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This article considers a topic largely ignored by the standard contract texts: contractual powers vested, usually without express restraints, in one of the contracting parties. It gathers the leading Commonwealth decisions on the subject and considers the nature and limits of the commonly-implied "default rule" that such powers may not be exercised arbitrarily, unreasonably or for an improper purpose. The author concludes that in the case of substantive principles such as error of law, improper purpose and irrationality, there is no fundamental difference between the interests protected by contract law, trust law and public law – and nor is there any fundamental difference between the tools used by each to provide that protection.

This thesis examines the theory and practice of ‘policy referendums’ -- i.e. referendums held on questions which are *not* fundamental constitutional issues. In the wake of the 2014 Scottish independence referendum and the 2016 Brexit referendum, much was written on how referendums on certain constitutional issues could be understood to operate within Westminster-style constitutions, however no major work has considered the conduct of policy referendums. This thesis looks at the conduct of this latter class of votes across the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. It is the first detailed study of the subject-matter. In those places, a surprising number of such policy referendums have been held (or have at least been proposed to be held): where, in New Zealand, dozens of national votes on ordinary policies have addressed topics including the state-ownership of banks and public infrastructure, liquor licensing laws, and the legalisation of assisted suicide. In Australia, policy referendums (or ‘plebiscites’, as they are called there) have addressed topics including military conscription and marriage equality. In the United Kingdom, too, a wide range of examples exist, from across the 20th century, for the proposed incorporation of policy referendums into the ordinary legislative process. Some of these were reflected in draft laws and, at the level of the United Kingdom’s constituent countries, a series of policy referendums have in fact been held. The old assumption is that such policy referendums are little more than political theatre or a mass opinion poll, and have little bearing on the normative architecture of the constitution. It is *that* assumption which is tested in this thesis, through undertaking a series of country-based case studies. The conclusion reached is that, in the uncodified or partially codified constitutional communities here considered, it is not productive to distinguish between ‘constitutional’ and ‘policy’ referendums. In flexible constitutions, both exercises can bear upon how power is constructed under the constitution, and both can operate as vectors of informal constitutional change. In the result, we must think more carefully about how and why we engage in popular politics on ‘ordinary’ matters.

The existence of varied form of corporation contract in Indonesia cannot be separated from the existence of corporation forms regulated in the constitution. The forms of corporation as like companies, firms, commanditer companies, PT, and cooperation which come from the constitution of colonial Netherland are surely influenced by the capitalist of western economic system. Meanwhile, in Islamic law there are mechanism of corporations in every sector, like al-Shirkah, al-Mudharabah, al-Muzaro’ah, and al-Musaqoh. This research discusses various mechanisms of corporation that are regulated in the constitution in Indonesia and in Islamic law, and the comparison between both of them. By using qualitative research design through library research in each law product, analyzing the content and comparative analysis, it can be concluded that the various forms of corporation in Indonesia can be made same with (al-Qiyas al-Musawi) the various forms of corporation in Islamic law. This similarity can be seen from the agreement, the goal, the right, the true effort, the important of the agreement, the authority of the people, and the separation aspect. However, there is exception in the law of obligation. The obligation law in the mechanism of the corporation contract cannot be true (haram) since it is not in line with al-Qur’an and the rules in the various forms of corporation contract in Islamic law. Keywords : corporation contract, positive law, Islamic law, al-Qiyas al-Musawi

Interstate integration functions, which are inherent in both systems – municipal law (ML) and international public law (IPL), in the process of interaction of these systems in the information and legal space of the noosphere, cause a synergistic effect, which positively affects the qualitative content of this process noosphere law (NL). Interstate integration features of ML branches according to the constitutional law (KL) of IPL subjects, which are manifested on a global scale in relation to the IPL system, allow to qualify many branches of ML as part of national law (PNL) subjects of IPL subjects as a separate legal system IPL and PNL. Therefore, at present, it is possible to assert the existence of three types of law: on the basis of the IPL system, the PNL system and the IPL system, which, in turn, has dualistic properties as a global-regional legal system. Thus, the process of interaction of IPL and ML systems due to their interstate integration functions, and, according to the concept of teleology of this process, from the beginning is focused on the emergence, formation and future development of the NSL system. However, it is necessary to monitor this process, taking into account its convergent-divergent lability and the likely strengthening of dangerous trends against the background of excessive pressure of international legal sanctions on individual entities of IPL and ML. These trends point to the threat to the world civilization system by the irreversible autarky of the largest subjects of IPL. In the current conditions, it is important that the application of the "topological double-circuit shell-nuclear information-legal Model of the noosphere" in the study of the phenomenon of synergism of IPL and ML systems allows to obtain a reliable forecast at all stages of the NSL system.

актуальность статьи связана с необходимостью раскрытия особенностей финансово-правового регулирования деятельности публично-правовых компаний, посредством которых государство реализует свои публичные функции в различных сферах. Целью статьи является исследование теоретико-правовых аспектов деятельности публично-правовых компаний как юридических лиц публичного права и субъектов финансовых правоотношений. Для решения поставленных задач использовались общенаучные (анализ, синтез, сравнение, обобщение), историко-правовые и формально-юридические методы. Автором исследованы различные научные подходы к определению понятия «юридическое лицо публичного права» и применение его к публично-правовым компаниям с учетом сущности данного вида некоммерческих организаций. Обосновано, что деятельность публично-правовых компаний относится к предмету финансово-правового регулирования, поскольку касается движения децентрализованных фондов публичного характера с целью обеспечения публичных интересов. Сделан вывод, что публично-правовые компании, вступая в процессе своей деятельности в налоговые, бюджетные, валютные и иные правоотношения, легитимно становятся субъектами финансовых правоотношений., the relevance of the article on distribution, taking into account the peculiarities of financial and legal regulation of the activities of public law companies, through which the state implements public functions at various scales. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and legal aspects of the activities of public companies as legal entities of public law and subjects of financial legal relations. Achievement of the tasks set using general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison) and the formal legal method. The author of the study considered various scientific approaches in choosing the concept of “legal entity of public law” and its application to public law companies with the essence of this type of non-profit organizations. Justified that the activities of public law companies are related to subject financial and legal regulation, since we are talking about the movement of decentralized public associations in order to ensure public interests. It is concluded that public companies, entering into the process of their activities in tax, budgetary, currency and other legal relations, legitimately become the subject of consideration of financial legal relations.

