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Purpose In 2017, the Children's Hepatic Tumors International Collaboration-Hepatoblastoma Stratification (CHIC-HS) system was introduced. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of Children's Hepatic Tumors International Collaboration-Hepatoblastoma Stratification (CHIC-HS) System for the prediction of event-free survival in Korean pediatric patients with hepatoblastoma. Materials and methods This two-center retrospective study included consecutive Korean pediatric patients with histopathologically confirmed hepatoblastoma from March 1988 through September 2019. We compared event-free survival (EFS) among four risk groups according to the CHIC-HS system. Discriminatory ability of CHIC-HS system was also evaluated using optimism-corrected C-statistics. Factors associated with EFS were explored using multivariable Cox regression analysis. Results We included 129 patients (mean age, 2.6±3.3 years; female:male, 63:66). The 5-year EFS rates in the very low, low, intermediate, and high-risk groups, according to the CHIC-HS system were 90.0%, 82.8%, 73.5%, and 51.3%, respectively. The CHIC-HS system aligned significantly well with EFS outcomes (p=0.004). The optimism-corrected C index of CHIC-HS was 0.644 (95% CI, 0.561-0.727). Age ≥8 (vs. age ≤2; HR, 2.781; 95% CI, 1.187-6.512; p=0.018), PRE-Treatment EXTent of tumor (PRETEXT) stage IV (vs. PRETEXT I or II; HR, 2.774; 95% CI, 1.228-5.974; p=0.009), and presence of metastasis (HR, 2.886; 95% CI, 1.457-5.719; p=0.002), which are incorporated as the first three nodes in the CHIC-HS system, were independently associated with EFS. Conclusion The CHIC-HS system aligned significantly well with EFS outcomes in Korean pediatric patients with hepatoblastoma. Age group, PRETEXT stage, and presence of metastasis were independently associated with EFS.

Consolidation at the level of the Constitution of Ukraine of the principle of ensuring the right to liberty and security of person necessitated the study of its essence and normative content in order to assess the correctness of the legislative approach to formulating the principle at the level of sectoral regulations. The normative content of the principle is enshrined in Art. 12 of the CCP. Analysis of the wording of this article allows us to identify three components of the principle, which reflect its requirements: prohibition, protection, security. The first element of the principle is the provisions of Part 1 of Art. 12 of the CCP. The key concepts that substantively fill this element are the following: restriction of freedom in criminal proceedings is possible only by a reasoned court decision; the reason for such a restriction is the suspicion of committing a criminal offense; restriction of liberty occurs in the manner prescribed by the Criminal Procedure Code. Procedures for restricting the right to liberty are corrected due to the importance of the restricted right. Judicial review proceedings on the prosecution's request to choose precautionary measures restricting liberty are characterized by its active position in proving the circumstances, which is the basis for restricting a person's liberty. The investigating judge, in the presence of a duly motivated and substantiated request, takes an active position solely to verify the information that is the basis of the request. The content of the element of protection consists of the provisions of the law on: the need to bring the detainee to the investigating judge as soon as possible and to check the legality and validity of the restriction of liberty; notification of the detention of the person of her relatives. The third element of the normative content of the principle is formulated in Part 5 of Art. 12 of the CCP. The law provides for criminal liability for knowingly illegal detention, pretext, house arrest or detention (Article 371 of the CPC), as well as the possibility of compensation for damage caused by illegal decisions, actions or omissions of the body carrying out investigative activities, pre-trial investigation, prosecution or court (Article 130 of the CPC).

The article is devoted to the problem of dialogue between religions, which is associated with a wider range of issues as (cor)relations between religions, society and the state. The author concentrates on the case of the Russian Federation, while his paper deals with such issues as how to define subjects of interreligious dialogue, as well as which are its main traits and topics. As intermediate conclusions it could be marked that: (1) the discussion on theological issues and challenges should never be considered as a pretext for mutual rejection; (2) dialectics of tradition and renewal has to be a key topic of conversation; (3) each investigation of ethical issues must take in account the task of prevention of youth extremism, which can probably emerge in some contexts; (4) challenges of progress affect not only religious institutions but also societies as whole.

Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) are compelled to operate in a highly regulated environment without jeopardizing the Sharīʿah governance framework. To deal with arising challenges, Sharīʿah decision-makers sometimes rely on the doctrine of ḥājah (need) as a device to enact a concessionary ruling. However, critiques argue that ḥājah has been used as a pretext to circumvent Islamic commercial law. This paper is an attempt to develop a possible criterion for making a legitimate need-based Sharīʿah solution for IFIs. The research concluded that a Sharīʿah vetted ḥājah can be leveraged by Sharīʿah decision-makers as a tool to address a legitimate challenge faced by individuals or corporations keeping in view the proposed parameters.

En un país en crisis permanente, las reformas anunciadas por Raúl Castro en 2007, un año antes de convertirse en presidente de Cuba (2008-2018) supusieron la coartada perfecta para una serie de ajustes económicos que, en su implementación, han funcionado como detonadores de una serie de desigualdades sociales. El presente artículo muestra los resultados de una investigación de doctorado sobre la configuración de las desigualdades de las clases sociales en la Cuba contemporánea. De manera que, tomando como pretexto el estudio de las dinámicas que tienen lugar en el Centro Histórico Habanero, exploramos cómo el acceso diferencial a las reformas se traduce en una posición, también diferencial, en terminos de una estratificación social.

