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Funder: Graphene Flagship, The on-chip integration of two-dimensional nanomaterials, having exceptional optical, electrical, and thermal properties, with terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) has recently led to wide spectral tuning, nonlinear high-harmonic generation, and pulse generation. Here, we transfer a large area (1 × 1 cm2) multilayer graphene (MLG), to lithographically define a microthermometer, on the bottom contact of a single-plasmon THz QCL to monitor, in real-time, its local lattice temperature during operation. We exploit the temperature dependence of the MLG electrical resistance to measure the local heating of the QCL chip. The results are further validated through microprobe photoluminescence experiments, performed on the front-facet of the electrically driven QCL. We extract a heterostructure cross-plane conductivity of k⊥= 10.2 W/m·K, in agreement with previous theoretical and experimental reports. Our integrated system endows THz QCLs with a fast (∼30 ms) temperature sensor, providing a tool to reach full electrical and thermal control on laser operation. This can be exploited, inter alia, to stabilize the emission of THz frequency combs, with potential impact on quantum technologies and high-precision spectroscopy.

Radiofrequency (RF) injection locking and spectral broadening of a terahertz (THz) quantum-cascade vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser (QC-VECSEL) is demonstrated. An intracryostat VECSEL focusing cavity design is used to enable continuous-wave lasing with a cavity length over 30mm, which corresponds to a round-trip frequency near 5GHz. Strong RF current modulation is injected to the QC-metasurface electrical bias to pull and lock the round-trip frequency. The injection locking range at various RF injection powers is recorded and compared with the injection locking theory. Moreover, the lasing spectrum broadens from 14GHz in free-running mode to a maximum spectral width around 110GHz with 20dBm of injected RF power. This experimental setup is suitable for further exploration of active mode-locking and picosecond pulse generation in THz QC-VECSELs.

High-power, incoherent THz array sources are widely desired in some applications due to their low energy, unique terahertz fingerprint, and image. In this work, a dual ridge terahertz quantum cascade laser lasing at 3.1 THz is presented, and the device’s performance is analyzed in detail. The maximum output power can reach 512 mW when the two ridges work simultaneously in continuous-wave mode, with a threshold current density of 281 A/cm2 at 15 K. While the peak power is approximately 704 mW in pulse-wave mode at 15 K, the lasing still could be observed approximately 7 mW at 125 K. The far-field pattern of the dual ridge THz QCL is detected by a THz camera; two light spots typically show a single-lobe Gaussian distribution. The experimental results provide a reference for realizing high-power THz quantum cascade lasers, and they will provide some guidance for the structural design of multiple ridges or laser arrays.

We present a high-resolution electron tomography study of buried ultra-thin layers and their interfaces from the active region of a (Ga,In)As/(Al,In)As quantum cascade laser (QCL) test structure. Using a high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy image series, a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the complex layer structure is obtained. From this 3D information, we determine quantitative values for the chemical width and, simultaneously and independently, the root mean square roughness (rms) and lateral correlation length of the individual interfaces of a cascade using topographic height maps. The interfacial widths are comparably small for all interfaces within a cascade and the layer thicknesses show only a small standard deviation of less than one monolayer. The rms roughness is systematically lower at the direct (Ga,In)As-on-(Al,In)As interface compared to its inverse. In addition, using the one-dimensional height–height correlation function, different lateral correlation lengths along the two perpendicular ⟨ 011 ⟩ in-plane directions are detected indicating a distinct anisotropy of the interface morphology. Our accurate and comprehensive results on the QCL test structure will serve as feedback to evaluate the growth process and help to assess the performance of corresponding future laser devices in detail.

