necessary, O2-saturated micro-portion of another suitable liquid to the medium with the Clark electrode is, due to its almost unlimited applicability and other advantages, the most satisfactory way of calibration. The introduction of this calibration method into scientific practice can make quantitative O2-measurements with Clark electrodes more accurate in many difficult cases.

In this study, phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) was successfully radiolabeled with technetium-99m. The biodistribution profile and bone accumulation of the [99mTc]Tc-PBS system were evaluated in healthy swiss mice. The radiolabeling of the system was successfully obtained, yielding around 90 % of radiochemical purity. The system stability was tested in the presence of saline medium at 25 oC and mouse plasma at 37 oC, and results revealed that [99mTc]Tc-PBS showed excellent stability over time, in both media. It was observed a biphasic clearance profile, with fast elimination from the bloodstream by renal filtration. The radiolabeled system revealed a high specificity bone accumulation was observed, demonstrating an uptake behavior from 20 to 50 times higher than muscle, used as control. From all results obtained, the system constituted by [99mTc]Tc-PBS can be considered a potential selective agent for bone imaging.

This research constructed and utilized a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with V2O5 nanoparticles (NPs) (V2O5/SPE) employed in order to sensitively and selectively quantify ciprofloxacin with exceptional accuracy in the phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with the use of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Moreover, electrochemical properties of this new V2O5/SPE sensor have been examined using diverse characterization procedures. Very good V2O5/SPE electrochemical features offered sensitive ciprofloxacin voltammetric determination with the reduced limit of detection (LOD = 0.01 µM) toward electrocatalytic oxidation of ciprofloxacin in comparison with the bare SPE. Finally, this new disposable sensor exhibited higher sensitivity and thus has been efficiently utilized to determine ciprofloxacin in the real samples.

Purpose: To investigate the dissolution properties of various brands of naproxen in four dissolution media in order to forecast their biological availability. Methods: Dissolution tests were carried out in a dissolution tester with 48 tablets of different naproxen brands in 900 mL of 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Subsequently, the medium was modified with 600 mL of buffer plus 300 mL of cola drink, grapefruit or milk. Each sample was taken and brought to a concentration approximating that of a reference solution. Absorbance at 332 nm was determined and the dissolution, Q, was calculated (Q values ≥ 80.0 ± 5 % were acceptable). Results: Dissolution in buffer was > 85 %. In cola drink, it was < 80 %, while in grapefruit juice, it was in the range of 7 - 68 %. Using 2-way ANOVA, these media and the three naproxen brands showed significant differences (F = 68.90, p = 0.0000; F = 23.18, p = 0.0000). With Fisher's LSD test, two of these media contributed consistently to dissolution, and the three drug brands showed statistically different dissolution profiles (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Caution must be exercised cola drink, grapefruit juice and milk are used to administered naproxen as the biological availability of the drug may be altered.

The effects of chemical agent (Sodium Azide) on Onion growing in organic and inorganic fertile soil was to be examined during this study. The analysis work was carried out within the green house of the research laboratory technology of the Oke Ogun Science Laboratory Technology, Saki, Oyo State. Onion seeds were soaked inside different beakers containing the mixture of Sodium Azide and water mixed with 10 ml of Phosphate solution for 4 hours. Also, the control was soaked with normal water and 10 ml of Phosphate buffer solution. The treated seeds of onions was planted in plastic containers containing 4.2 g of weighed humus soil within the green house at the Department of research lab Technology of The Oke Ogun polytechnic school, Saki Oyo State. The samples parameter were taken daily for six consecutive months. The result obtained was additionally subjected to statistical analysis by using DMRT techniques. The results showed that the stem length was ranged from 11.39±0.62 and 9.98±0.52 with sample of onion without sodium Azide and inorganic had the highest stem length values and samples of onion with Sodium Azide and inorganic had very cheap stem length. However, the leave length ranged from 29.63±0.12 and 22.45±0.10 with the Onion samples with inorganic and Organic fertilizers which had the highest leave length and sample of onion without Sodium Azide was very low leave length. The results of this study showed that each one the parameters studied within the plant were low with Sodium Azide treatment. The decrease in plant growth, plant heights, root lengths, and Phaonerogam survival, fruit yield per plant and height at maturity with agent concentration. It is hereof suggested that Sodium Azide (NaN3) was expected to produce mutation in onion that area unit extremely liable to harmful pathogens and making them cheap to be useful for farmers.