частное и публичное право, наряду с принципами права, являются элементами строения права и присутствуют в каждой правовой системе, что предполагает комплексный подход к разграничению частного и публичного права. В статье рассматривается соотношение дуалистического деления права с делением права на отрасли, на отдельные нормы. В работе подчеркивается, что деление права на частное и публичное является универсальным и не имеет прямой зависимости от какого-либо типа (вида) права. При этом качество отдельных норм и институтов права, частного и публичного права в целом должно оцениваться по их соответствию общим принципам права. Кроме того, в статье освещаются и оцениваются основные подходы к дихотомии права, к пониманию частного и публичного права, к выделению критериев их разграничения. Особое внимание в этом ключе уделяется критической оценке метода правового регулирования, составу участников правоотношений, правовой культуре., private and public law, along with the principles of law, are elements of the structure of law and are present in every legal system, that needs propose an integrated approach to the distinction between private and public law. The article discusses the interrelation of the dualistic division of law and the division of law into branches, into separate norms. The paper emphasizes that the division of law into private and public is universal and does not directly depend on any type (kind) of law. At the same time, the quality of separate norms and institutions of law, private and public law in general, should be assessed according to their compliance with the general principles of law. Besides, the article elucidates and assesses the main approaches to the dichotomy of law, to understanding of private and public law, to highlighting the criteria for their differentiation. Special attention is paid to the critical assessment of the method of legal regulation, the composition of participants in legal relations, and legal culture.

This topic is updated by the recent change in the nomenclature of legal scientific specialties, where the central place is assigned to public and private law. The purpose of the article is to study the approaches of S.S. Alekseev to the analysis of private and public law; to their interaction and relationship. Special legal, biographical, hermeneutical and comparative legal methods are used. S.S. Alekseev justifies that the main division of law expresses its deep, initial principles, and hence the fundamental features that appear within the framework of these areas of law, each of which is distinguished by a kind of legal instrument. S.S. Alekseev proves that the main division of law expresses its deep, initial principles, and hence the fundamental features that are manifested within the framework of these areas of law, each of which is distinguished by a kind of legal instrument. Public and private law have their own «spirit», the initial beginnings, the principles, features. Moreover, despite the «strength» and the leading nature of public law in modern legal systems, private law is historically and logically the first subsystem of law that laid its fundamental features in general. The two legal subsystems cannot exist without each other. They are inseparable, but everyone has its own tasks, functions, and its own subject of regulation. Public law is necessary for the authorities to regulate their existence and manage the affairs of society, but the state apparatus is less interested in the existence and development of private law. However, without private law, or if it exists, but with serious diminution or deformation, public law also suffers. Private law disappears under socialism and therefore a logical and important result of the study of the teachings of S.S. Alekseev on public and private law today, in the context of the country's transition to democracy, respect for human rights and a market economy, is the conclusion that the revival of private law in Russia is necessary.

La investigación condensada en el presente trabajo tuvo como propósito determinar si las asociaciones público-privada (APP), como técnica o modo de colaboración entre el sector público y privado, requieren de una nueva tipificación dentro de la contratación administrativa o si puede enmarcarse dentro de los ya clásicos contratos administrativos, o bien si se trata de un contrato de derecho privado de la Administración pública. A través de una comparación y el método deductivo se hace una revisión de la doctrina y dogmática jurídica en materia de contratación estatal, y tomando como referente los principios generales que rigen el derecho Administrativo, se propone una definición de este tipo de contratos.

Este artículo proporciona una introducción al derecho de la contratación estatal de los Estados Unidos, especialmente el derecho federal, que está más desarrollado que el derecho de los estados o el derecho local, y que tiene lecciones que pueden ser útiles para otros sistemas. El artículo se divide en siete partes y su análisis abarca la historia, que ha dotado al sistema de sus características actuales; el acceso al mercado y las potenciales barreras de entrada; los principales métodos de contratación en el sistema federal; los principales tipos de contratos; el sistema de protestas para los oferentes agraviados; y los mecanismos de protección anticorrupción del sistema estadounidense. Todos estos elementos actúan como piezas de un engranaje que, sin ser perfecto, ha evolucionado a lo largo de los años para llegar a ser un régimen de contratación estatal que es, a la vez, complejo y maduro.

En el presente escrito se estudia la responsabilidad que se deriva para quien ha frustrado las tratativas por su acción, omisión o extralimitación en la etapa precontractual, y que, de esta manera, ha causado un daño. De este modo se intenta responder importantes interrogantes: ¿dónde se ubica la responsabilidad precontractual del Estado?, ¿cuál es el fundamento de dicha responsabilidad? y, aún más, ¿dónde empieza y dónde termina la responsabilidad precontractual de la Administración pública? Para esto, se revisan los antecedentes históricos de la institución, pasando por sus fundamentos mediatos e inmediatos, así como su radio de acción en situaciones concretas de responsabilidad precontractual en las que puede incurrir la Administración pública o el proponente.

Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación han transformado nuestra sociedad. Su influencia se ha extendido a todos los ámbitos, afectando con especial intensidad a la industria farmacéutica y la compraventa de medicamentos. De cualquier modo, internet ha posibilitado una nueva vía de acceso del medicamento falsificado. A tal efecto, la Unión Europea ha realizado un destacable esfuerzo de lucha y control frente a este complejo reto, que ha tenido como última consecuencia el desarrollo del Sistema Europeo de Verificación de Medicamentos. En la actualidad, a consecuencia de la pandemia generada por el sars-CoV-2, estamos siendo testigos de la adaptabilidad del mercado de los medicamentos falsificados y de su destacable capacidad para desarrollar fármacos e, incluso, vacunas falsificadas o de baja calidad frente al covid-19.

O presente trabalho estuda a possibilidade da responsabilização por feminicídio quando a vítima for mulher transexual à luz de princípios constitucionais e penais, como o da dignidade da pessoa humana, e a exclusiva proteção ao bem jurídico. Para tanto, foi realizado uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental do direito nacional e internacional. Essa pesquisa está inserida num contexto social brasileiro onde os índices de violência à mulher (cis e trans) são um dos maiores do mundo. Por outro lado, existem correntes de pensamento conservadoras que entendem pela não equiparação da mulher trans à mulher cis nos efeitos jurídicos