Broadband, quantum-engineered, quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are the most powerful chip-scale sources of optical frequency combs (FCs) across the mid-infrared and the terahertz (THz) frequency range. The inherently short intersubband upper state lifetime spontaneously allows mode proliferation, with large quantum efficiencies, as a result of the intracavity four-wave mixing. QCLs can be easily integrated with external elements or engineered for intracavity embedding of nonlinear optical components and can inherently operate as quantum detectors, providing an intriguing technological platform for on-chip quantum investigations at the nanoscale. The research field of THz FCs is extremely vibrant and promises major impacts in several application domains crossing dual-comb spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, time-domain nanoimaging, quantum science and technology, metrology and nonlinear optics in a miniaturized and compact architecture. Here, we discuss the fundamental physical properties and the technological performances of THz QCL FCs, highlighting the future perspectives of this frontier research field.

A laser exhibits both controllable gain and loss and, under proper design conditions, is an ideal non-Hermitian system allowing the direct observation and engineering of spectral singularities such as exceptional points (EPs). A dual section distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a prototype of such a system, allowing the controlled coupling of a ladder of cavity Fabry-Perot modes to a quarter wave shifted DFB mode. Tuning the coupling strength and the gain difference between these two set of modes enables probing the regimes from weak coupling to strong coupling and the robust observation of EP singularities. At these EPs, the laser exhibits a sequence of lasing and switching off the coherent emission when pumped above transparency. Additionally, the pumping scheme allows the deliberate lifting of the EP degeneracy. These results show that dual section QCL is a perfect platform to study EPs because the coupling parameter and system loss can be tuned in a single device., New Journal of Physics, 24 (5), ISSN:1367-2630

This view highlights a revolutionary change in IR ellipsometry, namely, the incorporation and application of tunable lasers. The presented instrumental developments beyond classical FTIR-based approaches are coming precisely at the right time for today’s demands for in situ, operando and hyperspectral characterization methods required in bioanalytics, catalysis and surface science.

The present study proposes a terahertz quantum cascade laser frequency comb (THz QCL FC) with a semi-insulated surface plasma waveguide characterized by a low threshold current density, high power and a wide current dynamic range. The gain dispersion value and the nonlinear susceptibility were optimized based on the combination of a hybrid bound-to-continuum active region with a semi-insulated surface plasmon waveguide. Without any extra dispersion compensator, stable frequency comb operation within a current dynamic range of more than 97% of the total was revealed by the intermode beat note map. Additionally, a total comb spectral emission of about 300 GHz centered around 4.6 THz was achieved for a 3 mm long and 150 µm wide device. At 10 K, a maximum output power of 22 mW was obtained with an ultra-low threshold current density of 64.4 A·cm−2.

This paper describes the first implementation of terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers for high-resolution absorption spectroscopy on plasmas. Absolute densities of ground state atomic oxygen were directly obtained by using the fine structure transition at approximately 4.75 THz. Measurements were performed on a low-pressure capacitively coupled radio frequency oxygen discharge. The detection limit in this arrangement was found to be 2 × 10 13 cm−3, while the measurement accuracy was within 5%, as demonstrated by reference measurements of a well-defined ammonia transition. The results show that the presented method is well suited to measure atomic oxygen densities, and it closes the THz gap for quantitative atomic density measurements in harsh environments such as plasmas.

In this paper, we have examined the influence of electroplated gold thickness on the thermal and electro-optical properties of mid-IR AlInAs/InGaAs, InP QCLs. The experimental results show a significant reduction of the temperature of QCL active region (AR) with increasing gold layer thickness. For QCLs with 5.0 μm gold thickness, we observed a 50% reduction of the active region temperature. An improvement of key electro-optical parameters, that is, threshold current density and maximum emitted power for structures with thick gold, was observed. The results of micro-Raman characterization show that the electroplated gold layer introduces only moderate compressive strain in top InP cladding, which is well below the critical value for the creation of misfit dislocations.