Environmental monitoring for Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments is key for ensuring the safety of ready-to-eat foods. For sampling, swabs are often hydrated with a wetting or transport medium that may contain neutralizers and other ingredients. After swabbing the environment, the swabs may then be transported or shipped cold to an off-site laboratory for testing, ideally within 48 h. Extended shipping times may subject the pathogen to increased temperatures in the presence of the wetting medium, organics, and other chemicals from the processing facility that could confound detection. This study evaluated growth and detection of L. monocytogenes on stainless steel exposed to either buffer or sodium hypochlorite before drying. Swabs were rehydrated with Butterfield's phosphate buffer, neutralizing buffer, Letheen broth, or Dey-Engley neutralizing broth before swabbing. Swabs were stored in the presence of no added food, cheese whey, or ice cream under both optimal (4°C) and suboptimal (15°C) temperatures for up to 72 h. Overall, there was no growth of L. monocytogenes at 4°C through 72 h of storage, although enrichment from these swabs was dependent on the presence and type of food matrix. Pathogen growth during storage at 15°C was more variable and depended on both the food matrix and transport media used, with Dey-Engley and Letheen broths allowing for the highest population increases. Overall, more enrichments resulting in L. monocytogenes detections were observed when using Letheen broth and neutralizing buffer than Dey-Engley broth, which resulted in fewer detections at 15°C. Logistic regression and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel analyses determined that storage temperature, transport media, and food matrix all significantly affected detection of L. monocytogenes, whereas storage time did not have a clear effect on recovery from swabs. HIGHLIGHTS

Background and Aims: It has been observed that the combined treatment of esomeprazole and pirfenidone provides increased efficacy in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis disease, recently. The aim of this study is to develop a simple, sensitive, and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method to be used in drug monitoring to increase the effectiveness of esomeprazole and pirfenidone in treatment and to reduce their adverse effects. Methods: Separation was conducted with a C18 reverse-phase column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 mu m) used as a mobile phase prepared with the phosphate buffer (10 mM KH2PO4 and 10 mM K2HPO4) and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) by an isocratic flow (1 mL/min). Mobile phase pH was adjusted to 3.0. Ultraviolet detection was accomplished at 305 nm. The column oven was held at 35 degrees C to ensure an efficient analytical separation. Results: Analytical recovery of esomeprazole was between 92.43 and 105.36% and for pirfenidone it was found between 89.56 and 104.32%. Accuracy values of esomeprazole and pirfenidone were determined between (-2.90) - 4.22 and (-4.45) - 5.78, respectively. Precision (RSD%) was

Aims: To improve the dissolution of indomethacin through developing liquid indomethacin loaded cubosomes dispersion for oral delivery. Methodology: Glyceryl monooleate based indomethacin loaded cubosomes dispersion were prepared using Taguchi design to study the effect of indomethacin to the disperse phase ratio and poloxamer 407 (PLX%) concentrations on the particle size and entrapment efficiency (%EE). Furthermore, in vitro release in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), and morphology were investigated. Also, the stability of indomethacin loaded cubosomes dispersions was examined after 6 months storage at 25°C in the dark. Results: The prepared indomethacin cubosomes dispersions were in the nanoscale (184.53±0.7 to 261.33±0.8 nm) with reasonable %EE (49.30±2.6 to 95.55±3.4 %). Moreover, a biphasic release profile was predominant for all formulations, up to 50% of payload released after 2h followed by a second continuous sustained release phase over 24h. The kinetics of indomethacin release was best explained by Higuchi model and the mechanism of drug release from these cubosomes dispersions was by fickian diffusion mechanism. In general, the indomethacin loaded cubosomes dispersions were stable after 6 months storage at 25°C in the dark. Conclusion: Indomethacin loaded cubosomes dispersions proved to be a successful platform to encapsulate and enhance the release of indomethacin with a good stability profile over 6 months.

Digital, Background and Aim: Balantidium coli is a protozoan that can infect humans and non-human primates, being the domestic pigs the animals most affected by this parasite. This study aimed to compare the performance of five coprological methods for diagnosis of Balantidium coli cysts in fecal samples from pigs. Materials and Methods: From September to December 2019, 558 fecal samples were collected from the rectum of backyard pigs in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, Colombia. The average age of the sampled animals was 3-4 months. Fecal samples collected were tested using the following coprological techniques: Direct examination with Lugol’s iodine solution, buffered saline, centrifugation/flotation and McMaster techniques, and Ziehl–Neelsen method. Results: The results indicate that B. coli cysts were diagnosed most frequently through direct examination with Lugol’s iodine solution (52.7% of the samples) followed by direct examination with a buffered saline solution (37.6%). Moderate concordance (k=0.41; p, Ciencias Veterinarias

Magnetic iron nanoparticles (MNPs) encapsulated in a carbon shells and containing sulfo groups on the surface (Fe@C-SO3H) were synthesized. The aggregative stability of aqueous suspensions of the Fe@C-SO3H nanoparticles was studied in solutions of bovine serum albumin and calcium chloride and in phosphate-buffered saline, which simulate blood plasma. It is shown that the Fe@C-SO3H particles practically do not aggregate in the phosphate buffer saline for a long time (several days). On the contrary, MNPs encapsulated in a protein shells using ultrasonic treatment form aggregates up to 110–120 nm in size under these conditions. Suspensions of the Fe@C-SO3H particles are stable in aqueous solutions of calcium chloride in the range of the solid phase concentration between 0.05 and 0.10 g L−1. The results obtained indicate the possibility of using the functionalized Fe@C-SO3H nanoparticles in vitro experiments in biological media.