The present work has as its object the formal and detailed confession as a necessary condition for the realization of the non-criminal prosecution agreement. For this, first, the characteristics and requirements that must be respected so that the confession is considered valid and the agreement can be made will be studied. The functions of the confession carried out in the agreement are also studied in order to ascertain the reasons why the legislator has demanded the confession as an essential requirement for carrying out the agreement. Later, comes the first of the main discussions studied in the work. This is the analysis of the (un)constitutionality of the confession in the agreement, in view of the right of the investigated person not to produce evidence against himself (principle of nemo tenetur is detectable or non-self-incrimination) and the prerogatives arising therefrom, whatever they may be: the right to remain silent and not to be constrained to confess to a criminal offense. Finally, this paper seeks to investigate the possibility of using, in the context of criminal proceedings, the confession made in the non-criminal prosecution agreement and, if this is possible, the objective is to investigate the evidential value given to it., O presente trabalho tem como objeto a confissão formal e circunstanciada como condição necessária à realização do acordo de não persecução penal. Para isso, primeiramente serão estudadas as características e requisitos que deverão ser respeitados para que a confissão seja reputada válida e o acordo possa ser realizado. As funções da confissão realizada no acordo também são estudadas a fim de averiguar os motivos de o legislador ter exigido a confissão como requisito imprescindível à realização do acordo. Posteriormente, chega-se à primeira das principais discussões a serem estudadas no trabalho. Trata-se da análise quanto à (in)constitucionalidade da confissão no acordo, tendo em vista o direito do investigado de não produzir provas contra si próprio (princípio do nemo tenetur se detegere ou da não autoincriminação) e das prerrogativas dele decorrentes, quais sejam: o direito de permanecer em silêncio e o de não ser constrangido a confessar a prática de ilícito penal. Por fim, o presente trabalho busca perscrutar acerca da possibilidade de utilização, no âmbito do processo penal, da confissão realizada no acordo de não persecução penal e, caso isso seja possível, objetiva-se averiguar o valor probatório que lhe seria atribuído.

La Revue du droit public revue est créée sous la Troisième République pour constituer le foyer principal d’accueil de la science du droit public, parallèlement à son institutionnalisation dans les facultés de droit françaises. Ce faisant, l’étude des rubriques bibliographiques présentes dans la revue pendant la décennie 1904-1913 offre un terrain privilégié pour observer la construction doctrinale du droit public à partir des pratiques effectives de lecture et de sélection des écrits considérés comme relevant du champ du droit public. Elle fait apparaître la science du droit public comme un flux qu’il faut maîtriser et organiser. La Revue du droit public constitue alors une « école d’activité », dont le fonctionnement contribue à définir des pratiques scientifiques communes, sans qu’il y ait nécessairement homogénéité intellectuelle et doctrinale des contributeurs. The Revue du droit public was created during the Third Republic to become the main French forum for the science of public law, in conjunction with its institutionalization in French law schools. The study of the bibliographic sections of the journal during the decade 1904-1913 offers a rich insight on the doctrinal construction of public law. The study is based on the actual practices of reading and selecting written material that was considered as belonging to the field of public law. It makes the science of public law appear as a flow that must be controlled and organized. The Revue du droit public thus constituted a « school of activity »: its functioning contributed to defining common scientific practices, without there necessarily being intellectual and doctrinal homogeneity among the contributors.

National and ethnic enclaves constitute one of the forms of "parallel spaces" materialization (In the entire palette of inherent properties) and, therefore, it is legitimate to qualify them as a unique practice of refraction of the concept of multiculturalism. Historical experience has shown that the presumption of mutual desire for integration based on the recognition of the concept of multiculturalism as a guiding principle of relations (primarily in relation to European states and migrant groups within their borders) did not justify itself due to insufficient consideration of the entire scope of influencing factors (risks). On this basis, the author emphasizes the importance of applying an approach the structure of which includes differentiated complex methodological formulas (political and legal, socio-economic, national-cultural) that encourage harmonization of "foreign" authentic cultures (including religious practices, behavioural patterns in the framework of social environments) with a dominant and historically determined culture of the host community with the recognition of the primacy of its culture (including a heterogeneous nature).Enclaves are viewed as a spatial-geographical and socio-institutional phenomenon. The spatial and geographical component reflects the infrastructure landscape of the enclave, including the inherent economic, production, and environmental features in certain geographical coordinates (at the location). A socio-institutional variable characterizes a community that has appeared and functions by virtue of and within certain groups of co-identity parameters (national, religious, linguistic, legal (usually legal), etc.), emphasizes its inherent connections (internal and external). Under national-ethnic enclaves it is proposed to understand separate quasi-territorial formations, where, due to objectively forced conditions, national minorities (mainly migrant groups) live compactly (permanently or temporarily), adhering to an authentic way of life that differs from the generally accepted way (mainstream) in the host society. The paper highlights the characteristic imperative and optional features of enclaves, emphasizes the heterogeneous configuration of the social structure of enclaves, investigates the reasons for the formation and functions of ethno-national enclaves, identifies the similarities and differences between enclaves and ghettos and ethno-burbes.

The social reinsertion of prisoners is a joint task of the State and society. The development of such a process depends on the provision of basic conditions of health, hygiene, food, legal assistance and religious protection that aim to ensure the maintenance of human dignity. In addition to the legal protection of the rights of citizens while imprisoned, human rights norms and treaties recommend minimum actions for the organization of prisons so that there is no lack of interest in the process of social reinsertion. Among these parameters, adequate assistance to the inmate constitutes an indispensable tool for their regeneration. The social abandonment, caused by the lack of assistance to the prisoners in the prison system, reflects directly in the recovery of the prisoner and represents damages to the penal execution, contributing for the animosity in the jails and the high rates of recidivism. In this sense, the present work aims to highlight the assistance to the prisoner during the execution of the sentence as a mechanism able to promote potential possibilities of his social reinsertion, which requires, as a feasible condition, the offer of minimum rights under the Brazilian Criminal Execution Law., La reinserción social de los reclusos es una tarea conjunta del Estado y la sociedad. El desarrollo de este proceso depende de que se ofrezcan las condiciones básicas de salud, higiene, alimentación, asistencia jurídica y protección religiosa que tienen como objetivo garantizar el mantenimiento de la dignidad humana. Además de la protección legal de los derechos de los ciudadanos mientras están encarcelados, las normas y tratados de derechos humanos recomiendan acciones mínimas para la organización de las prisiones, de modo que el interno no carezca de interés en el proceso de reinserción social. Entre estos parámetros, la asistencia adecuada al preso es una herramienta indispensable para su regeneración. El abandono social, provocado por la falta de asistencia a los reclusos del sistema penitenciario, se refleja directamente en la recuperación del preso y representa un daño a la ejecución penal, contribuyendo a la animosidad en las cárceles y a los altos índices de reincidencia. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende destacar la asistencia a los presos durante la ejecución de la pena como mecanismo para promover las posibilidades potenciales de su reinserción social, lo que requiere, como condición habilitante, la provisión de los derechos mínimos previstos en la Ley de Ejecución Penal brasileña., A reinserção social dos detentos é tarefa conjunta do Estado e da sociedade. O desenvolvimento de tal processo depende do oferecimento de condições básicas de saúde, higiene, alimentação, assistência jurídica e proteção religiosa que visam garantir a manutenção da dignidade da pessoa humana. Além da proteção legal aos direitos do cidadão enquanto encarcerado, normas e tratados de direitos humanos recomendam ações mínimas de organização dos presídios para que não falte ao apenado o interesse pelo processo de reinserção social. Dentre tais parâmetros, a adequada assistência ao preso constitui ferramenta indispensável à sua regeneração. O abandono social, causado pela falta de assistência aos internos do sistema prisional, reflete diretamente na recuperação do preso e representa prejuízos à execução penal, contribuindo para a animosidade nas cadeias e os elevados índices de reincidência. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo evidenciar a assistência ao preso durante a execução da pena como mecanismo apto a promover potenciais possibilidades de sua reinserção social, o que requer, como condição viabilizadora, a oferta de direitos mínimos previstos na Lei de Execução Penal brasileira.