A portable sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is reported to analyze trace gases. QEPAS is a high sensitivity and very compact well-established spectroscopic technique for sensitive and selective detection of trace gases. A distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) emitting at 4474 nm is utilized as excitation light source. N2O has been selected as the target molecule, in order to evaluate the performance of the sensor. By analyzing the QEPAS peak signal as a function of the N2O concentration, the response of the sensor has been investigated and a sensitivity of 0.24 mV/ppb and a linearity of 0.999 have been found. An Allan deviation analysis has been performed to determine the long-term performance of the sensor. A minimum detection limit of 2 ppb for 100 s integration time has been achieved. A precision and stability of 100 ppb (0.5 %) have been demonstrated as well.

We report InAs-based quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) operating near 14 µm with a threshold current density Jth as low as 0.6 kA/cm2 at room temperature. The threshold obtained is lower than the Jth of the best reported InP-based QCLs to date without facet treatment. The achieved performance improvement is partially due to an increased separation between the upper transition level and the next one in the active quantum wells of the employed QCL design.

Electronic properties of selected quantum dot (QD) systems are surveyed based on the multi-band k·p method, which we benchmark by direct comparison to the empirical tight-binding algorithm, and we also discuss the newly developed “linear combination of quantum dot orbitals” method. Furthermore, we focus on two major complexes: First, the role of antimony incorporation in InGaAs/GaAs submonolayer QDs and In1−xGax AsySb1−y/GaP QDs, and second, the theory of QD-based quantum cascade lasers and the related prospect of room temperature lasing.

Applications relying on mid-infrared radiation (λ ~ 3-30 μm) have progressed at a very rapid pace in recent years, stimulated by scientific and technological breakthroughs like mid-infrared cameras and quantum cascade lasers. On the other side, standalone and broadband devices allowing control of the beam amplitude and/or phase at ultra-fast rates (GHz or more) are still missing. Here we show a free-space amplitude modulator for mid-infrared radiation (λ ~ 10 μm) that can operate at room temperature up to at least 1.5 GHz (−3dB cutoff at ~750 MHz). The device relies on a semiconductor heterostructure enclosed in a judiciously designed metal–metal optical resonator. At zero bias, it operates in the strong light-matter coupling regime up to 300 K. By applying an appropriate bias, the device transitions towards the weak-coupling regime. The large change in reflectance is exploited to modulate the intensity of a mid-infrared continuous-wave laser up to 1.5 GHz., Broadband integrated electrical modulators are key components for photonic systems. Here, the authors present a room temperature mid-IR free-space amplitude modulator based on a semiconductor heterostructure that exploits the change in reflectance occurring at the change between weak and strong coupling.

Even though already in the seventies, right after the invention of the quantum cascade laser (QCL) concept, it was argued that this device could be operated in the THz (far-infrared) range of the electromagnetic spectrum, it was only in 2002 that the first working THz QCL was demonstrated. Soon afterwards, the progress was very rapid; in the space of 2-3 years, operating temperatures were raised, single-mode DFB devices were produced, applications as local oscillators in heterodyne transceivers were implemented, frequency coverage was extended to the whole 1-5 THz region. In the last few years, technological advancement has continued to improve performances: the maximum operating temperature has now reached about 250 K and about 1 W peak output power has been demonstrated. Several beam engineering techniques have been implemented, with the scope of enhancing spectral purity, improving beam quality and achieving vertical emission. In parallel, various approaches have been devised that allow frequency tunability of the emitted light, with the most efficient schemes achieving a tuning range of about 10% of the central emission frequency. Even the generation of frequency combs directly from THz QCLs has been obtained, by employing dispersion compensated waveguides and an intrinsic material non-linearity. This manuscript reviews the physics underlying the operation of THz QCLs, the technology developed to advance laser performances, and highlights the latest most promising progresses in this fascinating area of opto-electronics.