The enormous need for support of measurements of the hydrogen index (pH) in various branches of industry and the national economy of Russia make measurement of pH one of the most important methods for monitoring aqueous media. In 2013 work was carried out to introduce into the State Register of Means of Measurement of the Russian Federation a buffer solution and titration standard with a pH value of 7.00, a 2nd order working standard for pH which is one of the nonstandard solutions most in demand for verification and calibration of instruments for measuring pH. The metrological characteristics of the 2nd order working standard for pH have been confirmed in pilot comparisons through COOMET (COOMET project 655/RU/15). The results of a pilot comparison for determination of the pH of a phosphate buffer solution with pH=7.00 are presented here. 8 metrological institutes and 10 metrological organizations took part in the comparisons. The results showed that the overwhelming majority of the participants in the comparisons obtained results for the pH measurements with an uncertainty that did not exceed ±0.03 of the average value, which is an acceptable criterion for pH measurements.

In this work, the development and optimization of a secondary method for pH measurement using a differential potentiometric cell are described. The method was optimized and validated by measurement of three certified primary buffer solutions (CRMs) with nominal pH values of 4.005, 6.865 and 9.180 at 25 °C. The method was applied to assess homogeneity and stability of phosphate buffer solution with nominal pH of 7.000 at 25 °C which will be used as test item in proficiency testing schemes for pH measurement of testing laboratories. The experiments carried out and described in this article proved that this particular design of secondary differential potentiometric cell requires small volume of solutions, is fast, accurate and precise and is suitable for the characterization of secondary buffer solutions and assessment of homogeneity and stability of buffer solutions.

The antimicrobial susceptibility ofHelicobacter pyloriisolated from suspected patient using stool sample at Beijing greatest college of health sciences and technology, Kaduna, demonstration clinic. The analyses were carried out to further understand the intestinal environment condition of the sample sites. As it has been noted that: it is difficult of growingHelicobacter pyloriin a broth, hence, no specific enrichment has been proposed. Note: As everything present in the stomach would be found in the stools, hence there is no doubt thatHelicobacter pylorican be eliminated via this route and successful culturing ofHelicobacter pylorifrom the stool sample had been achieved. [4]. The stool was diluted to a 20% w/v solution of in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the suspension was sieved through a 250 um strainer before plating onto the selective media. The sample was passed through a series of dilution techniques and centrifugation before finally plating on to the deoxycholate citrate agar (selective) and incubates at 37oC under the microacrobic atmospheric oxygen concentration of 7 – 12% (O2) for four (4) days. Across the cultured, the cultured plate there was marked abundant of bacterial cells with some colonies having the characteristics ofHelicobacter pyloriwhich later sub-cultured and isolated for antimicrobial test.

A specific, accurate rp-HPLC (reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic) method was developed for the quantification of Cabozantinib. The effective separation was achieved through reversed-phased C18 column 4.6 x 250 mm, 5µm using a mobile phase Methanol: phosphate buffer (ph. 3.00) with orthophosphoric acid (OPA) (55:45 % v/v). The flow rate of the mobile phase was found to be 0.8 mL/min. The detection was carried at a wavelength of 244 nm. The retention time of Cabozantinib was found to be 3.702 min. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9999. The developed method was accurately validated in the terms of accuracy, linearity range, precision, system suitability, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The details presented in this test will be useful for industrial application for determining Cabozantinib in active pharmaceutical ingredient and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Present study reports design of experiment (DoE) based development and validation of a simple, rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for estimation of efavirenz (EFZ), a non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTs), used in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Plackett–Burman design was explored to screen the critical method variables (CMVs) for the RP-HPLC method. A response surface Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize the screened CMVs which affect the analytical responses (ARs) of RP-HPLC method. Using the optimized CMVs the HPLC method was developed and validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. EFZ in marketed formulation was estimated using the validated method. Acetonitrile proportion, pH of the phosphate buffer and mobile phase flow rate were the CMVs and retention time and number of theoretical plates were the ARs for the study. The optimized chromatographic parameters were acetonitrile proportion in mobile phase: 51.17%v/v, pH of phosphate buffer: 4.04 and flow rate: 1.25 mL/min. Use of these optimized parameters resulted in retention time of 11.031 min and 9,498.787 number of theoretical plates as ARs of the HPLC method. The method was further validated in harmony with current ICH guidelines Q2 (R1). The method was capable of the successful estimation of EFZ in marketed formulation. The study depicts successful development and validation of a simple RP-HPLC method of EFZ using DoE approach.

Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is useful for imaging soft and fragile biological samples in liquids because it probes the samples’ surface topography by detecting ion currents under non-contact and force-free conditions. SICM acquires the surface topographical height by detecting the ion current reduction that occurs when an electrolyte-filled glass nanopipette approaches the sample surface. However, most biological materials have electrically charged surfaces in liquid environments, which sometimes affect the behavior of the ion currents detected by SICM and, especially, make topography measurements difficult. For measuring such charged samples, we propose a novel imaging method that uses a double-barrel nanopipette as an SICM probe. The ion current between the two apertures of the nanopipette desensitizes the surface charge effect on imaging. In this study, metaphase chromosomes of Indian muntjac were imaged by this technique because, owing to their strongly negatively charged surfaces in phosphate-buffered saline, it is difficult to obtain the topography of the chromosomes by the conventional SICM with a single-aperture nanopipette. Using the proposed method with a double-barrel nanopipette, the surfaces of the chromosomes were successfully measured, without any surface charge confounder. Since the detailed imaging of sample topography can be performed in physiological liquid conditions regardless of the sample charge, it is expected to be used for analyzing the high-order structure of chromosomes in relation to their dynamic changes in the cell division.

Carbon paste electrode was prepared for the determination of ascorbic acid in ginger (Zingiber officinale) samples from three ginger growing areas (Chilga, Tepi and Dale Sadi) in Ethiopia. The effect of pH on the oxidation response of ascorbic acid in 0.1 M phosphate buffer was investigated and pH 2 was chosen as an optimum value. The oxidation response of ascorbic acid was predominantly diffusion-controlled reaction with a better determination coefficient R2= 0.9945 on the plot of anodic peak current vs square root of scan rate. A square wave amplitude of 45 mV, step potential of 7.0 mV and frequency of 25 Hz were chosen as optimum values. Linear calibration curve in the range of 0.1 – 8.0 mM of ascorbic acid standard in pH 2 phosphate buffer solution was obtained with a determination coefficient of 0.998. The amount of ascorbic acid detected in ginger samples collected from the three areas, Chilga was 6.85, Tepi was 6.59 and Dale Sadi was 6.54 mg/g of ginger powder. Percentage recovery in the range of 93% and 100% was validated for the applicability of the method for the quantitative determination of ascorbic acid in ginger samples. According to Health Canada dietary reference intakes, the maximum amount of ginger powder recommended intake for adult males in Chilga was 13.1, in Tepi 13.7 and in Dale Sadi 13.8 g/day.

Background: The accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein (αSyn) is known as one of the critical reasons to exhibit their variable molecular pathologies and phenotypes in synucleinopathies. Recent studies suggested that the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay is one of the potential methods to detect these αSyn aggregates and could detect the aggregated αSyn in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using the propensity of the prion-like oligomerization. Objective: We tried to optimize the αSyn RT-QuIC assay based on the aggregation of αSyn in brain samples of synucleinopathies by comparing the conditions of the recently reported αSyn RTQuIC assays. Methods: This study applied a highly sensitive RT-QuIC assay using recombinant αSyn (rαSyn) to detect aggregated αSyn in the brain tissue from dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Results: This study compared αSyn RT-QuIC assays under conditions such as beads, rαSyn as a substrate, reaction buffers, and fluorescence detectors. We observed that the addition of beads and the use of 6x His-tagged rαSyn as a substrate help to obtain higher positive responses from αSyn RT-QuIC assay seeding with brain homogenate (BH) of DLB and phosphate buffer-based reaction showed higher positive responses than HEPES buffer-based reaction on both fluorescent microplate readers. We also observed that the DLB BHs gave positive responses within 15–25h, which is faster high positive responses than recently reported assays. Conclusion: This established αSyn RT-QuIC assay will be able to apply to the early clinical diagnosis of αSyn aggregates-related diseases in various biofluids such as CSF.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a science and risk based strategy to qualify a prefillable autoclavable cyclic olefin polymer (COP) syringe as a container for multiple drug products in a hospital pharmacy setting METHODS: Different extraction studies were performed with different solution characteristics: phosphate buffer batches (Na2HPO4 / NaH2PO4 in NaCl 0.9%) at different pH values, NaCl 0.9% batches, isopropyl alcohol (IPA) 5% in water and batches with Water For Injections (WFI) at different pH values. The filled syringes were terminally sterilised. The syringes were stored at room temperature (20°C±5°C).Following different monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia several tests were performed on the different batches. Analyses were performed at t=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months for the general tests. For the subvisible particles, sterility and closure integrity a bracketing scheme was applied during 36 months.RESULTS: Low levels of extractables were measured for the different solutions. The test for subvisible particles, sterility and closure integrity all met predefined requirements. In the 5mL and 50mL syringes different concentrations of silicon were measured. Overall higher silicon concentrations were measured for the 50mL syringes.CONCLUSIONS: The chosen strategy for the qualification program provided an adequate understanding about the extractables that could leak from the syringes. The cyclic olefin polymer syringes including stopper and tip cap were found to be suitable as primary packaging materials for the production of water based products.

