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Plant growth- promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), is a consortium of such bacteria which colonizes the roots of plants and show beneficial effects on growth and yield of plant. Pseudomonas is found to be most potent PGPR, occurring globally and having positive effect on productivity of plant. This review unravels several species of Pseudomonas which enhance growth and yield of spinach and can be used as biofertilizer. Certain species of Pseudomonas have been discovered which in absence of any chemical fertilizer can increase productivity of spinach alone. Investigation of such PGPR in case of spinach is quiet important as spinach cultivation make use of large amount of chemical fertilizers which are deleterious to health of crop, environment and human beings altogether. This review also introduces certain methods of inoculation of Pseudomonas sp. which encourages colonization around root or seeds of spinach, hence upgrading its association with spinach and yield in short. Thus, this review draws attention to explore more about Pseudomonas in case of green leafy spinach, inorder to gain large scale productivity and field application of it, which promotes organic farming and goodness of well-being.

Currently, world is dealing with the curse of pollution in agricultural fields due to rampant use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. These agrochemicals cause great harm to human health when consumed in food (e.g. cancer and thyroid) and also to environment (reduce fertility of soil etc) when released out there. Hence, there is an intense demand of such biological agents (e.g. microorganisms) which could partially or fully replace these agrochemicals. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria could come to the rescue and would help to escalate growth and productivity of plants in an environment friendly way. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria occurs in/around plant roots; enhance its growth and development, directly or indirectly by depleting or secreting several regulative chemical compounds. The direct method by which plant growth promoting rhizobacteria escalates plant growth is, by making easy availability of phosphorus, nitrogen and other essential minerals as well as by controlling quantity of plant hormones whereas indirect methods include, reducing impeding effects of pathogenic microbes (e.g. by siderophore production) which adversely affect development and growth of plants. There are several studies which registers that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria escalates health and yield of several plant species, both in normal and adverse situations. Therefore, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria could possibly lower the reliability of world on harmful agricultural chemicals which disturbs ecosystem. They can be used as a potent biofertilizers and biopesticides whose market demand is also hiking globally, currently as reported here.

The innovation of a highly efficient and inexpensive graphene oxide-based photocatalyst is a challenging task for selective solar chemical regeneration/coenzyme such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Herein, we have designed lemon-juice derived highly efficient S-GQD/GO composite as a photocatalyst for regeneration of NADH under solar light. The rational design of a highly efficient photocatalytic system through the orientation of S-GQD on graphene oxide as solar light harvesting photocatalyst is explored for the first time for NADH regeneration. This highly solar light active S-GQD/GO composite photocatalyst upon integration with the NAD+ is used for highly regioselective regeneration of coenzyme (76.36%). The present work provides the benchmark instances of graphene oxide-based material as a photocatalyst for selective regeneration of NADH under solar light and opens a new door for green synthesis.

The complexes of Nickel(II) and Copper(II) metals have been prepared with the macrocyclic ligand-1,7,9, 15-tetra-aza-3, 5,11,13- - difurano-cyclo-1,6,9,14-hexa deca tetra-ene. The complexes of both the metals have been characterised by usual physico-chemical methods such as elemental analysis, measurement of electrical conductance, magnetic moment and electronic transition spectra of the complexes and I.R. spectral behaviour of both ligands and the complexes. All the complexes of both the metals have been found to be non-electrolyte, mono-meric, paramagnetic with octahedral geometryy . T he general molecular formula of the complexes have been found to be [M(L) (X)2] Where M= Nickel(II) and Copper(II) Cations, L= ligand and X= monodentate anions.

Multiple factors alter the microRNAs (miRNAs) at cellular level and promote oncogenesis in oral mucosa. The present study was performed with an aim to find any expression of miRNA-145 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and correlate it with CD-133 immuno-expression, clinicopathological, and demographical variables in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with respect to controls.In a prospective observational study 50 samples from patients of OSCC and 20 from unremarkable oral mucosa were studied. After initial detailed histology, miRNA-145 profiling was performed using qRT-PCR, followed by CD-133 immunohistochemistry (IHC).The mean age of patients with oral cancer was 47.5 ± 10.25 years. Mean miR-145 levels in OSCC were 0.4312 ± 0.32026 and mean in healthy controls was 0.99 ±0 .21771. There was significant downregulation of miRNA-145 in cases with respect to controls. Significant reduced levels of miRNA-145 with respect to higher clinical tumor size, pathological pT tumor, nodal status, and resultant clinical tumor stage was observed. As far as presence and absence of stem cells was concerned it was seen that tumors displaying presence of stem cells highlighted by CD-133 had lower levels of miRNA-145 as compared to tumors with absent CD-133 staining.miRNA-145 is significantly altered in OSCC in our patient population and its reduced values carry a poor prognosis. Its interaction with CSCs may not be significant but mean miRNA-145 levels are lower in tumors with CSCs. There should be further studies on the larger sample size for these two biomarkers, to know its value.