Polyethylene is a promising polymer for mid-infrared integrated optics due to its broad transparency and optimal refractive index. However, simple fabrication protocols that preserve its optical characteristics are needed to foster a wide range of applications and unlock its full potential. This work presents investigations of the optical and structural properties of spin-coated linear low-density polyethylene films fabricated under humidity-controlled conditions. The film thickness on polymer concentration dependence shows a non-linear behavior, in agreement with previously reported theoretical models and allowing predictive concentration-dependent thickness deposition with high repeatability. The surface roughness is on the nanometer-scale for all investigated concentrations between 1% and 10%. The crystallinity of the films was studied with the Raman spectroscopy technique. Mid-infrared ellipsometry measurements show a broad transparency range as expected for bulk material. Layer exposure to solvents revealed good stability of the films, indicating that the fabricated layers can outlast further fabrication steps. These investigations confirm the excellent properties of spin-coated thin films fabricated with our novel method, creating new opportunities for the use in photonic integrated circuits Published by Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

International audience; We demonstrate experimentally that mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) operating under external optical feedback exhibit extreme pulses. These events can be triggered by adding small amplitude periodic modulation, with the highest success rate for the case of a pulse-up excitation. These findings broaden the potential applications for QCLs, which have already been proven to be a semiconductor laser of interest for spectroscopic applications and countermeasure systems. The ability to trigger extreme events paves the way for optical neuron-like systems where information propagates as a result of high intensity bursts.

Quasi-crystal distributed feedback lasers do not require any form of mirror cavity to amplify and extract radiation. Once implemented on the top surface of a semiconductor laser, a quasi-crystal pattern can be used to tune both the radiation feedback and the extraction of highly radiative and high-quality-factor optical modes that do not have a defined symmetric or anti-symmetric nature. Therefore, this methodology offers the possibility to achieve efficient emission, combined with tailored spectra and controlled beam divergence. Here, we apply this concept to a one-dimensional quantum cascade wire laser. By lithographically patterning a series of air slits with different widths, following the Octonacci sequence, on the top metal layer of a double-metal quantum cascade laser operating at THz frequencies, we can vary the emission from single-frequency-mode to multimode over a 530-GHz bandwidth, achieving a maximum peak optical power of 240 mW (190 mW) in multimode (single-frequency-mode) lasers, with record slope efficiencies for multimode surface-emitting disordered THz lasers up to ≈570 mW/A at 78 K and ≈720 mW/A at 20 K and wall-plug efficiencies of η ≈ 1%., Photonics: Unusual patterns put the shine on wire-like lasers Researchers report that ‘quasicrystal’ patterns — mathematical sequences that are ordered, but never repeat themselves — can help turn tiny wires into high-efficiency lasers. Microchip-scale photonic lasers are normally produced by etching semiconductor surfaces with periodic arrays of optical microcavities. Miriam Serena Vitiello from CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze in Pisa, Italy, and colleagues now show that arranging microcavities into quasicrystal patterns can make it easier to pack more photonic lasers onto computer chips. The team first carved grating-like wire structures into the surface of gallium arsenide-based materials, then lithographically etched a series of non-repeating microcavities into each wire. Tuning the widths of the wires and the dimensions of the cavities enabled the devices to exhibit both single-frequency and broadband terahertz laser emissions, while providing improved power characteristics compared to conventional patterning methods.

Minerals play an important role in the oil sands extraction efficiency. It is thus important to assess the major mineral abundance in oil sands ores. This paper presents the application of tunable quantum cascade lasers for mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy on oil sands minerals. The investigations and results show a new tool to determine oil sands mineral type and to determine potentially quartz and clay contents.

International audience; Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are optical sources exploiting radiative intersubband transitions within the conduction band of semiconductor heterostructures. Mid-infrared QCLs have been thoroughly considered for applications such as spectroscopy, free-space communications and countermeasure systems. Under conventional optical feedback, QCLs have been proven to operate in several non-linear dynamic regimes, including deterministic chaos, entrainment of low-frequency fluctuations and square wave all-optical modulation. We extend the understanding of non-linear phenomena in QCLs with the experimental study of rogue waves. Rogue waves represent random isolated events with amplitudes well above that of neighboring ones, occurring more often than expected from the distribution of lower amplitude events. In the optical domain, rogue waves were first demonstrated experimentally in 2007 in the context of super-continuum generation in optical fibers and have since been observed in a wide variety of configurations such as semiconductor lasers. In QCLs, the extra power from these sudden bursts can be used in order to improve the efficiency of mid-infrared remote sensing or countermeasure systems. It can also be a helpful tool for neurophotonics clusters aiming to reproduce synaptic transmissions in an all-optical system. As a step toward a reliable control over these rare spikes, we carry out a statistical analysis of the interval between rogue events and show that precursors always occur before these events. The advantage of these precursors is to have a characteristic time longer than that found in other semiconductor lasers exhibiting the same non-linear phenomena. Birth of giant pulses like dragon-kings events are also discussed and analyzed.