Ondansetron, a highly selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonist, was successfully enantioseparated by recycling countercurrent chromatography using sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. Important factors for the enantioseparation were optimized, including different organic solvent, type of substituted β-cyclodextrin, pH of aqueous phase, concentration of chiral selector and separation temperature. A biphasic solvent system composed of n-hexane: n-butyl acetate: 0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer solution pH 9.2 with 50 mmol L-1 of sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (2.5:7.5:10, v/v/v) was selected. Under optimized separation conditions, 5 mg of ondansetron was enantioseparated using recycling countercurrent chromatography, yielding 1.2 mg and 1.5 mg of ondansetron enantiomers with 97.5% and 95.8% purity and the recovery reached 48-60%. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Over the years, malaria continues to be a fatal infectious disease. It is critical in less developed regions of the world, claiming several lives each year. Hence, the need of the hour is early detection for its effective control. The methods to detect the disease should be affordable to a multitude of people. At the same time, the methods should be sufficiently sensitive to detect the low levels of parasitemia for early diagnosis or screening when no symptoms are seen. To eliminate malaria, it is essential to screen the asymptomatic population so that the spread of malarial epidemic can be contained. This work is intended to provide a sensitive and reusable sensor based on the inductive sensing technique for screening and early diagnosis that can also be operated in a low resource setting. The single turn inductor fabricated on the printed circuit board has been used as a sensor to detect the change in magnetic property of hemoglobin caused by the malaria parasite. The proposed sensor requires no additional reagents for detection. It is capable of detecting 12.7 to 25.4 picograms of hemozoin in a 0.5 microlitre of phosphate buffer saline, which corresponds to merely 25 to 50 parasites. The obtained sensitivity is adequate for screening of asymptomatic populations. The proposed sensor is a step towards rapid, low cost, sensitive, reusable, portable, and quantitative malaria diagnosis which can be used in economically weaker malaria susceptible regions.

Aim: The aim of present study was to develop and validate a dissolution test method for Cyclobenzaprine HCL in its formulation using RP-HPLC method. Design: Optimization of chromatographic parameters, development of the dissolution test method using RP-HPLC and to validate the developed methods as per ICH guidelines. Materials and Methods: The optimized dissolution parameters includes USP apparatus II at a paddle rotation rate of 50 rpm and 900 ml of 1.2 pH 0.1N HCL buffer at 37?C0.5?C. Under these conditions, the in vitro release profiles of cyclobenzaprine HCL showed good results. The drug release was estimated by RP-HPLC using column Shodex C18-4E (250×4.6mm×5mm), detection wavelength 289.4 nm having the flow rate 1.0 mL/min using Acetonitrile : phosphate buffer (3.0 pH) in the proportion of 65:35%v/v. Results: The percent drug amount released estimated by proposed method was found to be 99.04%, The method was found to be linear with correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9991 in the concentration range was 2-10 mg/mL. The mean % recovery of Cyclobenzaprine was found to be 100.04.Precision values observed less than 2.All the validation parameters were within the acceptance range. Conclusion: The results obtained by proposed dissolution method for tablet formulation containing Cyclobenzaprine HCL are reliable, precise and accurate. Hence it was routinely adopted for dissolution analysis of the said drugs in the formulation. Keywords: Cyclobenzaprine HCL, Dissolution test, RPHPLC, Validation.

A simple, precise and accurate method was developed for the quantitative estimation of Canagliflozin in human plasma using Dapagliflozin as internal standard by Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatographic technique. Chromatographic conditions were of stationary phase Phenomenex Luna C18 (2) (150 x 4.6 mm, 5m), Mobile phase 0.01 N Potassium dihydrogen Phosphate buffer pH (3.5±0.05) : acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 and flow rate at 1.0 ml/min, detection wave length was UV 222 nm, column oven temperature was maintained at 30ᵒC, and sample injection volume of 10 µL. Retention time of Canagliflozin was found to be about 8.7 min. Coefficient of Variation for Canagliflozin peak was 3.15 %, % recovery was 94.58 %. The linearity of method was studied from 0.06 µg/ml to 2.4 µg/ml (R2 = 0.999). The Signal to Noise ratio of lower limit of quantification (0.06 µg/ml) was found to be 50. The proposed bio-analytical method was validated by following ICH guidelines.

The present paper describes a novel, isocratic, simple, precise, accurate, and robust reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method development and validation for simultaneous quantitative estimation of berberine and aloe-emodin in polyherbal formulation. The proposed chromatographic estimation was carried out isocratically using Cosmosil C18 (250 × 4.6mm) SH 5.0μm column, the mobile phase was a mixture of 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH adjusted to 2.5 using ortho-phosphoric acid): acetonitrile in a ratio of 60: 40 v/v with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and column oven adjusted to 30°Cwith injection volume 10μL. The ultraviolet (UV) detection was carried out at 225 nm. The retention time of berberine and aloe-emodin was found to 4.78±0.2 min and 15.49±0.2 min respectively. Calibration curves were linear over the tested concentration range of 4 to 20μg/mL. The present study reveals that this novel isocratic HPLC method is well validated, reliable and can be used for routine analysis of berberine and aloe-emodin in polyherbal formulations containing these phytoconstituents as one of the ingredients.