Este estudo analisa os desafios que a observância prática do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana encontra na sociedade de risco de Ulrich Beck, bem como a necessidade do surgimento de uma nova ética capaz de balizar as ações humanas, cujas consequências extrapolam as noções usuais e simultâneas de tempo e espaço. Na forma de um exemplo sintético, pretende-se pensar o Direito à Educação em face da teoria de Beck, com diálogos com Hannah Arendt e José Sérgio Fonseca de Carvalho. Ademais, a presente pesquisa verifica que a efetividade dos direitos humanos está sujeita a diversos obstáculos, tais como: a ausência de tutela internacional efetiva, a presença de critérios vagos para a resolução de conflitos entre os direitos fundamentais relativos e a necessidade de especificação dos direitos humanos já existentes. A metodologia utilizada compreende uma abordagem qualitativa, dialética, de natureza básica, contendo um objetivo explicativo e um procedimento bibliográfico, documental, histórico e observacional. Os resultados da pesquisa realizada apontam que a problemática erigida somente pode ser solucionada mediante uma resposta transdisciplinar, amparada pelo paradigma da complexidade de Edgar Morin, além de frisar a necessidade de uma maior participação dos Estados em organizações internacionais. Por fim, a pesquisa também apontou que os critérios construídos pelo neoconstitucionalismo podem servir de base para o deslinde de eventuais choques entre os direitos fundamentais relativos.

The executive branch is often conceptualised as a hierarchy in which one official has ultimate authority to carry out the law. In American public law, this is referred to as the ‘unitary’ theory of...

The paper examines various approaches to defining the concept of "public interests", and carries out a comparative analysis of the positions of scientists regarding the content of this concept. The author distinguishes between the categories of "public interests", "state interests" and "public interests". The paper examines the judicial and law enforcement practice in cases in which public interests are affected. The author proves the need to develop a legal definition of the concept of "public interests" in order to increase the efficiency of the activities of Russian courts and other state bodies that ensure and protect these interests. The author offers his original definition of the concept of "public interests", highlights its features. The importance of consolidating in the legislation a single, universal for all branches of law, the definition of the category of "public interests" with the possibility of supplementing its content, taking into account the specifics of the subject of legal regulation, as well as the subject composition of the relevant legal relations.

Keywords: recodification of the Civil Code of Ukraine, codification of legislation onintellectual property law, subject and method of intellectual property law The article examines the issues related to the possibility ofcodification of legislation in the field of intellectual property rights. Currently, inUkraine there is a three-tier regulation of public relations in the field of intellectualproperty law. On the one hand, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the rules of which are characterizedby a corresponding nature, terminological inconsistency with special legislation;special legislation regulating legal relations arising from the creation and use ofcertain objects of intellectual property rights; as well as the provisions of ratified internationallegal acts in this area. Such legislation does not contribute to effectiveprotection or effective protection of intellectual property rights.The updating of the Civil Code of Ukraine will not improve the situation regardingproper legislative support in this area, and may lead to new conflicts. Based on the analysis of existing approaches in legal doctrine on the possible codificationof legislation in the field of intellectual property law, it is concluded that it ispossible if the latter is separated into an independent branch of law, characterized bythe subject and method of legal regulation. The existing approach to the definition ofthe subject of regulation in the doctrine of intellectual property law coincides with thecivilized approaches and does not reflect the specifics of legal relations that characterizethe field of intellectual property. The subject of intellectual property law is notlimited to private law relations, public law is also quite common. In this regard, it isproposed to understand the subject as a legal relationship arising in connection withthe creation, use and protection of intellectual property rights. It is proved that theright of intellectual property can be separated into an independent branch of law andto codify its legislation. This will be facilitated by the interest of the state and the correspondingpolitical will to do so.

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto demostrar que el derecho administrativo del Estado social y democrático es el derecho del poder público para la libertad solidaria. El método empleado es el propio de la investigación jurídica, en este caso a través de la argumentación y la proyección de los principios constitucionales sobre el derecho administrativo. El estudio parte de una introducción en la que se plantea la cuestión, una análisis del llamado derecho constitucional, un comentario sobre la incidencia de la cláusula del Estado social sobre la Administración pública y el derecho administrativo que sirve de antesala para la principal conclusión: que el interés general en un Estado social y democrático de derecho está inescindiblemente vinculado a la promoción de los derechos fundamentales, individuales y sociales, de la persona. Es decir, la dignidad del ser humano es el centro y la raíz del derecho público, de manera que todas sus instituciones y categorías deben definirse y construirse desde esta perspectiva.

A confidentiality clause is a clause in investor-state contracts which is in the operative part of the contract to guarantee adequate protection of the trade secrets of the contracting parties. This article argues that there is a need to change the current practice where investor-state contracts in Indonesia utilizes broadly defined confidentiality clauses as a means to protect trade secrets in international business transactions. This is because a broadly defined confidentiality clause is contradictory to the provisions of the Act on Public Information Disclosure (APID). APID is aimed mainly at providing public information disclosure. The public information includes public contracts, such as investor-state contracts. Therefore, a new model of the confidentiality clause is needed for the protection of trade secrets as intended by the Act on Trade Secrets (ATS) and contract law as well as public information disclosure as intended by APID. This article employs doctrinal legal research. The research utilized, primary, secondary, and tertiary legal authorities. The primary legal material intensively used in this article consists of mandatory-primary legal authorities, in the form of statutes and contracts. The contracts used are the investor-state contracts of Aceh Province, Indonesia. The finding shows that a new model of the confidentiality clause can be created by accommodating both the interest of the state for providing public information disclosure based on APID and the interest of investors for the protection of trade secrets based on ATS and contract law. Investor-state contracts are a specific type of contract which has specific characteristics that apply to both private law and public law. They are different from purely international commercial contracts which only apply private law. Investor-state contract drafters need to be aware of this difference and provide a more balanced confidentiality clause in the contracts.

