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There are many Cassia species which are used in preparing diverse range of herbal products. As per the necessity the present review study reports that Cassia fistula used as medicinal plant for curig various critical diseases. Cassia fistula belong Caesalpinaceae family, commonly known Bandarlati or Sondal. The plant generally grows in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Nepal, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Bhutan and Thailand. From ancient time it is used in various traditional medicinal systems. It is used as anti-cancer, anti-pyretic, ant-diabetic, and analgesic agent. The plant parts are the vital source of plant secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, anthraquinones, tannin, alkaloid and steroids. The fruits, flower, seed, stem, and leaves of the plant carry these bioactive compounds. These phytochemiclas are effective for the medicinal properties of the plant. The entire plant or its important parts are used for treating the multiple diseases like COVID-19, oxidative stresses, cancer, tumour, microbial infections, swellings, and HIV. The focus of this review article is to highlight the several important botanical, phytochemical and medicinal aspects of Cassia fistula to the entire research communities

Stress is the unfavorable and external condition that affects a plant’s metabolism, growth, development, productivity and others physiological condition. Various kind of abiotic stresses like cold, heat, drought, salinity, metal stress, etc affected the normal development, growth, productivity and other function of the plant. To respond with its changed environmental factors, plants rearrange its morphological, metabolic, and genetic mechanism. Under abiotic stress plants at first changes its structural and functional aspects of cellular components. Various stress responsible genes are activated in this time so that plants can rapidly synthesize important proteins and other metabolites during abiotic stress. Plants employ multiple and alternative morphological, metabolic, and genetic approaches, so that they could survive from those adverse environmental conditions

Herbs are an important source of bioactive substances. These are widely used to treat several disorders for better function in the human body, minimum toxic effects, and widespread availability. A total of two medicinal herbs from West Bengal, India, such as Oldenlandia corymbosa (Diamond flower) and Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil), are being considered for inclusion in the current study. Hydroalcoholic extracts (70% ethanolic) of the two plants' leaves were analyzed to detect and quantify important phytochemical substances and investigate in vitro antioxidant and pharmacological effects. Spectrophotometric and HPLC-DAD techniques were used for the quantitative estimation of different phytochemicals. In addition, in vitro antimicrobial properties were studied using the Kirby-Bauer paper disc diffusion method. Several assays have been performed on the medicinal plant Oldenlandia corymbosa (OC). The results have been compared to those obtained from a traditional medical plant, Ocimum sanctum (OS) for the first time to our knowledge. Results showed that OS contains a higher quantity of polyphenols, flavonoids, and has higher antioxidant potential with respect to OC. Similar trends were observed for polysaccharides contents. In contrast, OC contains a higher quantity of tannins, alkaloids, and protein and higher in vitro antibacterial and anti-diabetic properties. HPLC-DAD-based profiling of eight important phenolic constituents viz. Gallic acid, catechin hydrate, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, coumarin, quercetin, and kaempferol, were performed. The current study concluded that Oldenlandia corymbosa has many bioactive phenolics in considerable amounts compared to the highly established medicinal herb OS leaves extracts. The current study demonstrates the pharmacological significance of Oldenlandia corymbosa that may generate enthusiasm among researchers and those working in the pharmaceutical industry.

Tabernaemontana divaricata Linn. is an ornamental, evergreen and highly useful ethno medicinal plant which is utilized for various traditional treatment purposes worldwide. The plant is commonly called Crepe Jasmine and it is belonging to the family of Apocynaceae. The plant is found in Asia, Australia, China, Japan, Indiaand Myanmar. The plant is 1.5-2.5m in height with silvery grey bark; wrinkled and milky latex exudes when wounded, and has white colored flowers. The leaves are shiny deep green in color. According to the previous study the plant has diverse ranges of phytochemicals constituents such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolic acids and enzymes. The flowers of the plant contain epivoacangine, apparicine, isovoacristine, tabernaemontanine, voaphylline, and vobasine. It is ascribed with extensive series of useful pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-convulsant, antimicrobial and anti-infertility activities. This plant is also used to treat various disorders like abdominal tumors, epilepsy, eye infections, fever, headache, inflammation, leprosy, asthma, diarrhea, paralysis, rheumatic pain, ulceration and vomiting. So, the review article briefly describes the morphological features, ethno medicinal uses, pharmacological properties and phytochemical composition of this medicinal plant. The present study is also is an attempt to combine and document the important information of Tabernaemontana divaricata and highlights the future need for research and development.