O artigo analisa a relação entre a consciência institucional brasileira e a operação das instituições vigentes no país. A questão é abordada através da identificação de um problema prático: o que pode a democracia brasileira sob a clausura de uma mentalidade institucional limitada ao pretexto da estabilidade ou à fuga da responsabilidade de conceber e desenhar instituições? O percurso do argumento obedece a um desenvolvimento encadeado: i) a indagação a respeito de qual o principal problema da democracia brasileira; ii) O tratamento do tema em sua denotação teórica profunda e filosófica, passando em revista as alternativas de pensamento institucional disponíveis; iii) A observação de como o pensamento social e político brasileiro ordena os desafios institucionais do país e qual vertente deva ser resgatada; iv) E, por último, o retorno ao tema inicial, fechando o ciclo com a indicação de um rumo para a democracia brasileira em sua dimensão institucional, dadas as formas de pensamento existentes.

O presente trabalho busca apresentar uma leitura crítica à irrecorribilidade das decisões interlocutórias no direito processual eleitoral. Por meio de revisão bibliográfica e estudo de caso, evidencia-se que a proibição ao manejo do agravo de instrumento para impugnar imediatamente determinadas decisões incidentais, a pretexto de promover o princípio da celeridade, pode subvertê-lo, o que vai de encontro ao ideal de macroceleridade eleitoral. A conclusão do trabalho apresenta uma proposta de solução para a problemática encontrada, apontando a necessidade de uma reforma eleitoral para que o agravo de instrumento passe a ser aceito em determinadas hipóteses.

This article was written with the aim of knowing the dynamics of deforestation in Brazil, especially the Amazon forest, and to find out the driving factors for deforestation in the Amazon rainforest in 2019 from a critical perspective. The Amazon rain forest is reported to have led to massive deforestation using massive forest burning instruments in 2019, sparking reactions from various international elements. To simplify the analysis in this article, the author uses the concept of captal expansion from David Harvey and to further clarify the problem in this article the author adds the concept of deforestation from William Laurance, the writer uses descriptive analytical research methods and uses secondary data sources. In this article, the authors find various correlations between the interests of the Brazilian government and the interests of multinational companies that lead to encouragement of land clearing in various forests, especially the Amazon, on the pretext of meeting world food demand and efforts to restore Brazilian economic instability as justification.

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused millions to die and even more to lose their jobs, it has also prompted more governments to simultaneously declare a state of emergency than ever before enabling us to compare their decisions more directly. States of emergency usually imply the extension of executive powers that diminishes the powers of other branches of government, as well as to the civil liberties of individuals. Here, we analyze the use of emergency provisions during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and find that it can be largely explained by drawing on political economy. It does, hence, not constitute an exception. We show that many governments have (mis-)used the pandemic as a pretext to curtail media freedom. We further show that executive decrees are considered as a substitute for states of emergency by many governments.

Tekst zawarty w 1 Kor 15 można śmiało nazwać najbardziej dojrzałym traktatem o zmartwychwstaniu umarłych Pawła Apostoła. Pretekstem do jego napisania była postawa niektórych Koryntian, którzy twierdzili, że avna,stasij nekrw/n ouvk e;stin (1 Kor 15,12). Z tradycji, czyli z faktu śmierci i zmartwychwstania Chrystusa Pana, która dla chrześcijan stała się podstawą wiary, św. Paweł wyprowadza argumenty dotyczące powszechnego zmartwychwstania umarłych. Sam fakt zmartwychwstania Apostoł pojmuje nie tylko jako jednostkowy czyn wielkiego herosa, który dopuści kiedyś swoich wybranych do udziału w innym życiu, lecz jako fakt powszechny, podobny do aktu stworzenia pierwszego człowieka – Adama. Będzie to jednocześnie akt inaugurujący czas ostateczny Boga. Pierwsza część traktatu 1 Kor 15 odpowiada zatem na pytanie: czy i kiedy dokona się zmartwychwstanie. Druga część, która rozpoczyna się w tekście 1 Kor 15,35, stawia drugie ważne pytanie: jak powstają z martwych umarli? Czy zmartwychwstanie w ciele jest w ogóle możliwe? Święty Paweł widzi wprawdzie kontynuację pomiędzy starym a nowym stworzeniem, odrzuca jednak podobieństwo psychiczno-fizycznej natury człowieka do duchowego ciała, które otrzymał Zmartwychwstały Chrystus. Cały traktat 1 Kor kończy się perykopą 1 Kor 15,50–58, która ma charakter apokaliptyczny. W bardzo osobisty sposób (my – h`mei/j) autor akcentuje prawdę najważniejszą, która brzmi: czy to przed śmiercią (niektórzy), czy po śmierci (wszyscy) zostaniemy przemienieni (a,ntej de. avllaghso,meqa), ku nieprzemijalności i nieśmiertelności.

The aim of this research is to determine the analogy forms of human spiritual journey in Manthiqut Thair’s compendium and it known as human existence which consisted of Jean Paul Sartre’s experential perspective. This research is qualitative descriptive method with a literature philosophy approach. Data source collection techniques in this research are reading and writing. Analyst used Miles and Huberman’s model analysis techniques to interpret the data. Those are data reduction, displayed data, and outcome. The result of this research shows that Fariduddin Attar represented the journey of birds toward Simurg such as human spiritual journey to God with three aspects. First is initial aspect; seeking Simurg that analogized as initial steps of human to travel their life spiritual, transmission aspect; pretext and complaints of birds along the road are as analog to examinations and trials along spiritual humas’s journey, and last aspect is; seeking Simurg is analogized as a sequence of attitudes that must be possessed by human in order “to meet” with God in their heart. While the forms of human existence found in the Manthiqut Thair’s compendium are structure of being-in-itself amount twenty data and structure of being-for-itself as much nineteen data.