Sexually antagonistic selection, which favours different optimums in males and females, is predicted to play an important role in the evolution of sex chromosomes. Body size is a sexually antagonistic trait in the shell-brooding cichlid fish Lamprologous callipterus as 'bourgeois' males must be large enough to carry empty snail shells to build nests whereas females must be small enough to fit into shells for breeding. In this species, there is also a second male morph: smaller 'dwarf' males employ an alternative reproductive strategy by wriggling past spawning females into shells to fertilise eggs. L. callipterus male morphology is passed strictly from father to son, suggesting Y-linkage. However, sex chromosomes had not been previously identified in this species, and the genomic basis of size dimorphism was unknown. Here we used whole-genome sequencing to identify a 2.4 Mb sex-linked region on scaffold_23 with reduced coverage and SNP density in both male morphs compared to females. Within this sex region, distinct Y-haplotypes delineate the two male morphs, and candidate genes for body size (GHRHR, a known dwarfism gene) and sex determination (ADCYAP1R1) are in high linkage disequilibrium (LD). Because differences in body size between females and males are under strong selection in L. callipterus, we hypothesise that sexual antagonism over body size initiated early events in sex chromosome evolution, followed by Y divergence to give rise to bourgeois and dwarf male reproductive strategies. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that sexually antagonistic traits should be linked to young sex chromosomes.

Salmonella enterica is a well-known pathogenic bacterium that can cause intracellular illness and food poisoning in humans, especially salmonellosis. In the present study, 20 essential oils of aromatic plants were screened for their antibacterial activity against S. enterica. Among the essential oils screened, Citrus aurantifolia essential oil (CAEO) demonstrated most efficient activity against S. enterica. CAEO had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 8 and 16 μl/mL, respectively. A significant scavenging of radical cations was observed with CAEO using 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl with an IC50 of 0.2147 mg/mL. Total phenolic content of CAEO was 10.90 mg GAE/100 μL. The treatment of bacterium with CAEO caused the leakage of cellular components, i.e., both nucleic acids and proteins. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to measure the ultrastructure of control and treated bacterium (due to CAEO). The results of SEM reveal a loss of cellular integrity and function of bacterial cell membrane. The GC/GC-MS analysis of CAEO revealed E-citral (67.97%) as a major chemical component. CAEO may be considered as a safe antibacterial agent against foodborne S. enterica. The present study investigated a detailed analysis of antibacterial activity of C. aurantifolia essential oil, which can provide insight for further studies.

An efficient polymer-based photocatalyst was developed for the solar-mediated photocatalytic reaction.

The group of patients on December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China was struck by fever and littleness of breath. In January 7, 2020, the cause of the outburst is recognized as severe serious respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is isolated by the Chinese authorities. As of April 04, 2022, total 489,779,062 established cases of coronavirus disease of 2019 was 489,779,062. COVID-19 spreads as soon as an infected individual exhales virus-containing droplets and other persons breathe in these droplets, or they may deposit on their different body part like eyes, noses, mouth and noses. To prevent its spread, various restrictions have been imposed which in turn has increased the use of technology in various sectors like education, healthcare, etc. This paper aims to shed some light on the growth, advantages and disadvantages of technology as seen during the pandemic and is an in-depth analysis of growth of online grocery & medicine delivery services, online payment methods like UPI and how education, finance and health industry has been revolutionized in this time period.

Human activity has drastically impacted the earth's ecology, resulting in significant changes in the environment over the ages. Developing countries like India have extensive intervention of life form activities has intensified environmental problems, soil degradation, greenhouse effect, global warming, and ecological imbalance. These difficulties have directly impacted the quality and maintenance of the environment. Research and statistics clearly indicate that if current trends continue, situations would worsen in the near future. Sustainable solutions, such as bioremediation for water pollution and microbial decomposition for crop residue waste, are becoming increasingly important and demand huge exposure in order to minimize the negative effects of human activities and assure sustainable development. Microorganisms play a significant part in carbon as well as other nutrient cycling, and their influence on climate change deserves special consideration. If microorganisms and nutrient cycling are connected, they operate as an effective strategy for addressing many environmental issues like soil degradation, global warming, and ecological imbalance. Thus, this paper aimed to close a research and evaluation gap by analyzing environmental challenges and their long-term growth.