El contrato administrativo electrónico como parte de las actividades que se desarrolla dentro del derecho público, reviste de gran importancia a raíz de la sistematización de las formas o procedimientos de la contratación pública, que se han complementado en la necesidad de la utilización de herramientas tecnológicas integradas por un sistema oficial de la contratación pública en donde todo proceso, procedimiento concerniente a esta materia contractual se genere de acuerdo a estos sistemas y forme parte de una regulación normativa, de cumplimiento obligatorio por las administraciones públicas y sus concursantes que se rigen sobre la aplicación de criterios constitucionales y de varios principios contractuales.El desarrollo de las aplicaciones informáticas y telemáticas a nivel estatal hace posible que exista la necesidad de la automatización de la actividad administrativa, así como también el de contratar electrónicamente.

An administrative claim is one of the main institutions of administrative justice. To understand the institution of an administrative claim as a complex legal structure covering the right of a person to apply to an administrative court with a request, it is necessary to clarify the concept, legal nature, types of administrative claim. The purpose of the article is the theoretical and legal characteristics of the categories of the institution of administrative proceedings, the definition of the concept, the definition of the essence and structure of an administrative claim, the criterion for its classification, making proposals aimed at improving the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine. The methodological basis of the research is a combination of general scientific and special methods of cognition. The research is based on the dialectical method of scientific cognition of the phenomena of reality in their development and interrelation. The achievement of certain research objectives led to the use of such methods as: the historical and legal method – when analyzing claims in administrative proceedings, the system analysis method made it possible to consider an administrative claim as a single system with its own structure and dynamics of development. The methods of analysis and synthesis, structural-functional, synergetic and other methods were also used, which made it possible to comprehensively explore the problematic aspects of understanding the institution of administrative claims. An administrative claim is understood as a material claim of the plaintiff for the protection of rights, freedoms and interests in public law relations, addressed to an administrative court. Various approaches to the classification of administrative requirements depending on the content are described. The internal structure of the administrative claim is described, in connection with which the provisions of the legislation are analyzed. The substantive and procedural aspects of the claim are highlighted. Analyzes the legal requirements for an administrative claim. It is noted that within the framework of administrative legislation, in particular in the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, the types of administrative requirements are not directly defined. It has been established that at the scientific and theoretical level, the main criteria for the classification of administrative claims are: the subject of an administrative claim, a method of procedural protection, a method of achieving procedural goals, the nature of material legal relations. The main tasks that an administrative claim solves as a procedural means of protecting rights, freedoms and interests in the field of public relations are determined.

The article is devoted to the historical origins of the administrative justice of Poland, dating back to the times of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. As is known, the formation of administrative proceedings on Polish lands took place in the second half of the nineteenth century under the rule of Prussia and Austria-Hungary, but some judicial authorities considered cases of public law in the XVII century. At this stage of the formation of legal mechanisms for resolving public lawsuits, they did not constitute a holistic system, but represented a number of powers of various authorities and officials of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.The organization and activities of the Crown Treasury Tribunal, also known as the Radom Tribunal, are analyzed. This body was formed in 1613 in connection with the crisis in the financial functions of the then state. It was considered the highest court aimed at counteracting encroachments on the state treasury. Due to insufficient efficiency in the new social conditions in 1764 the Crown Treasury Tribunal was abolished, and its powers were transferred to the commissions of treasury.As a result of the work of the General Sejm in 1764, the functions of judicial control over public administration were given to the Crown Treasury Commission, the Grand Military Commission, the Military Department of the Continuing Council, the Military Commission of Both Nations, the National Education Commission, and others. The jurisdiction of these entities extended to cases in the field of treasury, taxes, troops, education, city administration, etc. As a consequence of the reforms of 1764, the competences of the Marshal’s and Assessor courts of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth also changed, and they began to consider cases of an administrative-legal nature.In 1788, the Police Commission of Both Nations was established, to which the powers of the Commission of Marshals of both nations passed. This collegial authority consisted of so-called national marshals (Polish and Lithuanian) and 15 commissioners – three senators, six knights and six representatives of the cities. The Law on Free Royal Cities in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of 1791 declared the jurisdiction of the Police Commission over cities for internal government and urban revenues. The formation of Polish administrative justice at that time did not take place, which hindered the disintegration of the state.

The current stage of development of the national legal system of Ukraine is characterized by the development of various forms and ways of protection of the constitutional right to property, creating conditions for the exercise of constitutional rights and legitimate interests of individuals in property relations and realization of difference property rights.The key principle of the constitutional regulation of private law relations is the equality of all participants, which is a significant achievement of the modern legal system. The most pronounced detection of the principle of equality is embodied in the field of civil law, where the main method of regulation is the legal equality of participants. It allows protecting the rights and interests of individuals along with the interests of the state and other subjects of public law, which in the field of civil law have no privileges in connection with their status, have no authority over other subjects of civil law and are legally equal to individuals.The issue of property is, in general, key in the constitutional regulation of economic relations, which is directly related not only to property but also contract law, because, first, entering into appropriate legal relations, their sub-jects satisfy their own property and other interests, and such actions should not harm the interests of others. And secondly, most of the ways to protect violated property rights (property) are implemented within the framework of a binding legal relationship.A special institution is the provision of obligations, as it is designed to protect the right of a person to property, which is used as a guarantee of protection of such rights in a contractual relationship. This institution is a set of legal norms that regulate the relationship related to the creditor’s rights to the debtor’s property or claims to third parties, establish additional mechanisms and means of state legal protection to ensure the actual and proper performance of obligations ultimately guarantees the protection and defense of the right of a person (creditor) to his property.In this article defines that the specific types of security for the obligation are pledge (mortgage) and surety, which allow to involve in guaranteeing the protection of a person’s right to property in contractual relations of third parties, in particular in the case of pledge with a guarantor. Pledge and surety are different types of pledge in their means, so the rules governing the surety do not apply to the creditor’s legal relationship with the property guarantor, as he is liable to the pledgee for the debtor’s performance of the principal obligation only within the value of the pledge.Pledge and surety may give rise to a new accessory (additional) obligation between the creditor and the guaran-tor or property guarantor. In order to ensure equality as a key principle of constitutional law and the method of civil law regulation, it seems appropriate to supplement the legislation of Ukraine with the provisions on the conclusion of a surety agreement, only with the consent of the debtor; also substantiated the opinion on the need to give the consent of the guarantor (property guarantor) to assign the right of claim to him under the surety agreement (prop-erty surety).