The analysis of the legislation on the application of administrative arrest was carried out. It is established that the position of the legislator comes down to the fact that administrative arrest is the most severe measure of administrative penalty, which is applied in exceptional cases. Appointed only by a court decision (judge) if, in the circumstances of the case, taking into account the identity of the offender, the judge concludes that the application of other types of penalties will be insufficient. The uniqueness of administrative arrest is manifested in the fact that it is established for committing administrative offenses with a special anti-social orientation. The statistics of application of administrative arrest by types of administrative offenses and also number of persons on whom the given penalty is imposed on regions of Ukraine are resulted. It is emphasized that in practice administrative arrest as a type of penalty is used very rarely, in some cases its application is complicated by the procedure of its imposition. Attention is focused on certain provisions of the Draft Law “On the rules of administrative arrest” on the introduction of the principles of administrative arrest; features of the legal status of arrested persons; the procedure for placing a person in a temporary detention facility; placement of persons subject to administrative arrest; rights and responsibilities of arrested persons. The expediency of amendments to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses is analyzed. In particular, parts two of Article 32 (Administrative arrest), parts one of Article 294 (Entry into force of a judge’s decision on an administrative offense and revision of the decision), Article 326 (Execution of a decision on administrative arrest and detention on guard duty). As well as additions to the Code by Article’s 326–1 (Petition for the imposition of the pretext and its consideration), 326–2 (Execution of the decision on the exercise of the pretext) and 328–1 (Petition for suspension of the term of administrative arrest and its consideration). The author of the article proposes to amend paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Draft Law “On the Rules of Administrative Arrest”. Thus, adhere to the principle of non-discrimination enshrined in art. 3 of the draft law. According to the author, it would be logical, if there is an established procedure, to establish liability for violation of the rules and conditions of administrative arrest in the form of a separate provision to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses. The general conclusion is that the adoption of the Laws “On Rules of Administrative Arrest” and “On Amendments to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses in connection with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Rules of Administrative Arrest”” will improve the legal regulation of application and administrative arrest, as a type of administrative penalty, to address a number of issues that exist in this area, which will ultimately contribute to the rule of law and respect for human rights in the application of the penalty.

The segregation laws known as “Jim Crow” are often understood as legislative efforts to promote White supremacy by shielding White southerners from contact with other races. This was not the case, however. By analyzing early railway segregation laws–in particular, the 1890 Louisiana law that was challenged in Plessy v. Ferguson–this article shows that the first post-Reconstruction segregations laws used an expansive definition of the “white race” as everyone who was not Black. In short, White purity and separation were the pretext, not the purpose, of early Jim Crow laws. Instead, the structure of legal segregation was initially determined by White, Democratic legislators' efforts to isolate and subjugate Black Americans by reinstating the racial logic of slavery, which had divided the world into Black people and everyone else. To achieve this end, White supremacist lawmakers framed laws that strategically integrated “white” train cars, all the while claiming the laws did the opposite.

With the rise of the coronavirus crisis, "social distancing," has emerged as a new buzzword. Politicians, journalists, commentators, news readers, senior executives, and experts use this term blindly. However, scrutinizing the word reveals a terminological mismatch between "physical distancing" and "social distancing." While revisiting the history of physical distancing and social distancing, this article attempts to show how the term "social distancing" moved through time and winded up floating in the atmosphere. This study is based on Critical race theory, which has as its aim to uncover the ideologies that have been constructed to perpetuate the oppression of some social categories on the fallacious pretext of race superiority and purity. After going down to the ancient roots of physical distancing practices, this work will recall social distancing behaviors during the slave trade era before delving into the current confusion between both terms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This work stresses the importance of social scientists to assess some official terminologies before their popularization. Keywords: Social distancing, physical distancing, buzzwords, Black, racism, smell

In the last decade, China's rapid economic growth has become a hot topic for politicians and intellectuals in Iran. Iranian views on China and its development model are ambiguous and contradictory, despite exponential growth in trade between the two countries. Three broad views have emerged in Iran about the Chinese way of progress. The pragmatic moderates advocate rapid economic development while keeping tight political control, which is broadly known as the China model. Two other political factions have ambivalent views on China. Hardliners focus on the Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress but also admire some aspects of China's policies, especially its opposition to unilateralism in international affairs. Political reforms and social freedom are central to reformists' views. On this ground, reformists are uncomfortable with the China model. During the Covid-19 pandemic, China's aid diplomacy in Iran and critical remarks by an Iranian health authority about China provided a pretext for a more open debate about Sino-Iranian relations, in general, and the China model, in particular. The range of views expressed on the matter confirms our assessment that there is a wide gap between political camps in relation to the applicability of the China model to Iran.

As demonstrated extensively by translation studies, national images and their reception undergo significant changes in the transfer process to another culture. From this perspective, La pena máxima by Roncagliolo is an interesting case: not only is the plot tied in with the theme of football, which is widely believed to embody national identity, but it has also been commented on in different target cultures. The reception study displays how the images of Argentina and Peru, which the novel deconstructs by using the 1978 World Cup as a pretext to expose the atrocities perpetrated by their respective totalitarian regimes, are perceived in the Hispanic context and in the French and Dutch literary systems into which they have been translated. While the Argentinian and the French reviews skate over the gruesome reality, the Peruvian, the Spanish and the Dutch ones assume the negative images by emphasizing their socio-political relevance.