Abiotic stresses like temperature, water, salinity, ultraviolet (UV) radiations, heavy metals, etc., affect plants’ growth and yield. Despite these constraints, plants produce a variety of metabolites to maintain their survival. Primary metabolites, produced through crucial metabolic processes, are essential for plants survival. Additionally, secondary metabolites (SMs) are synthesized from primary metabolites and are mainly used as a defensive mechanism and a means of interacting with unfavorable environmental conditions. In addition to their defensive function in plants, SMs are significant in the pharmaceutical industry. Glycine betaine (GB) is a quaternary ammonium compound that belongs to a class of SMs, present in plants, animals, and microbes. It functions as a compatible solute and reflects potential bioactivity against various abiotic stresses like salinity, water, heat, heavy metals, UV radiations, etc. Due to high solubility and low viscosity, its accumulation is commonly observed in chloroplasts and plastids. The accumulation level generally depends on plant species, growth stage, exposure duration, and stress's nature. GB reduces oxidative stress and prevents the damaging of photosystems and other biomolecules under stressful conditions. It is important for maintaining the water potential and osmotic pressure of cells and hence functions as a potent osmolyte under salinity stress. Excessive production of ROS during temperature stress is responsible for damage to oxygen-evolving complexes, electron transport chains, and photosystems. In order to protect plants from these damages, GB activates the genes responsible for synthesizing heat shock proteins, glycoproteins, and antioxidants via various signaling pathways. GB alleviates the effect of water stress by maintaining the function of rubisco and calcium ion ATPase activity via crosstalk with Abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. GB supports the proper functioning of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase (antioxidative enzymes) to overcome various stresses. Phytohormones like salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ABA, ethylene, and polyamines (PAS) coordinate well with GB via different signaling pathways to ensure plant protection under various abiotic stresses. The potential bioactivity of GB against various abiotic stresses in plants has been summarized in this review.

An inexpensive graphitic carbon nitrite (g-C3N4) photocatalyst was hybridized with selenium oxide (SeO2) photocatalyst by a monolayer-dispersed technique. After hybridization of g-C3N4 with SeO2, the NADH/NADPH regeneration efficiency of SeO2 photocatalyst was enhanced under solar light illumination. The photocatalytic activity of SeO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst under solar light illumination was enhanced by 3-fold higher than g-C3N4 photocatalyst, the solar light photocatalytic activity was produced and the photo-decomposition of SeO2 photocatalyst was completely stifled after hybridized SeO2 photocatalyst by g-C3N4 photocatalyst. The improvement in performance and photo-decomposition inhibition under solar light illumination was persuaded by efficiency separation of photo-persuaded holes from SeO2 to the valence bond (V.B.)/highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of g-C3N4 under solar light illumination, the electron jumped from the V.B. to the conduction band (C.B.)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of g-C3N4 could directly insert into the C.B. of SeO2 photocatalyst, synthesized SeO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst is highly active for NADH/NADPH regeneration under solar light.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the changes in tear functions after medical management of pinguecula. Methods: This interventional prospective study included 70 patients with pinguecula random eyes; 39 males and 31 females, 17–70 years of age (mean±SD: 46.52±16.31 years) for medical management. They were categorized as grade P (0), P (1), and P (2) by slit lamp biomicroscopy. Results: On the basis of statistical analysis applying unpaired t-test, for both the test parameters in P (0) grade of pinguecula patients, the p-values for mean Schirmer-1 test and Tear film break-up time (TFBUT) were 0.93, 0.46, 0.03, and 0.22, 0.002, and