We cast a theoretical model based on effective semiconductor Maxwell-Bloch equations and study the dynamics of a multi-mode mid-infrared quantum cascade laser in a Fabry-Perot configuration with the aim to investigate the spontaneous generation of optical frequency combs. This model encompasses the key features of a semiconductor active medium, such as asymmetric, frequency-dependent gain and refractive index as well as the phase-amplitude coupling of the field dynamics provided by the linewidth enhancement factor, and some specific resonator features, such as spatial hole burning. Our numerical simulations are in excellent agreement with recent experimental results, showing broad ranges of comb formation in locked regimes, separated by chaotic dynamics when the field modes unlock. In the former case, we identify self-confined structures travelling along the cavity, while the instantaneous frequency is characterized by a linear chirp behaviour. In such regimes, we show that OFCs are characterized by concomitant and relevant amplitude and frequency modulation.

Full phase control of terahertz (THz)-emitting quantum cascade laser (QCL) combs has recently been demonstrated, opening new perspectives for even the most demanding applications. In this framework, simplifying the set-ups for control of these devices will help to accelerate their spreading in many fields. This study reports a new way to control the emission frequencies of a THz QCL comb by small optical frequency tuning (SOFT), using a very simple experimental setup, exploiting the incoherent emission of an ordinary white light-emitting diode. The slightly perturbative regime accessible in these conditions allows tweaking the complex refractive index of the semiconductor without destabilizing the broadband laser gain. The SOFT actuator is characterized and compared to another actuator, the QCL driving current. The suitability of this additional degree of freedom for frequency and phase stabilization of a THz QCL comb is shown and perspectives are discussed., Laser & Photonics Reviews, 15 (6), ISSN:1863-8880, ISSN:1863-8899

Quantum cascade lasers subject to tilted optical feedback produce periodic oscillations, quasi-periodic oscillations, and low-frequency oscillations. This work presents the modulation characteristics of period-one (P1) oscillations in a quantum cascade laser with tilted optical feedback. The electrical signal at the oscillation frequency is more than 50 dB higher than the noise level, and the electrical linewidth is less than 2.0 kHz. This electrical linewidth is about four orders of magnitude narrower than the optical linewidth (around 16 MHz) of the free-running laser, which suggests that the optical sidebands induced by the P1 oscillations are highly coherent with the main optical mode. In addition, the modulation depth of the optical signal is found to be in the range of 1% to 3.5%. In addition, it is verified in the simulations that the P1 oscillations induce not only amplitude modulation but also frequency modulation due to the phase-amplitude coupling effect.

Starting from a full set of effective Maxwell-Bloch equations for a ring quantum cascade laser in the limit of fast material dynamics we derive a new set of equations which require a considerably lower numerical load because they evolve on the time scale of the electric field. With the further assumption of laser very close to threshold the equations take the form of the generalised Lugiato-Lefever equation. Using the latter, we study the formation and stability of multi-peaked localised structures which can be regarded as portions of a global pattern and exhibit a snaking structure.

Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) represent a most promising compact source at terahertz (THz) frequencies, but efficiency of their continuous wave (CW) operation still needs to be improved to achieve large-scale exploitation. Here, we demonstrate highly efficient operation of a subwavelength microcavity laser consisting of two evanescently coupled whispering gallery microdisk resonators. Exploiting a dual injection scheme for the laser cavity, single mode CW vertical emission at 3.3 THz is obtained at 10 K with 6.4 mA threshold current and 145 mW/A slope efficiency up to 320 μ W emitted power measured in quasi-CW mode. The tuning of the laser emission directionality is also obtained by independently varying the pumping strength between the microdisks. By connecting the resonators through a suspended gold bridge, the laser out-coupling efficiency in the vertical direction is strongly enhanced. Owing to the high brightness, low-power consumption and CW operation, the proposed microcavity laser design could allow the realization of high-performance CW THz QCLs ready for massive parallelization.

In this paper, a comparison study of a quantum cascade laser used for signal transmission by free-space optics is presented. The main goal is to define the capabilities of medium-wavelength infrared lasers operated in pulsed or continuous wave (cw) mode through testing and analyzing a laboratory setup of a data link operated at wavelengths of 4.5 µm (pulsed, peak power 3 W) and 4.8 µm (cw, average power ~20 mW). In this spectral range, the link budget is also defined by radiation attenuation in the atmosphere (absorption, scattering, and turbulence interaction). The performed measurements define unique operational aspects of the quantum cascade lasers considering on–off keying modulation. The registered light pulse changes for different parameters of driving current signals determine some limitations in both rate and data range. Finally, we present eye diagrams of the signals obtained using two data links.

WOS: 000400536000016, In this study we report the VIII ratio effects on growth, structural, optical and doping characteristics of low growth rate (similar to 1 angstrom/s) heteroepitaxial Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) grown In(x)A(1-x)As layers, a part of Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) structures, on InP substrate. Especially photoluminescence (PL) properties of InAlAs-InP interface show strong dependence on AsH3 overpressure. We have shown that the VIII ratio with fixed metalorganic precursor flow is a crucial parameter on In In(x)A(1-x)As layers to have a good material quality in terms of crystallinity, optical and electrical characteristics with and without doping. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology-SANTEZ program [0573.STZ.2013-2]; TUBITAK PhD Program fellowship [BIDEB-2211], This study was partially supported by Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology-SANTEZ program under grant number 0573.STZ.2013-2. Ilkay Demir acknowledges the support through TUBITAK PhD Program fellowship BIDEB-2211 Grant. The authors thank Ms. A. Alev Kizilbulut from ERMAKSAN Optoelectronics for PL measurements.

We explore saturable absorption and terahertz photoluminescence emission in a set of n-doped Ge/SiGe asymmetric coupled quantum wells, designed as three-level systems (i.e., quantum fountain emitter). We generate a non-equilibrium population by optical pumping at the 1→3 transition energy using picosecond pulses from a free-electron laser and characterize this effect by measuring absorption as a function of the pump intensity. In the emission experiment we observe weak emission peaks in the 14–25 meV range (3–6 THz) corresponding to the two intermediate intersubband transition energies. The results represent a step towards silicon-based integrated terahertz emitters.

We report on the study of phonon polaritons modes in thin crystalline flakes of Bi 2 Se 3 and Bi 2 (Te 1-x Se x )3 as a function of the flake thickness, by means of two near-field THz techniques: phase resolved self-detection and THz time domain spectroscopy (TDS-SNOM). Background-free near-field imaging with nanoscale spatial resolution is demonstrated.

International audience; Abstract:We report the measurement of the frequency noise power spectral density (PSD) of a THz molecular laser (ML) pumped by a mid-infrared (MIR) quantum cascade laser (QCL). This is obtained by beating the ML frequency with the harmonic of the repetition rate of a 1560nm frequency comb (FC). We find a frequency noise PSD

International audience; We present technological building blocks and concepts under study which could ease the build-up of future THz remote sensing and communication systems. Critical issues regarding such systems mainly rely on the availability of sensitive and compact detectors together with powerful, large bandwidth and versatile sources.