The objective of this article is to propose an articulation of 3 concepts that have been in educational discourse over the years: reading, literature and literacy. It is proposed to start from the concept of literary reading as a pretext for the development of literacy through the intervention in groups of students of basic education (primary, secondary and high school) working with picture books in a contrast proposal between different educational levels. We show partial results of this experience and new approaches to reading and literature are proposed in the dialogue with literacy based on the chronological age, the reading stage and the emotional moment of each student.

On a Peculiarity in Judicial Oaths of Kalisz, which May Become a Warning for Researchers and Editors of Old Texts The main purpose of the article is to show the problems that editors of Old Polish texts have to face. The pretext for showing these problems was a court note (card 67 recto), which was mistakenly published twice in the same edition (WRS – H. Kowalewicz and W. Kuraszkiewicz). Moreover, it was elaborated in two different ways (the same manuscript fragment is interpreted as the work of two different writers; the boundaries of the judicial record are indicated differently; the transcriptions of both versions also differ). Almost half a century later, all these errors were reproduced in the Electronic Repository of Greater Poland Oaths, although a dozen or so years earlier an edition by T. Jurek was published, in which the errors from the WRS edition were corrected. Unfortunately, the edition by T. Jurek also contains some solutions that make it impossible to use it in an entirely scientific manner (excessive modernization of the spelling).

En el análisis semântico y semiótico del discurso (Escuela de París y escuela francesa de análisis del discurso), cualquier unidad micro o macro-estructural puede constituir un punto de partida esclarecedor para reestablecer la arquitectura del sentido. Partiendo del análisis de los lexemas, responsables de la constitución de las isotopías temáticas y figurativas (Greimas, 1968) en su condición de unidades semânticas mínimas del sistema de la lengua, propondremos la explicación y la interpretación de un artículo de opinión de José-Ignacio Cabrujas (Caracas, 1937- 1995). El análisis de los mecanismos de construcción dei simulacro discursivo que provienen de la instancia de la enunciación (Benveniste, Greimas y Courtés) considerada como unidad macro-estructural, permitirá un acercamiento a los recorridos laberínticos dei decir, que al mismo tiempo representa nuestras formas de vida (Wittgenstein), aserta, manipula, actúa, nos hace sentir (Searle, Austin, Ducrot, Greimas y Fontanille) y nos induce a la sonrisa de la distancia irônica o al gesto amargo dei sarcasmo. La densidad semântica del discurso irónico nos servirá de pretexto para mantener nuestra posición crítica ante las dificultades de micro-análisis semântico del discurso.

Background Prognostic factors in hepatoblastoma need to be reevaluated considering the advances in treatment modalities. The study aimed to evaluate current outcomes of hepatoblastoma and reappraise the association of prognostic factors, including pre‐treatment extent of tumor (PRETEXT) stage with annotation factors and Children's Hepatic tumors International Collaboration‐Hepatoblastoma Stratification (CHIC‐HS) system, with survival outcomes. Methods We evaluated 103 consecutive patients with hepatoblastoma retrospectively according to the treatment period based on the introduction of a liver transplantation program. Results The 5‐year overall survival (OS), event‐free survival (EFS), and transplant‐free survival rates were 80.2%, 74.2%, and 61.8%, respectively. EFS and OS were improved significantly from 58.6% to 81.6% (P = 0.024) and from 58.6% to 90.8% (P, Survival rates were significantly improved among children with hepatoblastoma, especially those with advanced PRETEXT stages with positive annotation factors due to advances in surgical techniques and the introduction of effective chemotherapy. Prognostic factors had different clinical implications with evolved treatment modalities.

The article uses the method of comparative analysis to discuss the position of church property in Montenegro. Through historical examples, with an emphasis on the issue of confiscation of church valuables in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, the author points out the dangers tied with the idea of nationalizing church property and valuables in a secular state with a one-party system, under the pretext of protecting state or national interests. The same pretext is usedin an attempt to form a new national church, with the already existing canonical, legitimate church being discriminated against, and believers denied basic human rights and religious freedoms. In order to resolve these issues in a civilized way, it is necessary to edit the disputed laws and update both the cadasters and the outdated church rules.

In Myanmar’s post-independence history, the Rohingya and other ethnic minorities have been in conflict with the Rangoon based central government. It is commonly alleged that the Rohingya are involved with separatist movements that threaten Myanmar’s sovereignty. The ethnic minority Rohingya were faced with sub-violent confrontation after the military took over State power and later, and most critically, they became de jure stateless in Myanmar. The situation changed dramatically after the 2012 Buddhist-Muslim communal riots. Lastly, the quasi-civilian government launched ‘operation clearance’ against Rohingya civilians using the pretext of terrorist attacks on August, 2017. Since that operation, nearly a million terrorized Rohingya people crossed the border and sought shelter in Bangladesh. Almost three years on, after escaping the violence of the military in Myanmar, the refugees still live in uncertainty. This paper examines the conditions of displaced Rohingya living in different camps in Bangladesh and the extent that the Rohingya pose a security risk for host country. The Government of Bangladesh and international humanitarian agencies have been successfully handling the refugee exodus. But despite progress, it is clear that the Rohingya remain in a precarious situation. After intensive field work, it is concluded that a small minority refugees are involved with anti-social activities in Bangladesh whereas the large majority of Rohingya is innocent. Nevertheless, the refugees’ long presence in border areas of Bangladesh is creating socio-economic pressure and environmental hazards on Bangladesh’s limited resources.