The need for public legal education is at an all-time high. From constitutional law issues raised by the recent presidential election to increased media coverage of police brutality, there are numerous examples of why it is crucial to teach practical law to non-lawyers. Street Law programs, administered by law students to teenagers, are a prominent type of public legal education. Despite the urgent importance of Street Law programs, there is limited research on their pedagogical effectiveness, or how they affect those who administer them. This project helps to close that gap through its multimethod research on the course instructors. In addition to completing this program evaluation, the project also (1) develops a theoretical framework that will enable law school administrators and scholars from a variety of disciplines to understand how law students are impacted by Street Law programs, and (2) lays the foundation for future assessments of Street Law and other public law education programs. The importance of understanding the impacts of these programs, which the results of this study show to be overwhelmingly positive, cannot be overstated because they have broad potential to affect law students’ transition to practice and society at large.

Child protection law is a state policy in guaranteeing the rights and obligations of the child itself, both regulated in private law and in public law and formal law in the sense of the process of enforcing the protection of the child. Child protection is an effort to maintain children's human rights so that they can continue to grow and develop into the hope and successor of the nation and state. Legal protection for victims is an obligation of the state and society that must be sought, be it government institutions, be it the police or child protection institutions or the community itself. This study aims to find out how to realize legal protection for child victims of sexual violence, to find out the obstacles faced in implementing legal protection and to find out what efforts are being made to overcome obstacles in the legal protection process for victims of child abuse so that justice and legal certainty fully implemented. This research was conducted using descriptive analysis method, namely providing researched data about the condition of the object under study, namely victims of sexual violence associated with statutory regulations, and normative juridical methods. The data obtained from library research is supported by field research, namely conducting interviews, then analyzed qualitatively. This research was conducted at Komnas Perempuan, the Center for Integrated Protection for the Empowerment of Women and Children (P2TP2A), and the Institute for Child Rights Advocacy (LAHA), the Indonesian National Commission for Child Protection. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that legal protection for child victims of underage sexual abuse has not been fully realized because there are still children who have not received the rights regulated by law. Such as the rehabilitation process and getting the progress of the case and the resolution of the case. Constraints faced are obstacles regarding legal protection for child victims of sexual violence, namely legal protection for child victims of sexual violence in the form of obscenity, namely the process of completing difficult case investigations, low level of public awareness and lack of facilities in the investigation process. Meanwhile, efforts that can be done are to resolve cases quickly and according to the law, increase public awareness and coordinate with institutions that are related to the legal protection process for victims of sexual abuse as a form of sexual violence.

This paper tackles the question of methodological standards in public law scholarship, showing the perils of the current issues with access to relevant data and the promise of what can be achieved with better data and computational methods. It does so by focusing on the question of effectiveness of Cart challenges—the largest group of claims for judicial review in the High Court. Moreover, I discuss how the empirical question of effectiveness of judicial review is linked with the normative question of what counts as ‘success’. I show the perils of inattention to data limitations in the analyses of Cart claims by the Independent Review of Administrative Law and by the Government. I show the promise of better data and computational methods through my unprecedented empirical study of Upper Tribunal decisions that followed Cart judicial reviews. I find that the Government’s claim that Cart challenges are a disproportionate burden on resources lacks adequate empirical basis.

Mandatory reporting of infectious diseases (MRID) is an essential practice to prevent disease outbreaks. Disease notification is a mandatory procedure for most infectious diseases, even during non-pandemic periods in healthcare. The main rationale behind MRID is the protection of public health. The information and data provided by infectious disease reports are used for many purposes, such as preventing the spread and potential negative impact of infectious diseases, assessing the national and global situation regarding reported diseases, conducting scientific research and planning health policy. In this context, the relevant information benefits public health, health systems and scientific work. Additionally, the follow up and treatment of individuals with infectious diseases is a necessity in certain cases to protect those who cohabit with them. However, these benefits cannot be accepted as unrestricted justifications for MRID, since it is evident that reporting should be conducted within ethical and legal boundaries. MRID should only be devised and implemented with due regard to balancing potential benefits between all individuals, as well as between the individual and the rest of society. Disease notification systems that are not designed with a balancing and harm-reductionist approach may lead to stigmatisation and discrimination. This study aims to investigate the legal framework and ethical issues regarding the reporting of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey—which is a primary example of a developing country.

In March 2020, stringent social distancing measures were introduced across England and Wales to reduce the spread of Covid-19. These measures have presented significant challenges for the family justice system. This article sets out the findings of interviews conducted with professionals in the North East of England who have represented or otherwise supported litigants in private and public children proceedings since social distancing measures were introduced. The findings reveal that whilst practitioners are broadly positive about their experiences of shorter non-contested hearings, they nonetheless have concerns about the effectiveness of remote/hybrid hearings in ensuring a fair and just process in lengthy and complex cases. In particular, the findings indicate that the move to remote hearings has exacerbated pre-existing barriers to justice for unrepresented and vulnerable litigants. The aims of this article are not to ‘name and shame’ any particular court but to highlight evidence of good practice in the North East of England and provide scope for improving practitioners’ and litigants’ experiences within current restrictions.