Purpose of Review Living donor transplantation provides the best possible recipient outcomes in solid organ transplantation. Yet, identifying potential living donors can be a laborious and resource intensive task that heavily relies on the recipient’s means and social network. Social media has evolved to become a key tool in helping to bring recipients and potential living donors together given its ease of utilization, widespread access, and improved recipient’s comfort with public solicitation. However, in the USA, formal guidelines to direct the use of social media in this context are lacking. Recent Findings To better inform the landscape and opportunities utilizing social media in living donation, the OPTN Living Donor Committee surveyed US transplant programs to explore programs’ experiences and challenges when helping patients use social media to identify potential living donors (September 2019). A large majority of survey participants (N = 125/174, 72%) indicated that their program provided education to use social media to identify potential living donors and most programs tracking referral source confirmed an increase utilization over time. The use of social media was compounded with program and recipient’s challenges including concerns about privacy, inadequate technology access, and knowledge gaps. In this review, we discuss the results of this national survey and recent literature, and provide suggestions to inform program practices and guidance provided to patients wishing to use social media to identify potential living donors. Summary Transplant programs should become competent in the use of social media for potential living donor identification to empower patients interested in using this tool. Social media education should be provided to all patients regardless of voiced interest and, when appropriate, revisited at multiple time points. Programs should consider developing a “team of experts” that can provide focused education and support to patients embarking in social media living donor campaigns. Care should be taken to avoid exacerbating disparities in access to living donor transplantation. Effective and timely guidance to patients in the use of social media could enhance the identification of potential living donors.

The conversion of sun light energy into sustainble greener chemicals are a major obstacle due to the use of expensive and toxic materials. Sun light induced trifluoromethylation emerges as a highly efficient procedure to insert trifluoromethyl groups into the organic compounds. Yet, the expensive and toxic properties of the metal-based photocatalysts creates a major obstacle for the insertion of trifluoromethyl groups. Metal free activated carbon cloth (ACC) emerged as a highly efficient pillar in the area of material science. In this work, we have successfully synthesized self-assembled metal free fast green with activated carbon cloth (FG@ACC) photocatalyst for photocatalytic trifluoromethylation and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) cofactor regeneration (85.89 %, 2 h) under sun light. The sun light induced organic transformation promotes the use of low-cost CF3SO2Na as the CF3 radical source to produce highly selective products with 97% yield.

PURPOSE- To determine the effect of outdoor activities in daylight over myopia progression in young peopleMETHOD- This prospective observational single centered hospital-based study was conducted in Department of Ophthalmology of Shyam Shah Medical college and associated GM Hospital Rewa, during the period of January 2019 to September 2020. Cycloplegic autorefration with 1% cyclopentolate eye drop followed by subjective refinement of refraction was done and Spherical equivalent was calculated at baseline (Time 1), and then after 6 months (Time 2), and at 1 year (Time 3). Progression of myopia was calculated as the change in spherical equivalent during 1 year. Questionnaire survey about amount of time spent in outdoor activities in daylight was done. Multivariate analysis was done to estimate the adjusted odds ratio for outdoor activities associated with myopia progression.RESULT-Significant increase in odds of myopia progression was observed in young people with shorter outdoor activity hours (p

Introduction: Men with lower urinary tract symptoms based on International Prostatic Symptoms Scale, suggestive of BPH. Trans-abdominal sonogram,gives the prostate volume.Further evaluation with uroowmetry for PVR urine gives an idea about severity of LUTS.So the purpose of this study was to assess the size of the prostate gland in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and to compare it with uroometry along with IPSS scoring. This study may be useful to the surgeons in terms of prevalence of prostate enlargement in each decade after 40 years. To study Aim: the correlation of ultrasonographic prostate size with uroowmetry and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) in all male patients presenting with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms(LUTS). 80 patients presented with Materials And Methods: LUTS (Lower urinary tract symptoms), after clinical history and examination, patients underwent ultrasonography for prostate size. Uroowmetric parameters were recorded. IPSS score of all patient were recorded. IPSS scoring in maximum patients w Results: ere >20 in 90% of patients. In transabdominal USG, out of 80 patients,77 patients prostate volume was more than 35 gms. The patients had a T avg of 15sec

A majority of patients who are kept under mechanical ventilation may also require central venous (CV) line insertion for different reasons such as inability to access peripheral vein, blood transfusion, or administration of vasoactive agent.(1) Central venous pressure (CVP) is a good indicator of circulatory volume and cardiac function. The normal range of CVP is 8 - 12 cmH2O. It increases to 12 - 16 cmH2O in patients under mechanical ventilation.(1,2)