Ina traditional Indian society, women find space as a living being. She needs to be a wife and mother first and then a living being with heart and head. Right from childhood, women have been trained to suppress their physical needs, keeping their families' interest foremost in their minds. Sex is something forbidden to them, and it is treated as a cause for challenges and catastrophes. Under the pretext of maintaining tradition, female sexuality has been suppressed. Instead, it has been appreciated in exalted terms by glorifying motherhood. Infertility in married life affects both husband and wife, yet it is the woman who usually carries the social stigma. Women's social status, how they are regulated in life, economic independence, survival, and marital life are all equivalent to nothing unless their married life becomes fruitful. In this connection, Anderson opines," motherhood is generallyrecognized as an essential part of being a woman, to an extentpoint that women without children are usually described as unsatisfied and incomplete" (42). For a woman whose married life is barren,her body itself becomes an object of discontentment. This paper attempts to view the female body in Manju Kapur's Custody novel from a feminist perspective.

In South Asia, entrenched social and political cleavages involving Muslims or particular groups of Muslims have shaped state efforts to address the global Covid-19 pandemic: Hindu nationalists blamed Muslims for introducing the virus to India; anti-Covid lockdowns extended severe constraints on civil liberties in Muslim-majority Kashmir; anti-state mullahs protested public-health restrictions in Pakistan; Taliban insurgents used the virus as a pretext to delegitimize Afghanistan’s elected government. If one pattern has prevailed across South Asia, however, it is a pattern pushing away from democratic forms of legitimacy: persistent and uneven applications of emergency power, in particular, have weakened the outlook for democracy.

The article considers the process of formation and development of the medieval international order during the end of the active phase of the Mongol conquests in Eastern and Western Europe in the middle of the thirteenth century. The main source in the study of this issue was the evidence set out in the treatise "History of the Mongols, called by us Tatars" by the famous Catholic diplomat Plano Carpini, who in the 40's of the thirteenth century by order of Pope Innocent IV, he carried out a mission to the Mongol Empire.The article notes that this aspect is one of the least studied in modern Ukrainian historiographyAs a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the work analyzed in the article is an important source in the study of the international order, which developed in the middle of the thirteenth century and was based on the dominance of the Mongol Empire in Eurasia. It allows us to consider the peculiarities of the organization of this state, to show the characteristics of its relations with the captured peoples, to determine the order of relations between the Mongols and their vassals. At the same time, this treatise is a manifesto in which, under the pretext of the Mongol threat, it is concluded that it is necessary to unite the rulers of Europe (especially its Orthodox part) under the authority of the Pope. Consideration of the ideas set forth by Carpini, allows us to conclude that the Catholic Church, and in this period, tried to implement the project of its religious expansion in the lands of Eastern Europe and Kiyvan Rus.

The article is devoted to the methodological organization of classes of Russian as a foreign language. The content of the educational literature for foreign students who study Russian at the A2 level, and the requirements of the educational standard for Russian as a foreign language, presented by the Russian state testing system for citizens of foreign countries are considered. An important component of the lessons of Russian as a foreign language is working with a text, which allows you to form the ability to perceive the meaning of the whole text, develop reading and speaking skills, enrich students' knowledge about the country of the language being studied. The text on the city of Yelets is used as a material for the lesson. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that it is proposed to develop a lesson that is aimed at foreign students studying Russian at a basic level. The novelty of the study is that it is based on the regional material. The text, intended for the cultural adaptation of foreign students, describes a familiar place for them - the city of Yelets, in which students live and receive education, so material that takes into account personal interest allows us to intensify the cognitive activity of students. The use of the regional component in the RFL classes motivates the study of the language and contributes to its successful development, as language sources are included that reflect the specifics of the Lipetsk Region and raise interest among foreigners. The materials of the practical lesson are designed to acquaint students with the cultural traditions and lifestyle of the residents of Yelets. A complex of pretext, text and posttext exercises aimed at improving speech skills is proposed. Pre-text tasks are aimed at removing lexical and grammatical difficulties that may arise when working with the text, text tasks - to form a communicative attitude for reading, post-text - to check the understanding of what is read.

RESUMEN: En este artículo se propone una mirada sobre la poesía como una práctica lingüístico-discursiva de indocilidad cuyo efecto crítico acontece en el lenguaje y, por consecuencia, en las estructuras de sentido y de sentir que el ser humano construye sobre su vivir. Plantear la creación poética como crítica es aquí más un pretexto que una tesis; pretexto a partir del cual se elabora una aproximación a la poesía enfocada en insistir en su valor emancipatorio a la hora de tratar con la subjetividad humana.

The article is about the condition of Samarkand's architectural monuments during the period of Turkestan's dependence on Russia. The article considers firstly, the consequences of the Russian administration's failure to maintain the system of protection of architectural monuments in the region, which had existed for centuries in the area until early days of the Russian occupation, specifically, the consequences of the change in the system of management and use of waqf property; secondly, removal of architectural parts of Samarkand monuments and placing them in the central museums of the empire by the Imperial Archaeological Commission under the pretext of carrying out scientific research of existing cultural heritage sites in the territory of the empire, as in other regions, as stipulated in its regulations; thirdly, efforts of the Commission to protect and repair the monuments of Samarkand.