Głównym założeniem publikacji jest ocena norm prawnych dotyczących przewozu zwierząt egzotycznych obowiązujących na terenie Unii Europejskiej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich obowiązywania i przestrzegania w krajach, w których doszło do ich naruszenia lub nieskutecznego zastosowania w opisywanym przypadku. Na podstawie analizy zależności pomiędzy nieprawidłowościami w stosowaniu regulacji prawnych dotyczących przewozu zwierząt egzotycznych w Europie a wystąpieniem sytuacji faktycznej, w której doszło do śmierci jednego z tygrysów i zagrożenia życia pozostałych osobników, możliwe jest także znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy w przedstawianym stanie prawnym występuje tzw. luka prawna, jak również zaproponowanie subiektywnych rozwiązań prawnych mających na celu uniknięcie podobnych sytuacji w przyszłości. Zawarte w tekście rozważania dokonywane są na podstawie rozporządzeń i dyrektyw UE oraz przepisów krajowych (przy czym w odniesieniu do stosowania przepisów prawnych UE – zachodzą także odniesienia do ich stosowania przez włoskie organy prawa, jako kraju, w którym rozpoczął się transport tygrysów). W zakończeniu przedstawione zostały wnioski, mające na celu zapewnić większą ochronę zwierzętom egzotycznym w czasie ich transportu (przede wszystkim transgranicznego). Autorka wykazuje, że w opisywanym przypadku nie występuje luka prawna, a doszło jedynie do błędnej interpretacji, a następnie stosowania prawa UE przez organy państwowe Włoch i Polski, wskazując podstawowe zagrożenia dobrostanu dzikich zwierząt podczas transportu przez kraje UE. Po pierwsze: brak jest odgórnego systemu kontroli na poziomie UE; po drugie: uwidocznione zostały wady funkcjonowania systemu TRACES, po trzecie: dużą trudność sprawia wskazanie norm prawnych na poziomie ponadnarodowym dotyczących zwierząt egzotycznych. The main aim of this publication is the evaluation of legal norms governing the transportation of exotic animals in the EU, specifically in reference to its enforcement and effectiveness in the EU countries mostly involved in the transportation of tigers in 2019, to which this text refers. The analysis of the presented legal and factual situation allows one to determine whether there is a legal loophole in the described case, as well as find legal solutions how to avoid such situations in the future. The considerations contained in the publication are based on EU regulations and directives as well as national regulations (with regard to the application of EU legislation by different EU Member countries, since there are also references to its application by Italian law authorities to the country in which the transport of tigers began). At the end follows a presentation of conclusions on how to ensure greater protection of exotic animals during their transportation (mainly transboundary). The author shows that in the described case is no legal loophole, but only a misinterpretation and then application of EU law by the Italian and Polish state authorities, pointing to the basic threats to the welfare of wild animals during transport through EU countries. Firstly, there is no top-down control system at the EU level; secondly, the shortcomings of the TRACES system were highlighted; thirdly, it is very difficult to identify legal norms at the supranational level regarding exotic animals. В статье представлена оценка правовых норм по перевозке экзотических животных, действующих в Европейском Союзе, с особым акцентом на их действительность и соблюдение в странах, где они были нарушены или неэффективно применены в описанном случае. На основе анализа взаимосвязи между нарушениями в применении правовых норм по перевозке экзотических животных в Европу и возникновением фактической ситуации, в которой один из тигров погиб, а жизнь других оказалась под угрозой, можно сделать вывод о том, существует ли так называемый пробел в праве в представленном правовом статусе, а также предложить субъективные правовые решения, предотвращающие подобные ситуации в будущем. Приведенные в тексте соображения основаны на положениях и директивах ЕС, а также на национальном законодательстве, причем в отношении применения законов ЕС также делается ссылка на их применение законодательными органами Италии как страны, где началась перевозка тигров. В заключении даются предложения по усилению защиты экзотических животных при их транспортировке (в первую очередь трансграничной). Автор показывает, что в описанном случае нет никакого пробела в праве. Имело место лишь неверное толкование и неправильное применение законодательства ЕС государственными органами Италии и Польши. Указывается также на основные угрозы благополучию диких животных во время транспортировки через страны ЕС. Во-первых, на уровне ЕС не существует система внешнего контроля, во-вторых, отмечаются недостатки в функционировании системы TRACES; в-третьих, очень сложно определить правовые стандарты на наднациональном уровне в отношении экзотических животных.

La regulación de los servicios públicos domiciliarios, tanto en escenarios de normalidad como en las circunstancias atípicas actuales de pandemia, debe buscar la armonización de todos los intereses presentes en dichos mercados, en procura de garantizar tanto la dimensión social como la económica de estos servicios. Sin embargo, las medidas regulatorias introducidas para atender y gestionar la pandemia por covid-19, en materia del servicio público de acueducto y alcantarillado, parecen haber favorecido de manera desproporcionada su dimensión social, aumentando los riesgos de lesionar la dimensión económica y los intereses de los prestadores del servicio. En este contexto, cobra importancia el control jurídico (judicial y no judicial) como herramienta que permita verificar si las medidas de reconexión inmediata, pago diferido, prohibición de suspensión o corte e imposibilidad de incremen­to tarifario, adoptadas con ocasión de esta crisis, respetaron los parámetros de validez y eficacia que guiaban el ejercicio de los poderes de regulación.

El objetivo principal del presente estudio de investigación es ofrecer un análisis sistemático del consentimiento en el tratamiento de datos personales de menores de edad al amparo del Reglamento General de Protección de Datos y en la Ley Orgánica de Protección de Datos Personales y de Garantía de Derechos Digitales. En concreto, además de profundizar en el consentimiento como base jurídica fundamental, se diseccionan los contornos esenciales de la firma electrónica como un instrumento más idóneo para garantizar la prestación de este consentimiento, haciendo especial énfasis en las singularidades que ello presenta cuando quienes intervienen como responsables del tratamiento son las Administraciones públicas.

No doubt exists that the separation of powers is a fundamental architectural principle in Canadian public law jurisprudence. But what about the idea of a mixed constitution? A simple CanLII search for “mixed constitution” turns up six cases. In five1 of these cases, the search reveals the following phrases: “pre-mix constituted goods,” “the mix constituting the excavated material,” “the Owners’ mixes constitute ‘bread and rolls’,” “the improper mixing constituted a fraudulent misrepresentation,” and “quality control for the asphalt mix constituted.” Clearly baking and aggregate blends figure largely in constituted mixes, but the constitutional jurisprudential sense is largely absent. That said, concerns about pre-mixing, constituted goods, excavating, improper mixing, and quality control do have some salience for the discussion that follows.

The subject matter of the research is legal principles regulating the mechanism of earlywarning as an instrument to monitor subsidiarity on the European Union. The aim of theresearch is the analysis of public law measures able to improve the formula (model) ofparticipating of regional parliaments in the mechanism of early warning to decrease thedeficiency of democracy caused by the dislocation scheme of various actors within theEuropean Union. The methodology of the article represents formal legal, comparative legal,historical, structural and hermeneutic methods added with analysis, synthesis, deductionand induction. The research features the problems of regulation in European lawthe participation of regional legislatures to check the compliance of legislative proposalsof the European Union to the subsidiarity principle. A special attention is given to the lackof the definition of regional parliament with legislative authorities. The article stresses theproblem of securing efficiency mechanism of early warning, determined by the necessityto comply with the principles of proportion and competencies when checking the subsidiarityin the European Union legislation project. A special attention is given to the dispositiveformula of the implementation of rights and obligations when national parliamentsconsult with regional legislatures. The article shows the optionality of regional parliamentsto conduct the control over the compliance of the European Union bill to subsidiarity. Thearticle draws the attention to the questions of the differentiation of the opportunities forregional parliaments to participate in assessing the subsidiarity in terms of the modificationof the formation of upper chambers of national parliaments. The paper arrives at theconclusion that the regional dimension of the mechanism of early warning is characterizedwith fragmentary (discreet) and optional (dispositive) forms of implementation. Constitutionallegal status of regional legislatures in terms of the mechanism of early warningis characterized with limited resources.