The prevalence of cases of antibiotic resistant infections and the limited number of new antibiotics call for new strategies to prevent bacterial infections. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of three different compositions of bioactive glass, doped with silver as an antimicrobial agent for potential applications in preventing bacterial infections. The different glasses were formulated to dissolve and release silver at different rates enabling their use in different applications either individually or in combination to achieve a desired effect. Silver oxide (Ag2O) was incorporated into various glass formulations and antibacterial effectiveness was measured using radius of inhibition. Each silver-doped glass effectively inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with radius of inhibition correlating directly with the dissolution rate of the glass—the faster dissolving glass producing the larger radius of inhibition. Suspending particles of the silver containing glass in phosphate buffered saline or fetal calf serum, slowed the dissolution of each glass and extended the effectiveness of the silver containing glass over time (based on size of the radius of inhibition) compared to water. Potential applications of the powdered glass formulations would be to incorporate glasses with different properties into coatings or cosmetics. To investigate the feasibility of these applications, the silver-glass powder was incorporated into polycaprolactone polymer to determine the antibacterial properties of the imbedded glass powder. Based on this investigation, the silver glass formulations reported herein have potential applications in the medical device, dental, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Daily treatment with subcutaneous injections of recombinant human GH can be physically and emotionally stressful for children and their caregivers owing to the pain caused by injection. In this study, 52 healthy male subjects were randomized to investigate the bioequivalence and compare the safety and injection-associated pain between the prior GROWJECT® sc formulation and the new formulation, which contains less phosphate buffer. Single subcutaneous doses of each formulation were administered in a crossover manner. Adverse events were monitored throughout the study and subjects rated injection site pain on a 5-point scale. The 90% confidence intervals of the geometric least square means ratio for the area under the human GH concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h and maximum concentration were 1.002-1.049 and 0.971-1.075 following 6 mg and 0.992-1.038 and 0.973-1.058 following 12 mg, respectively. No severe adverse events were observed. The mean pain score was significantly higher (i.e., less painful) with the new formulation than with the prior formulation regardless of the order of treatment. The new GROWJECT® sc formulation was bioequivalent to the prior formulation and associated with less injection site pain.

Background: Ethno-medicinal survey of herbal recipes used in managing sickle cell disease in Ile-Ife, Osun-State, Nigeria was carried out and two recipes selected for antisickling studies. Materials and Methods: Information was obtained using semi-structured questionnaires and open interview from respondents consisting of herb sellers, traditional medical practitioners, artisans and traders in two local government areas of Ife. Two recipes from the survey were selected for antisickling studies. Aqueous extract of each recipe was obtained by boiling the constituents in water for 1 h while the hydro ethanolic extracts were obtained by maceration in 70% ethanol for 72 h. Inhibitory and reversal antisickling properties were assessed using sodium metabisulphite as deoxygenating agent, vanillic acid (inhibitory agent), para-hydroxybenzoic (reversal agent) acid as positive controls while phosphate buffered saline was employed as negative control. Results: Fifty four recipes comprising forty six plants were obtained from the ethno-medicinal survey. The respondents comprised of 44% men and 56% women. The most frequently and commonly used plants belong to family Fabaceae. The inhibitory and reversal activities of the aqueous extract of recipe 1 (81.37± 1.09%, 88.56 ±1.38% respectively) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than recipe 2 (78.51 ± 0.78% inhibition and 79.8 ± 2.16% reversal) at same concentration. The hydro-alcoholic extracts of recipes 1 and 2 gave highest inhibitory activities at 0.5 mg/mL (69.25 ±1.30% and 68.28 ±2.78% respectively). Conclusion: This study documented the medicinal plants and recipes used in Ile-Ife for managing sickle cell disease, and validated the ethno-medicinal claim of two recipes.