Theproblem of climate change is a global challenge of the XXI century for all mankind.However,despitetheadoptionoftheParisclimateagreement,whichisdesignedtosynchronizethe actions of various countries, individual countries or groups of countries are taking thepathof obtaining unilateral preferences under the pretext of fulfilling the obligations stipulatedin the agreement. The article analyzes the challenges and risks that Russia may face inthe absence of its own greenhouse gas regulation systems against the background of thedeclared and implemented in a number of countries policy of achieving zero greenhouse gasemissions. Ways to fully utilize the potential absorption capacity of Russian forests and otherecosystems in relation to the goals of the Paris climate agreement are considered. We aretalkingabout potential effects for the Russian economy in the form of domestic investmentin forest projects to absorb CO2, while increasing the competitiveness of Russian exportproducts in the context of the introduction of protectionist measures by individual countriesunder the pretext of fighting for “climate neutrality”.

Why there wouldn’t be a Brazilian philosophy? Here is the question that has motivated us for a long time and led us to the identification of some paradigms below. As we have meditated about it, we have glimpsed new scenarios and perspectives that are possible in the elaboration of some answer to it. At this moment, we don’t offer an answer. We only list possible paradigms that are understanding about the originality of a Brazilian philosophy, as follows, a characterizing of postures: affirmative, negative, historiographical, literary and philosophical, university philosophy, primitive knowledge, libertarian praxis, philosophies of foreign ways of thinking, interpreters of Brazil, metaphilosophy and philosophy of the ways of thinking. This characterizing is not found in most authors that were mentioned, but we formulated it as a pre-understanding of a broader work that we are developing around the Brazilian philosophical methodologies and, partly, also Latin American, whose focus will be to respond the initial question. Two precedent proposals were present at the IESMA and UFOP. Our task is to investigate the cohe-rence and utility of these paradigms as a pretext to the question: what is Brazilian philosophy?

A pretexto de modernizar o Direito do Trabalho, atrair investimentos estrangeiros e fomentar a competitividade das empresas e, com isso, retomar o crescimento econômico e a criação de empregos, foi realizada, no Brasil, a denominada reforma trabalhista. Este artigo adota como metodologia a revisão bibliográfica e o método dedutivo e define o significado humano, jurídico, social e político da reforma trabalhista, que permite considerá-la um projeto político neoliberal que institui uma nova ordem jurídica, social, econômica e política, contrária àquela definida pela Constituição a partir do lugar que atribui ao trabalho, aos direitos trabalhistas e ao Direito do Trabalho. Palavras-chaves: Reforma trabalhista; significado humano, social e político.

Jan Lechoń was a poet who actively used memory motifs in his works. These threads were very often correlated with musical and sound themes. First, this article is an attempt to show how Lechoń constructed specific models of cultural memory, in which musical reminiscences played an important role. Secondly, the text shows a lot of evidence that the main method of building musical and literary dependencies that Lechoń used was the Musicality II specified by Andrzej Hejmej, consisting in treating music as an element of a larger topic. Music in Lechoń’s poetry is not always treated as a value in itself. The poet often treats music, e.g. the theme of a concert or playing an instrument, as a pretext to show other content, especially those that are important to Polish cultural memory.

This article considers the gendered institutional response to COVID-19 in Brazilian football It is argued that the asymmetries of power which shaped policy are rooted in the historical marginalisation of women's sports in the country along with socially constructed notions of hegemonic masculinity The COVID-19 pandemic has served to accentuate deeply embedded social and economic inequalities and may serve as a pretext for eroding precarious gains made in recent times © 2020 The Authors Bulletin of Latin American Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for Latin American Studies

Neste artigo, queremos discutir o romance Assim na terra como embaixo da terra (2017), de Ana Paula Maia. A obra nos convida a pensar no sistema penal numa aparente situação-limite, em que presos são assassinados pelo administrador de uma Colônia Penal. Acontece que esse cenário não é estranho ao atual Estado brasileiro, tendo em vista o encarceramento em massa e o recrudescimento das políticas de extermínio de certos grupos sociais e étnico-raciais sob o pretexto da contenção da violência. Essas práticas de extermínio podem ser entendidas a partir da necropolítica, um tipo de dinâmica em que o Estado gerencia a morte para a garantia da ordem pública. Essas ideias são confrontadas pelo romance, fazendo-nos questionar se o sistema penal não é uma das instituições que legitimam a necropolítica a fim de silenciar os problemas econômicos e sociais.

The context or pretext of this Conference was a challenge for the experts of different domains to identify some solutions in order to build a safer society for us and our children by studying: the aspects regarding the origins and typologies of criminal behaviors, the elements of the theory and practice of social services towards inmates and the mechanism and importance of institutional collaboration for relapse prevention. The penitentiary as “a total institution”, tight, with its own organization, is just like any other community, governed by written and unwritten rules. Besides solitude, depression, rage, indignation, in this world one can feel positivism, power of rehabilitation and desire for affirmation. This is the context where the penitentiary social worker has to, on the short term, demonstrate the capacity of fast decision making. On the other hand, on the long term, he/she must intervene one step at the time using high-fidelity techniques, scientifically approved for the targeted population; all of this representing an assurance of professional success. The complexity of the detention imposes an integrated and complete approach; thus the actual approaches must be completed with new techniques that regard the human as a whole in a shifting dynamic.