The combination of broadly tunable quantum cascade laser chips in an external cavity (EC-QCL) with a micro- electro-mechanical system (MEMS) scanner with integrated diffraction grating as wavelength-selective element allows for the development of extremely compact and robust spectroscopy systems. Resonant MOEMS grating scanners enable spectral tuning rates of hundreds of wavenumbers per millisecond and consequently broad-band spectroscopy with millisecond temporal resolution. Also non-resonant (quasistatic) MOEMS grating scanners are possible, providing scan rates of tens of Hz as well as static setting of arbitrary wavelengths, as common for mechanically driven EC lasers, while keeping the small MOEMS footprint, ruggedness, and low power consumption. Here, we give a progress report on the latest developments on MOEMS-based EC-QCLs made by Fraunhofer IAF and IPMS. We will highlight two of our latest developments: A non-resonant MOEMS EC-QCL version that allows arbitrary scan frequencies up to few ten Hertz, as well as static operation. Furthermore, we present the application of a resonantly driven cw-MOEMS-EC-QCL with cavity-length control to enable fast high-resolution spectroscopy over a spectral range of >100 cm-1, offering new possibilities for spectroscopy on complex gas mixtures., M. Haertelt, S. Hugger, L. Butschek, C. Schilling, A. Merten, M. Schwarzenberg, A. Dreyhaupt, J. Grahmann, M. Rattunde, R. Ostendorf, "Advances of MOEMS-based external cavity QCLs," Proc. SPIE 10926, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XVI, 1092613 (11 February 2019) copyright 2019 Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, dupplication of any material in this paper for fee or commercial puposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.

The increasing interest in manipulating electromagnetic waves in the terahertz (THz) spectral range has motivated, in the last decade, a great research effort in the development of miniaturized technologies for THz emission and detection. Recently, field effect transistors (FETs), exploiting semiconductor nanowires (NWs) as active element, have been proven successful in highly-sensitive room-temperature detection of THz frequency beams. The FETs act as rectifiers converting the impinging THz radiation into a DC signal between source (S) and drain (D), proportional to the absorbed power and controlled by the gate (G) bias. The THz-detection with the NW either exploits the photo-excitation of plasma waves [1], or, thermoelectric phenomena [2].

We investigate molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth conditions of micrometers-thick In0.52Al0.48As designed for waveguide of InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum cascade lasers. The effects of growth temperature and V/III ratio on the surface morphology and defect structure were studied. The growth conditions which were developed for the growth of cascaded In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As active region, e.g., growth temperature of Tg = 520 °C and V/III ratio of 12, turned out to be not optimum for the growth of thick In0.52Al0.48As waveguide layers. It has been observed that, after exceeding ~1 µm thickness, the quality of In0.52Al0.48As layers deteriorates. The in-situ optical reflectometry showed increasing surface roughness caused by defect forming, which was further confirmed by high resolution X-ray reciprocal space mapping, optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The presented optimization of growth conditions of In0.52Al0.48As waveguide layer led to the growth of defect free material, with good optical quality. This has been achieved by decreasing the growth temperature to Tg = 480 °C with appropriate increasing V/III ratio. At the same time, the growth conditions of the cascade active region of the laser were left unchanged. The lasers grown using new recipes have shown lower threshold currents and improved slope efficiency. We relate this performance improvement to reduction of the electron scattering on the interface roughness and decreased waveguide absorption losses.

SPIE OPTO, 2019, San Francisco, California, United States; International audience; Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are optical sources exploiting radiative intersubband transitions within theconduction band of semiconductor heterostructures. The opportunity given by the broad span of wavelengthsthat QCLs can achieve, from mid-infrared to terahertz, leads to a wide number of applications such as absorptionspectroscopy, optical countermeasures and free-space communications requiring stable single-mode operationwith a narrow linewidth and high output power. One of the parameters of paramount importance for studyingthe high-speed and nonlinear dynamical properties of QCLs is the linewidth enhancement factor (LEF). TheLEF quanties the coupling between the gain and the refractive index of the QCL or, in a similar manner, thecoupling between the phase and the amplitude of the electrical field. Prior work focused on experimental studiesof the LEF for pump currents above threshold but without exceeding 12% of the threshold current at 283Kand 56% of the threshold current at 82K. In this work, we use the Hakki-Paoli method6 to retrieve the LEF forcurrent biases below threshold. We complement our ndings using the self-mixing interferometry technique toobtain LEFs for current biases up to more than 100% of the threshold current. These insets are meaningful tounderstand the behavior of QCLs, which exhibit a strongly temperature sensitive chaotic bubble when subjectto external optical feedback.