Among numerous synthetic macromolecules, polyurethane in its different forms has proven its sheer dominance and established a reputation as a reliable and trusted material due to its proficiency in terms of superior properties, which include: high mechanical strength and abrasion resistance, good durability, good adhesion, good thermal stability, excellent chemical and weathering resistance. Synthetic polyurethane materials are non-biodegradable, poisonous, and use petrochemical-based raw materials, which are now depleting, leading to a surge in polyurethane production costs. Bio-based polyurethanes (PU) have been synthesized by researchers in recent decades and have mostly overtaken petrochemical-based PU in terms of challenges such as solid pollution, economic effectiveness, and availability of raw materials. Enormous kinds of available bio-renewable sources as predecessors for the production of polyols and isocyanates have been explored for the development of “greener” PU materials; these bio-based polyurethanes have significant potential to be used as future PU products, with a partial or total replacement of petroleum-based polyurethanes, due to increasing concern about the environment, their relatively low cost and biodegradability. This critical review concentrates on the possibilities of renewable sources to be used for polyurethane production and gives a clear perspective on the journey, utilization, and recent advancements in the field of different bio-based polyurethane polymers that have arisen over the last decade.

Coumarin is a heterocyclic molecule associated with beneficial human health effects such as to reduce the risk of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and brain disease. These effects are thought to be related to free radical scavenging due to their antioxidant properties. Coumarin is a substance that has been synthesized in many of its derivatives in recent years. This entity is a major source of interest for many medicinal chemists to explore its various pharmacological possibilities, especially anticoagulant activity. The antioxidant activities of two synthesized coumarin derivatives namely 2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)-N'-(1-(4-aminophenyl)ethylidene) acetohydra zide [M1] and 2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)-N'-(1-(2 hydroxy phenyl) ethylidene) acetohydrazide [M2] were studied with the DPPH method. Structure of two coumarin synthesized compounds is proposed on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.

Health has always played a crucial role in the development of human capital. It is a causative factor for the overall personal growth of an individual and helps in realizing human capabilities. Alongside other systems of social protection, proper health systems foster cohesive societies and contribute to well-being. Good health improves the overall quality of life by causing a reduction in the risk factors for medical diseases. Different organizations make different policies focused on the improvement of health conditions. In India, The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare works towards welfare & health related matters. While making a policy if we divide the entire population into groups based upon income slabs it will provide us a structure while making schemes. The primary objective is to statistically analyze the primary health conditions of the low income group using a survey that has been done for 433 respondents. In order to check the dependence of the relationship, Pearson’s chi-squared test (χ2) is carried out. The paper explains the causes for the prevailing primary health conditions with special reference to the capital state of Delhi.

BackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrotic lung disorder of unknown cause, affecting about three million people worldwide. Being a multifactorial disease, complex genetic and environmental factors contribute to its susceptibility. Therefore, we conducted a two-staged systematic literature search and meta-analyses of published genetic association studies on IPF.MethodsThe first search was performed using PubMed and Web of Science, retrieving a total of 5642 articles, of which 57 publications were eligible for inclusion in the first stage. The Second search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus for all genetic variants, identified from the first search, with 2 or more studies. Thus, six variants [rs35705950 (MUC5B), rs2736100 (TERT), rs2609255 (FAM13A), rs2076295 (DSP), rs12610495 (DPP9) and rs1800470 (TGF-β1)] from this search qualified for meta-analyses. Additionally, the epidemiological credibility of these six variants was evaluated using the Venice criteria.ResultsIn this systematic review, 291 polymorphisms were found to be associated with IPF susceptibility. Meta-analyses findings revealed significant (p < 0.05) risk association of rs35705950 [T vs C; OR = 3.85(3.24-4.47)], rs2609255 [G vs T; OR = 1.37(1.27-1.47)], rs2076295 [G vs T; OR = 1.31(1.00-1.63)], rs12610495 [G vs A; OR = 1.29(1.21-1.37)] and rs1800470 [T vs C; OR = 1.08(0.82-1.34)] and protective association of rs2736100 [C vs A; OR = 0.70(0.61-0.79)] with IPF susceptibility. Cumulative epidemiological evidence was graded as strong for rs35705950, moderate for rs2736100, rs2609255 and rs12610495, and weak for rs2076295 and rs1800470.ConclusionsOur findings present the most prominent IPF-associated genetic risk variants involved in alveolar epithelial injuries (MUC5B, TERT, FAM13A, DSP, DPP9) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (TGF-β1), providing genetic and biological insights into IPF pathogenesis.