В статье заглавие рассматривается как важный элемент художественной структуры произведений Л. Улицкой, являющийся интертекстуальным кодом, то есть отсылающим к текстам, уже существовавшим в литературе, претекстам. Выделяются заглавия-цитаты и заглавия-аллюзии. Показывается, как отсылка заглавий к претекстам помогает выявить смыслы, имеющиеся в произведении. = The article considers the title as an important element of the artistic structure of L. Ulitskaya's works, which is an intertextual code, that is, referring to texts that already existed in literature, pretexts. Titles-citations and titles-allusions are distinguished. It is shown how the reference of titles to pretexts helps to reveal the meanings of the work.

В статье заглавие рассматривается как важный элемент художественной структуры произведений Л. Улицкой, являющийся интертекстуальным кодом, то есть отсылающим к текстам, уже существовавшим в литературе, претекстам. Выделяются заглавия-цитаты и заглавия-аллюзии. Показывается, как отсылка заглавий к претекстам помогает выявить смыслы, имеющиеся в произведении. = The article considers the title as an important element of the artistic structure of L. Ulitskaya's works, which is an intertextual code, that is, referring to texts that already existed in literature, pretexts. Titles-citations and titles-allusions are distinguished. It is shown how the reference of titles to pretexts helps to reveal the meanings of the work.

Prosecutors in the US legal system have great power to interfere at their discretion in the lives of citizens, and face relatively few checks on the exercise of this discretion. The vast scope of the criminal law provides a pretext for prosecuting nearly anyone. Meanwhile, other features of the legal system, such as the way plea bargains are structured and the doctrine of prosecutorial immunity, further increase prosecutorial power. And existing institutional restraints on prosecutorial abuses, such as democratic accountability, the grand jury system, and the possibility of a selective prosecution defense, are mostly ineffectual. I draw on republican political theory, including insights from Philip Pettit and Elizabeth Anderson, to argue that this state of affairs gives prosecutors dominating, and therefore unjust, power over vast swathes of the public. I then survey some potential institutional changes which might help ameliorate the problem.

Hay buenas razones para suponer que los estragos ocasionados por la pandemia de la COVID-19 en la primera mitad del 2020, erosionan de tal manera los cimientos del orden mundial imperante, estructurado desde las postrimerías de la segunda guerra mundial, que desde ya se articulan las condiciones de posibilidad para la emergencia de un nuevo o renovado orden internacional con características inciertas. En consecuencia, el objetivo de esta investigación es debatir las implicaciones políticas, económicas y socioculturales de la hipótesis del nuevo orden mundial post-coronavirus y, simultáneamente, configurar algunos escenarios posibles que bien podrían determinar el futuro próximo de las civilizaciones humanas según la lectura de Harari (2014; 2015; 2018). En lo metodológico, se empleó la hermenéutica de la comprensión dialógica de Gadamer, como herramienta ventajosa cuando se trata de visualizar escenarios internacionales, junto al análisis prospectivo como pretexto para relacionar el acontecer mundial, con los textos y contextos que le dan sentido. Entre las conclusiones destaca que la crisis del orden mundial vigente es resultado de un proceso de declive histórico de los grandes modelos políticos y económicos dominantes hasta el presente y que el futuro próximo puede interpretarse mediante la visualización de tres escenarios posibles e interconectados.

This article analyzes the main areas of activities of the Catholic Church in Italy during the coronavirus pandemic in the Spring of 2020 The Italian Episcopal Conference endorsed "fully- fledged cooperation" with the civil authorities in order to contain the epidemiological danger, including a ban on liturgical gatherings This decision raised the question of whether the violations of human and civil rights, in particular, freedom of religion, under the pretext of the common good are justified The author concludes that the unwillingness to enter into conflict with the State, even when dealing with the fundamental principles of Christianity, does not indicate the subordination of the Church to the State It rather indicates the desire to maintain political neutrality, to fulfill the pastoral mission and policy of non-violence However, the author highlights that the civil authorities were not ready to maintain a constructive dialogue with believers because they underestimated or even ignored the importance of the Transcendent in their lives The coronacrisis revealed the existing problematic "areas" in attitude toward religion in secular society

The phenomenon of rejection of Covid-19 corpses is rife at the moment. Prophet Muhammad never refused the corpse who died from a virus or years. The instructions from the Messenger of Allah in the management of the body should follow the ways of burial, because it was feared the stench, and became wild animal food. But some people still refused the burial of Covid-19' corpses because of the pretext of excessive fear with the virus. Whereas in Islam the body must be accepted with pleasure and treated well. However, what happened in some cases, the people were afraid of receiving the corpses. It also happened when they wanted to be buried. Furthermore, some rejected the body and the medical team who wanted to bury it. This paper discusses the phenomenon of the rejection of the corpses of Covid-19 from the perspective of the hadith. The research in this qualitative paper is a type of library research with a hadith contextualization approach. It can be concluded that, first, it is not justified to reject the corpses of Covid-19 because the Messenger of Allah never rejected the body due to the plague and they have the privilege of martyrdom in the afterlife. Second, the solution to the rejection of the body is to continue to administer the body following government protocols and always follow the Shari'a to avoid all martyrdom.