Green synthesis of AuNPs that have potential anticancer properties is relatively simple, cheap and eco-friendly compared to the conventional chemical/physical approaches. Quercetin is known for its antioxidant and anticancer properties, i.e., induction of apoptosis, tumour suppression, etc. This study aims to characterize and compare between two differentially synthesized Quercetin-Au-Nanoconjugates, Q-Au-NCTSC and Q-AU-NCLE using a pure biochemical reductant, trisodium citrate and its natural alternative, citrus lemon extract respectively. Antibacterial and anticancer effects of both the nanoconjugates would also be checked and compared to analyze whether the use of a lemon extract has any impact on its structure and functional properties. A series of physicochemical characterizations viz. UV-Vis spectrophotometry, DLS, Zeta Potential, FT-IR, and SEM of the nanoconjugates were done. Further, evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity was done against two Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus Subtilis; and two Gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella pneumonia and cytotoxicity efficacy were checked on breast cancer (MCF7) cell line. Effective reduction of Au+3 to Au0 with quantum confinement in nano-regime was confirmed by a change of bulk colour of the HAu+3Cl4 solution, whereas conjugation of Quercetin to AuNPs was confirmed by FTIR. DLS showed the average size of the Q-Au-NCTSC and Q-Au-NCLE are 30 nm and 35.6 nm, respectively. The Q-Au-NCLE has shown comparatively better stability and antibacterial activity. In the case of cytotoxicity study on MCF7 cell line, the Q-Au-NCLE showed better efficacy (cell death ~ 75%) with respect to Q-Au-NCTSC (cell death ~66%). Natural sources rich in citric acid would serve as the best alternative to tri-sodium citrate in the synthesis of Au-NPs and different nanoconjugates for biomedical applications.

Vegetables are intrinsic to a healthy diet. But the peels are discarded as food waste, unknowing of their potential as the source of bioactive compounds. The study aims to find the nutritional constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of these food wastes. Here we make a comparative investigation among the five underutilized vegetable parts namely, Solanum tuberosum (Potato peel), Cucumis sativus (Cucumber peel), Musa acuminata (Unripe Banana peel), Brassica oleracea (Cauliflower stem), Lagenaria siceraria (Bottle gourd peel). After the primary screening, including proximate and qualitative analysis, the quantification of primary and secondary metabolites as well as minerals was estimated by different standard methods. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by both DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging assays. Antimicrobial activity was analyzed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) strains of bacteria compared with positive and negative controls. From the proximate analysis, the highest moisture and water content were found in the peel sample of Lagenaria siceraria. Out of ten qualitative tests, protein, fatty acid, flavonoid, alkaloid and xanthoprotein were detected in all five samples. Among the quantitative estimations, Lagenaria siceraria showed the highest amount of polysaccharides (85.82±0.12 mg DE/g DW), ascorbic acid (2.48±0.14 mg AAE/g FW), thiamine (24.46±0.13 mg TE/g DW), polyphenols (86.36±0.10 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (49.59±0.07 mg QE/g DW), minerals like K, Ca and Mg and 72.35±0.40% inhibition by DPPH. Simultaneously a significant amount of protein (63.59±0.13 mg BSAE/g FW), the amino acid (7.84±0.02 mg AAE/g DW), minerals like Na, Zn and B and 88.76±0.10% inhibition by H2O2 were found in Cucumis sativus. At a higher concentration, all samples were exhibited significant antimicrobial activity which laid out a strong correlation with previously screened phytonutrients and antioxidants. The overall findings suggested that these underutilized vegetable parts can be utilized in the processing of potential functional foods as well as pharmaceuticals rather than thrown out as agro-waste.

The ancient world had huge faith on the herbal medicines for curing various ailments. Scoparia dulcis Linn. is a medicinal herb of family Scrophulariaceae is considered to be one of such plants which have remarkable curative property. Scoparia dulcis is the commonly known as Sweet broom weed and is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical region of the world. This herbaceous weed comprises of typical morphological characteristics which are of great use. Dried or fresh leaves, fruits and some other parts of plant serve the purpose of providing with essential components for the body metabolism. Some of the scientific studies demonstrated about the bioactive compounds present in the plant extract. These bioactive compounds were flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins and terpenoids. The fresh and the dried leaves of the herb showed its richness in ascorbic acid content. Scoparic acid, scopadulcic acid, scopadulciol, scopadulin and ammelinare is the major chemical components to which have contributed to the medicinal effect of the plant. Ethnomedicinal application of this herb revealed its uses for diabetes, jaundice, stomach problems, skin disease, fever, kidney stones, reproductory issues and piles. Evidences reported its flawless activity in anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, antioxidant, anti-microbial and analgesic illnesses. The current review is concerned with morphological, phytochemical, pharmacological, therapeutic and nutritional aspects of the plant Scoparia dulcis. This review may assist one to acquire encapsulated concept about the herb.