Introduction Cytomegalovirus establishes life-long latency after primary infection in childhood. Cytomegalovirus reactivation has been well reported in immune-compromised patients; however, in the last few years it has been observed that cytomegalovirus reactivation also occurs in critically ill patients without exogenous immunosuppression, which increases length of intensive care unit stay and mortality rate. Case report A 63-year-old Indian male, without any known comorbidity, developed severe coronavirus disease 2019 and was admitted to the intensive care unit. He received remdesivir, tocilizumab, steroids, anticoagulants, and empiric antibiotics over the next 3 weeks. However, his clinical condition did not improve much, and during the 9th week of illness his condition started deteriorating and routine bacterial cultures, fungal cultures, and cytomegalovirus real-time polymerase chain reaction on blood were negative. His clinical condition worsened rapidly, which led to the need for invasive mechanical ventilation. Tracheal aspirate bacterial and fungal culture showed no growth, but cytomegalovirus real-time polymerase chain reaction showed 21,86,000 copies/mL in tracheal aspirates. After 4 weeks of ganciclovir treatment, the patient improved clinically and was discharged. Currently he is doing well and able to do his routine activity without the need of oxygen. Conclusion Timely management with ganciclovir is associated with favorable outcome in cytomegalovirus infection. Thus, it can be suggested that treatment should be initiated with ganciclovir if a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 has high cytomegalovirus load in tracheal aspirates, along with unexplained and prolonged clinical and/or radiological features.

Urtica dioica is a perennial herb from the family of Urticaceae that is commonly known as stinging nettle. This plant is widespread in Europe, Africa, America, and a part of Asia, as it adapts to different environments and climatic conditions. The leaves, stalk, and bark of U. dioica found applications in the field of nutrition, cosmetics, textile, pest control and pharmacology. In this connection, bioactive chemical constituents such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids, carotenoids, and fatty acids have been isolated from the plant. With this review, we aim at providing an updated and comprehensive overview of the contributions in literature reporting computational, in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical data supporting the therapeutic applications of U. dioica. Experimental evidence shows that U. dioica constituents and extracts can provide neuroprotective effects by acting through a combination of different molecular mechanisms, that are discussed in the review. These findings could lay the basis for the identification and design of more effective tools against neurodegenerative diseases. Graphical Abstract

Background Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) encompass a heterogenous group of diffuse parenchymal lung disorders characterized by variable degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Pretherapeutic clinical testing models for such diseases can serve as a platform to test and develop effective therapeutic strategies. In this study, we developed patient derived 3D organoid model to recapitulate the disease process of ILDs. We characterized the inherent property of invasiveness in this model and tested for antifibrotic responses with an aim to develop a potential platform for personalized medicine in ILDs. Methods In this prospective study, 23 patients with ILD were recruited and underwent lung biopsy. 3D organoid-based models (pulmospheres) were developed from the lung biopsy tissues. Pulmonary functioning testing and other relevant clinical parameters were collected at the time of enrollment and follow up visits. The patient derived pulmospheres were compared to normal control pulmospheres obtained from 9 explant lung donor samples. These pulmospheres were characterized by their invasive capabilities and responsiveness to the antifibrotic drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib. Results Invasiveness of the pulmospheres was measured by the zone of invasiveness percentage (ZOI%). The ILD pulmospheres (n = 23) had a higher ZOI% as compared to control pulmospheres (n = 9) (516.2 ± 115.6 versus 54.63 ± 19.6 respectively. ILD pulmospheres were responsive to pirfenidone in 12 of the 23 patients (52%) and responsive to nintedanib in all 23 patients (100%). Pirfenidone was noted to be selectively responsive in patients with connective tissue disease related ILD (CTD-ILD) at low doses. There was no correlation between the basal pulmosphere invasiveness, response to antifibrotics, and FVC change (Δ FVC). Conclusions The 3D pulmosphere model demonstrates invasiveness which is unique to each individual subject and is greater in ILD pulmospheres as compared to controls. This property can be utilized to test responses to drugs such as antifibrotics. The 3D pulmosphere model could serve as a platform for the development of personalized approaches to therapeutics and drug development in ILDs and potentially other chronic lung diseases.

Studies on flower visitors and potential pollinating insects of Elaeocarpus angustifolius Bl., the Rudraksha plant from India have been carried out for the first time. A total of 19 species belonging to order Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Hemiptera were recorded as visitors of the flowers or pollinating insects. These include 4 species of bees, 2 species of ants, 02 species of moths, 10 species of butterflies and 1 species of bug. Species of honey bees mainly Apis cerana indica and Apis florae and butterfly species like Rapala nissa nissa and Rapala varuna were assumed as the putative pollinating insects of Rudraksha plant under cultivation, while other insects were considered as flower visitors.