This research aims to understand the implementation of supervision law supervision toward Articles 5 and 14, and the law enforcement toward Article 28 of Law No.4 Year 1997 on People with Disability in Sleman Regency. Data are obtained through interviews and literature related to the problem. The results of this research show that the implementation toward article 5 and 14 are not yet effective and the law toward article 28 is not implemented yet in Sleman.

After the entry into force of the Administrative Code of Republic of Moldova, the legal person under public law becomes a complex research topic. Taking into account the fact that, the Administrative Code of Republic of Moldova operates only with the notion of ,,public authority”, notions such as ,,public institution” and / or those legal entities of private law remain in the shadows which, in turn, by Law 714/200 on administrative litigation (repealed) were equivalent to public authorities, including in litigation cases. Of course, the above positions are not the only problematic moments in the judicial doctrine and practice, along the way the issue indicated in this article remains to be researched and argued continuously.

The article examines the issues of differentiation of the regulation of public relations, defined primarily by the differentiation of public relations, and then inherent in their legal forms (based on self-regulation) and external regulatory forms (based on power regulations). The need to renounce the traditional differentiation of the right to industry, including its division into so-called private and public law, is justified because it reflects external forms of expression of law, i.e. differentiation of legislation governing a variety of public relations, divided into private and public relations. The notion of dualism (pluralism) of the law must be replaced (or at least interpreted) with the notion of dualism of the regulation of public relations, meaning legal and regulatory regulation, with all the ensuing consequences. Such an approach implies the need to clarify the entire terminology range of jurisprudence. This article discusses issues such as the legal and regulatory regime (mechanism) of public relations regulation, legal and regulatory principles for regulating public relations, legal and regulatory legal facts, as circumstances that are the basis for the emergence, change and termination of legal relations and power relations.

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. Essential Cases provides you with succinct summaries of some of the landmark and most influential cases in public law. Each summary begins with a review of the main case facts and decision. The summary is then concluded with expert commentary on the case from the author, Thomas Webb, including his assessment of the wider questions raised by the decision for you to consider.

지방자치단체의 불합리한 관할 구역으로 인하여 주민 불편 및 비효율적인 행정이 초래되는 경우가 있다. 지방자치제도가 본격적으로 실시된 이후, 관할권이나 재산권 등을 둘러싼 지방자치단체 간의 경계변경에 관한 분쟁은 계속되어 왔다. 2021년 개정된 「지방자치법」에서는 당사자 간에 경계변경에 관한 사항을 효율적으로 협의할 수 있도록 ‘경계변경자율협의체’를 구성하도록 하고, 경계변경에 관한 합의를 한 경우에는 합의한 바와 같이, 협의체를 구성하지 못하거나 협의체에서 합의가 이루어지지 않은 경우에는 행정안전부장관이 지방자치단체중앙분쟁조정위원회의 심의·의결을 거쳐 이를 조정할 수 있도록 하는 규정을 신설하였다. 이와 같이 지방자치단체 간의 분쟁을 입법적으로 해결하고자 하는 노력은 매우 바람직하다고 할 것이다. 그러나 개정된 「지방자치법」을 따르더라도 지방자치단체중앙분쟁조정위원회가 결정함에 있어 객관적이고 합리적인 고려의 기준은 여전히 없는 상태이고, 이를 다툴 수 있는 지방자치단체의 불복절차도 따로 규정되어 있지 않는 데다가, 지방자치단체중앙분쟁조정위원회의 결정에 해당 지방자치단체의 동의 의결 혹은 주민투표 등과 같은 절차적 정당성을 확보하기 위한 수단이 마련되어 있지 않아, 결국 지방자치단체의 지역고권((地域高權)을 비롯한 자치권 침해의 우려가 있다. 이러한 불완전성으로 인하여 경계변경에 관한 구체적인 절차를 마련한 「지방자치법」 개정의 의미가 퇴색되지 않도록 향후 입법적 보완이 필요하다.

Korea has been establishing international investment treaties through free trade agreements and bilateral or multilateral investment treaties. However, the legal doctrines on which these treaties are arguably incompatible with domestic law or national interests. Furthermore, critical commentators contend that these treaties are channels through which global standards are grafted into Korea’s domestic legal system. Nevertheless, this paper demonstrates that domestic legal elements or national interests are reflected in the international investment agreements, although this could be like passing a camel through the eye of a needle. Investment policy-makers usually tend to comply with international standards concerning investment protection schemes. However, the preceduralised treaty-making allows channels through which various perspectives can influence the treaty-making led by a particular department, from discussing trade policies to the legislative consent. Of course, this domestic influence cannot change the fundamental principle of international investment law. However, the national influence can have a small but not negligible impact on the flow of international investment law, which could ultimately contribute to secure a balance between investment protection and legitimate regulatory powers in the longer term.

The article reveals the content of the principle of good governance based on the analysis of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, international treaties, decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, as well as decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the Supreme Court.The author analyzes the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which formulates the principle of good governance in its modern sense, and on the basis of this analysis determines its content and features. It has been established that the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights have established a consistent practice of understanding the principle of good governance, which includes five main components, a detailed analysis of each of which is based on specific examples. It was found that the principle of good governance is characterized by the dynamics of its development, which is manifested in the constant expansion of the content of this principle. It is argued that the permanent development of the principle of good governance has led to the formation of a new component of this principle - proportionality.The national case law in cases arising from public law disputes is described and the approach of courts to the application of the principle of good governance is clarified. It is substantiated that there is a well-established case law in social disputes, according to which one of the manifestations of the principle of good governance is that in the absence of an effective mechanism for guaranteeing social benefits provided by law, in full or no statutory expenditures for such benefits. should make it impossible to protect the property rights of a person guaranteed by Article 41 of the Constitution of Ukraine. Other aspects of the application of the principle of good governance in judicial practice have been clarified and analyzed. Based on the analysis, a conclusion is drawn about the importance of the principle of good governance in Euro-pean and national case law.