This article examines the phenomenon of women working in meeting the needs of families in Tanjunganom District Getas Village, Nganjuk Regency. The focus of the discussion includes three things, namely (1) how is the view of living for the wife working in Tanjunganom District Getas Village Nganjuk Regency? (2) What are the factors behind the wife working in Getas Village? (3) how does the family impact when the wife plays a working woman in Getas Village? The research methods used, because they are descriptive-qualitative, are interviews, observations and documentation. This article is field research using data reduction analysis techniques, data display and conclusion drawing. The results of the discussion show that the concept of women working in Getas village includes several things, such as the wife's work in helping to make a living is a form of devotion made to the husband. In addition, it is also done wholeheartedly to help the husband in making his family living, under the pretext of increasing the daily income in the family. At some point, even making a family living together is a shared responsibility for the majority of getas villagers. The factors behind the living of women working in Getas village, namely economic factors, emotional factors of a wife who has a sense of pity towards her husband, has owned a business or has had a work contract to continue the ideals that a wife has pioneered since she was young and continue the efforts of existing parents. Positive impacts include lightening the husband's burden, self-reliance on the children and by working can relieve stress. While the negative impacts that arise include a lack of attention to their child and increased costs for daily life, such as buying food

Leadership of the ministers of the Word is often restricted to within church boundaries, on the pretext that ministers should be religious and not too involved in the “world”. On the other hand, ministers are involved in social issues mostly to address immediate needs, often at the expense of transforming the unjust system that perpetuates social injustices. Emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu practised his leadership ministry within and beyond the church boundaries. In the South African society, his leadership ministry contributed towards social development and transformation. This article aims to analyse the contribution of the leadership role of emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu in the social development of the South African society. The main research question is to what extent is or was the leadership of emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu involved in the social development of the South African society?

Contemporary theater practices show a clear shift toward the visual, leaving behind the authorial voice of the text in dramatic theater. Bonnie Marranca already noticed how avant-garde artists use text merely as pretext (xi) in a theater of high visuality (xii) and also Hans-Thies Lehmann affirms the contemporary preoccupation with visual dramaturgy (93). In the wake of this evolution, theater studies has focused more and more on theater as a visual event, proposing theater as an image-producing medium able to reflect on the politics of image-making (Rottger and Jackob) and capable of critically engaging with historical ways of seeing (Bleeker). Interestingly, these accounts foreground theater as a self-reflective medium that deconstructs the operations of making and seeing images. The article continues this line of thought, analyzing how different media (painting, sculpture, photography and cinema) are staged in the visual dramaturgy of Romeo Castellucci’s M.#10 Marseille. We argue that theater’s critical potential toward the visual is anchored in the clash of the spatio-temporal logics of these respective media. Nevertheless, the account of theater as a self-reflective vision machine also falls short, as it fails to acknowledge the magical aspects of the (re)animation of the image on the theater stage. As visual dramaturgies provide a stage to bring the image to life, they go beyond a self-critical account of theater and experiment with an animistic attitude toward the image as a living organism (Mitchell).

Islam regulates the resolution of nusyuz (disobedience) for husbands and wives in the Qur'an Surah an-Nisa’ verse 34 and an-Nisa’ verse 128. Within the Islamic law, the resolution of nusyuz does not promote any violence against wives. Beatings to wives as stated in Surah an-Nisa’ verse 34 should be interpreted as actions to give lessons. However, some cases of domestic violence, relate to the understanding of nusyuz developed within the community. People generally understand nusyuz as an act of a wife's disobedience towards her husband. This inaccurate understanding of nusyuz may lead to domestic violence by the husband, under the pretext of a disobedient wife, while most often it is the husband who is disobedient. In this present study, the field research approach was used. The data collection techniques included interviews and documentation. The data were then analyzed using the qualitative descriptive analysis by interpreting and describing the data. The results of the study revealed that there were three groups of people that understood the concept of nusyuz differently at Ingin Jaya Subdistrict of Aceh Besar District. The first group perceived that nusyuz could be present both in the wife and in the husband. The second group argued that the nusyuz attitude only existed within the wife, whereas the third group had no idea of the concept of nusyuz at all even though they might have done it. The public understanding of nusyuz is very likely obtained from their educational background. Those studying in Islamic boarding schools have had more knowledge of religion and vice versa. Here, most of the interviewees stated that the concept of nusyuz was closely related to domestic violence because public perception had been highly influenced by Surah an-Nisa’ verse 34 concerning the beating of a nusyuz wife. This perception has then given the husband a valid reason to physically beat the wife who has been considered nusyuz. Thus, it is difficult to separate the Islamic doctrine that has long developed within the lives of today’s Muslim communities.

This article addresses the onset of a decades-long conflict between the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire King Ludwig IV of Bavaria and the papacy. When Ludwig intervened on behalf of antipapal factions in northern Italy in 1323, Pope John XXII issued an ultimatum demanding that Ludwig immediately cease to exercise the royal power and title on the pretext that he had never received papal approval of his royal election. Failure to comply meant that the king would fall under sentence of excommunication. Ludwig responded with nearly identical appeals issued in Nuremberg and Frankfurt. Against previous arguments that these appeals were either legal documents operating within the confines of Roman Canon law or artifacts of protomodern realpolitik, this article argues that the “Nuremberg” and “Frankfurt Appellations” emerged from the king's preoccupation with his honor. His Appellations utilized the language and form of Roman Canon law to defame his opponent while he sought to ennoble and justify his actions with a rhetoric mirroring that in supposed repositories of imperial customary law such as theSachsen- andSchwabenspiegel. In arguing that German custom superseded the jurisdiction of papal law in his Appellations, Ludwig elevated a discourse concerning royal elections to the highest levels of imperial politics where it would remain and find inclusion, in intent if not precise formulation, in the famed Golden Bull of 1356.