Protein is an important primary metabolite of our living systems. There are several studies based upon analysing the different, individual protein sources from various plant species are still on searching mode. On parallel with this context, traditionally edible plants has been proven to be an enriched source of protein based nutrition and largely utilized by most of the ethnic communities for their survival. The primary objective of the current research investigation is to estimate the total protein content from 33 traditionally used edible plant leaves categorized in trees, shrubs and herbs and to draw a comparative conclusion that which plant leaf contains better protein concentration. The protein content was estimated by UV-Vis spectrophotometric technique using the conventional Lowry’s method. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was used as standard reagent against which unknown protein concentration of plants had been estimated. All the proteins were extracted by using phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). From the results, it has been found that under tree category, Psidium guajava shows the highest (98.51 mg BSA Equivalent/ g of Fresh Weight) and Dillenia indica shows the lowest (13.73 mg BSAE/ g of FW) amount of protein content. In case of shrubs, Justicia adhatoda showed the maximum (86.37 mg BSAE/ g of FW) and Ocimum canum shows the minimum (10.59 mg BSAE/ g of FW) amount of protein content. Among the herbs, red Amaranthus viridis contains highest (97.43 BSAE/ g of FW) and Marsilea quadrifolia contains the lowest (15.04 mg BSAE/ g of FW) content of protein. The study results showed that Psidium guajava contains highest amount of protein among all the 33 plants. The study findings conclude that the protein content obtained from the leaves of different plant categories varies in their quantity and further supports the fact that plant leaves can be used as a potential source of nutrient consumption in near future.

Background: Medicinal plants are a source of phytochemicals and they are used for the treatment of several oxidative stress-related or other diseases for their effectiveness, low toxicity and easy availability. Five traditionally used and less characterized herbaceous weeds of West Bengal, India, namely, Heliotropium indicum, Tridax procumbens, Cleome rutidosperma, Commelina benghalensis and Euphorbia hirta, were investigated for the current research study. Methods: Aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of the leaves were analyzed for estimation of essential phytochemicals and to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant status, medicinal properties and cytotoxic effects. To the best of our knowledge, several assays and comparative evaluations using these herbs are reported for the first time. For quantitative study, UV-vis spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector HPLC-DAD techniques were used. Antibacterial properties were investigated using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. For in vitro anti-lithiatic study, a titration method was used. The cell viability assay was done using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: The aqueous extract exhibits higher content of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and inhibition percentage values for free radical scavenging assays, whereas the 70% ethanolic extract exhibits higher content of alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. HPLC-DAD analysis of 70% ethanolic extracts led us to identify 10 predominant phenolic constituents. Euphorbia hirta extracts showed minimum cytotoxicity (cell death ~2.5% and 4 % in water and 70% ethanolic extract, respectively ), whereas Cleome rutidosperma and Tridax procumbens’ 70% ethanolic extracts showed higher cell death (~13% and 28%, respectively), compared with the control (cell death ~10-12%). Conclusions: The study concluded that of all the medicinal weeds selected for the current study, Euphorbia hirta possesses the highest amount of bioactive compounds and hence exhibits the highest in vitro antioxidant activity and promising in vitro medicinal properties.

Background:Medicinal plants are a source of phytochemicals and they are used for the treatment of several oxidative stress-related or other diseases for their effectiveness, low toxicity and easy availability. Five traditionally used and less characterized herbaceous weeds of West Bengal, India, namely,Heliotropium indicum,Tridax procumbens,Cleome rutidosperma,Commelina benghalensisandEuphorbia hirta,were investigated for the current research study.Methods:Aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of the leaves were analyzed for estimation of essential phytochemicals and to evaluate theirin vitroantioxidant status, medicinal properties and cytotoxic effects. To the best of our knowledge, several assays and comparative evaluations using these herbs are reported for the first time. For quantitative study, UV-vis spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector HPLC-DAD techniques were used. Antibacterial properties were investigated using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Forin vitroanti-lithiatic study, a titration method was used. The cell viability assay was done using peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Results:The aqueous extract exhibits higher content of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and inhibition percentage values for freeradical scavenging assays, whereas the 70% ethanolic extract exhibits higher content of alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. HPLC-DAD analysis of 70% ethanolic extracts led us to identify 10 predominant phenolic constituents.Euphorbia hirtaextracts showed minimum cytotoxicity (cell death~2.5% and 4%in water and 70% ethanolic extract, respectively), whereasCleome rutidospermaandTridax procumbens’70% ethanolic extracts showed higher cell death (~13% and 28%, respectively), compared with the control (cell death ~10-12%).Conclusions:The study concluded that of all the medicinal weeds selected for the current study,Euphorbia hirtapossesses the highest amount of bioactive compounds and hence exhibits the highestin vitroantioxidant activity and promisingin vitromedicinal properties.