To compare the fracture strength of extracted human roots with apical plugs of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) mixed with either Ca- and Mg-free phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or water, with and without calcium hydroxide (CH) canal pre-medication.A total of 180 single-rooted human teeth were prepared to resemble immature roots and divided into groups (n = 20). The negative control received canal irrigation only, and the positive control received intracanal treatment with CH for either two or twelve weeks. MTA mixed with water was used in Group 1: (i) without CH pre-medication - MTA(W); (ii) after 2 weeks CH pre-medication - 2/52CH + MTA(W); and (iii) after 12-week CH pre-medication - 12/52 CH + MTA(W). MTA mixed with PBS was used in Group 2: (i) without CH pre-medication - MTA(PBS); (ii) after 2-week CH pre-medication - 2/52CH + MTA(PBS); and (iii) after 12-week CH pre-medication - 12/52 CH + MTA(PBS). A compressive force was applied to each root until the point of fracture. The results were analysed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparisons tests (P 0.05).There was no significant difference between groups MTA(W), MTA(PBS) and 2/52CH + MTA(PBS), and all three groups were significantly (P 0.01, P 0.05 and P 0.05, respectively) more resistant to fracture than the negative control. Within Group 1, the samples that received two- (P 0.01) and twelve-week (P 0.001) CH pre-treatment were more prone to fracture than those which did not. No difference was found amongst the control groups. The roots of the MTA(PBS) group had a higher dependability (P 0.05) than the MTA(W) group when compared by the Weibull modulus. The difference was also present when a 2-week CH pre-medication was used.Mineral trioxide aggregate mixed with Ca- and Mg-free phosphate-buffered saline had a significant strengthening effect on the fracture resistance of structurally weak roots, even when short-term calcium hydroxide pre-medication had been used. MTA mixed with water lost its strengthening effect on human roots when 2- or 12-week CH pre-treatment had been used. Use of CH dressing for up to 12 weeks had no negative effect on fracture resistance of human roots.

Bionanomaterials have great potential for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recently, amyloid-like fibrils have been used in bionanomaterials preparation due to their stability and biocompatibility. Covalent dityrosine bond formation has been identified as a useful tool in the design of such bionanomaterials. In this study, two short amyloidogenic peptides containing tyrosine residues with the amino acid sequence HYFNIF and VIYKI, were used as a model system to investigate the effect of oxidation and their ability to form dityrosine cross-links. Using a range of biophysical techniques, we showed that both HYFNIF and VIYKI form dityrosine cross-linked fibrils using copper-catalysis, and phosphate buffer is more efficient in dityrosine formation. Dityrosine forms more rapidly in VIYKI fibrils compared to HYFNIF due to the fibrillar architecture. Dityrosine cross-linked HYFNIF and VIYKI fibrils could be useful to prepare bionanomaterials.

In this work, the stability of passive film for long-time immersed Cu-bearing L605 (L605-Cu) alloy in the phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the impedance of passive film for L605-Cu alloy experienced an initial increase and subsequent stabilization with the increase in the immersion time. In addition, the plate count method was employed to assess the antibacterial durability of L605-Cu alloy against Escherichia coli after long-time immersion. The results indicated that the antibacterial rate of L605-Cu alloy presented a declining tendency with the immersion time prolonging. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the change of the chemical composition in the passive film on L605-Cu alloy immersed in the PBS for different time. The results showed that Cu content and its compounds in the passive film gradually increased with the immersion time prolonging, hinting declined activity of Cu ions penetrating into the passive film, which resulted in a decrease in the antibacterial performance.

Fast, simple, accurate, and reproducible reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography method with direct ultraviolet measurement of memantine hydrochloride in tablets was developed, without any chemical derivatization pretreatment. Three main problems appear during chromatographic analysis of memantine: detection, achieving appropriate column retention, and limited choice of mobile phase components, as a result of memantine molecular structure. Among more than 35 tested columns, the best retention and peak symmetry yielded two C8 and three C18 columns with different characteristics, at a temperature of 30°C, mobile phase composed of 1%, v/v, acetonitrile and 99%, v/v, of 0.05-0.1% phosphoric acid or 2.5-5 mmol phosphate buffer, at flow rate of 1 mL/min and injection volume of 5 µL. The retention time of memantine was between 2.6 and 4 min. Both mobile phase concepts showed perfect linearity, precision, and accuracy. This is the first successful and reproducible direct reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet quantification method for memantine.

Aim: Some generics were reported to be counterfeit and inferior quality than the innovators. This study was aimed to make sure about the compliance with standard specifications and evaluation of the quality of different selected brands (generic and innovator), after performing different pharmacopeial quality control tests, of Candesartan cilexetil tablets (16 mg) commercially available in Saudi Arabia for hypertensive patients. Study Design: In vitro study of tablets. Place and Duration of Study: College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA, between September 2018 and May 2019. Methodology: The different generic brands of Candesartan cilexetil (CC) and innovator brand (16 mg) were subjected to weight variation, hardness, friability, assay, and disintegration tests following the established protocols. The purity of active ingredient was authenticated by comparative analysis of FT-IR spectra with pure drug. In vitro bioequivalence was studied after analyzing the results of dissolution summaries in phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) mixed with polysorbate 20 (0.35% v/v). Results: The results of the tests conducted for evaluation of the tablets were found to be in acceptable limits for all the selected brands. After comparative analysis of FT-IR spectra with pure drug, it was inferred that correct active ingredient was used for the preparation of tablets. The drug release profile exhibited 96.89 – 101.97% of release of CC from all generic brands, in comparison to 99.4% for innovator brand after 60 min of study. The assessment of difference factor (f150) revealed the resemblance of generic brands with that of innovator brand. Furthermore, the dissolution efficiency (DE = ±10% of the innovator value) of all generic brands (73.12 – 73.25%) exhibited equivalency with that of innovator brand (70.45%). Conclusion: The selected generics were considered to be biopharmaceutically equivalent to the innovator and maintained their efficacy. As a consequence, these brands can be used interchangeably by the hypertensive patients in Saudi Arabia.

A new member of the surfactin family of microbial lipopeptides has been isolated from the cell broth of Bacillus subtilis TD 7 by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and identified by FT-IR, GC–MS, LC–MS/MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The surfactin-C11 consists of a heptapeptide with the sequence of N - Glu - Leu - Leu - Val - Asp - Leu - Leu - C, and a β-hydroxy fatty acid chain with 11 carbons, which is a new member with the shortest hydrophobic chain among the surfactin family produced by B. subtilis. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactin-C11 is 5.59 × 10−5 mol/L in 10 mmol/L phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.4) at 25 °C, and the surface tension at CMC (γCMC) is 34.42 mN/m. The hemolytic activities of the surfactin-C11 on 2 % defibrinated sheep blood showed a HC50 of 448.51 μmol/L. Surfactin with short fatty acid chain has low toxicity on erythrocyte, which implies potential applications in biotechnological and pharmaceutical fields.

Antihemoroid® suppository has been produced commercially by PT. Kimia Farma, Indonesia. For QC purposes, a separated densitometric method for analysis of its active ingredients, lidocaine hydrochloride and hexachlorophene, was applied. The objective of this study was obtaining more efficient analysis method of LH and HC, therefore an HPLC procedure has been developed for the determination of both compounds simultaneously. AYMC-Triart C18 column was used with a gradient mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer 0.05 M (pH 6.0). Quantitative evaluation was performed at 220 nm. Method validation was performed according to the new methods of USP 41. Result showed that the HPLC method was simple, accurate, precise, and robust. The HPLC method can be applied in simultaneous determination of LH and HC in suppositories as a QC tool in the pharmaceutical industries.

Globally, norovirus is the most common gastroenteritis causing pathogen. Annually, norovirus causes 685 million cases of acute gastroenteritis and 200,000 deaths, worldwide. Recent evidence has suggested that norovirus can also be spread via aerosolization; however, an indoor generation source has yet to be determined. We optimized a sampling method for the collection of aerosolized norovirus using murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate. Optimization of the sampling method was performed using two bioaerosol samplers (SKC BioSampler and the NIOSH Bioaerosol Cyclone Sampler 251) and two sampling media (Hanks Balanced Salt Solution [HBSS] and Phosphate Buffered Saline [PBS]). Murine norovirus was aerosolized in a bioaerosol chamber and later collected using each sampler/media combination. Collected MNV was quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Intact capsids of MNV were assessed using propidium monoazide dye in combination with qPCR and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy. Ten trials were conducted, with each trial lasting for 30 min. The SKC BioSampler collected a significantly higher concentration of MNV than the NIOSH-251 sampler did (p-value

co-transporter offer. It is used in patients with type 2 diabetes. It is administered as tablets. It has several analytical papers for estimation of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or drug formulation by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV). It is very challenging to use of chemicals, drugs, and solvent of separation methods used in the pharmaceutical product to green chemistry. This review mostly used dihydrogen phosphate buffer and other toxic reagents for estimation and these agents harm instruments, as well as, environment and a lot of waste so that novel analytical techniques for quantifying and defining dapagliflozin should be built as easy as possible and secure for the individual and the community. This review pays attention to the critical condition of physicochemical, properties, action, and aims to focus on different analytical methods for the estimation of dapagliflozin in pharmaceutical formulations.

The aim of the research work was to develop a method for comparative evaluation of dissolution profile of two different brands of Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate drug in its formulations containing using UV Spectrophotometer. Simple, precise and accurate UV-spectrophotometric method was developed for Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate using optimized dissolution parameters like as 900mL of Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 as a dissolution medium and paddle (type II) apparatus at a stirring rate of 100 rpm. The drug release was evaluated by UV spectrophotometric method using 243.2nm as detection wavelength. Developed method obeyed Beer’s-Lambert’s law in the concentration range of 0.5-25 ?g/mL, with correlation coefficient value less than 1. The percent drug amount released estimated by proposed method was nearly 100%, found to be in good agreement with label claim of marketed tablet formulation. The proposed method were validated as per ICH guidelines with respect to accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and found to be within limits. The proposed method can be adopted for routine quality control test for estimation of drug in formulation. Also the statistical data analysis of percent drug release of brand 1 and 2 were compared with preexisting dissolution data of literature by using F-test and t-test. Keywords: Teneligliptin hydrobromide, Spectrophotometric method.