This article is a short study of the application of high-power quantum cascade lasers and photodetectors in medium-infrared optical wireless communications (OWC). The link range is mainly determined by the transmitted beam parameters and the performance of the light sensor. The light power and the photodetector noise directly determine the signal-to-noise power ratio. This ratio could be maximized in the case of minimizing the radiation losses caused by atmospheric attenuation. It can be obtained by applying both radiation sources and sensors operated in the medium infrared range decreasing the effects of absorption, scattering or scintillation, beam spreading, and beam wandering. The development of a new class of laser sources based on quantum cascade structures becomes a prospective alternative. Regarding the literature, there are descriptions of some preliminary research applying these lasers in data transmission. To provide a high data transfer rate, continuous wave (cw) lasers are commonly used. However, they are characterized by low power (a few tens of mWatts) limiting their link range. Also, only a few high-power pulsed lasers (a few hundreds of mWatts) were tested. Due to their limited pulse duty cycle, the obtained modulation bandwidth was lower than 1 MHz. The main goal of this study is to experimentally determine the capabilities of the currently developed state-of-the-art high-power pulsed quantum cascade (QC) lasers and photodetectors in OWC systems. Finally, the data link range using optical pulses of a QC laser of ~2 W, operated at the wavelength of ~4.5 µm, is discussed.

Power scaling in broad area quantum cascade laser (QCL) usually leads to the deterioration of the beam quality with an emission of multiple lobes far-field pattern. In this letter, we demonstrate a tapered QCL array integrated with Talbot cavity at one side of the array. Fundamental supermode operation is achieved in the arrays with taper straight-end connected to the Talbot cavity. Lateral far-field of the fundamental supermode shows a near diffraction limited beam divergence of 2.7°. The output power of a five-element array is about three times as high as a single-ridge laser with an emission wavelength of around 4.8 μm. However, arrays with the taper-end connected to the Talbot cavity always show a high-order supermode operation whatever Talbot cavity length is.

International audience; Mir IR sensors are a preferred technical solution for many gas sensing applications. Non dispersive infrared is the most economical solution. However, it is limited in terms of sensitivity (>10ppm) and in terms of components because of strong interfering ones. A particularly powerfull solution is to use lasers instead of black bodies. However, lasers are expensive, mid-ir components are still limited and the integration both thermally and electronically are challenging. Integration on silicon is certainly a solution.

International audience; Quantum cascade lasers (QCL) are semiconductor lasers based on ultrafast intersubband transitions with pi-cosecond timescale that have become the most suitable laser sources from the mid-infrared to the THz range, due to their compactness, efficiency and high room temperature performances. In particular, high-power QCLs are powerful sources for optical countermeasures, including night vision blinding and missile out steering. This work investigates the nonlinear dynamical features of coupling of linear arrays of emitters in the so-called Tal-bot configuration for phase-locking operation using broad area emitters. These initial results are of paramount importance for creating future bright infrared sources with Watt-level power.

Near-field imaging techniques at terahertz (THz) frequencies are severely restricted by diffraction. To date, different detection schemes have been developed, based either on sub-wavelength metallic apertures or on sharp metallic tips. However high-resolution THz imaging, so far, has been relying predominantly on detection techniques that require either an ultrafast laser or a cryogenically-cooled THz detector, at the expenses of a lack of sensitivity when high resolution levels are needed. Here, we demonstrate two novel near-field THz imaging techniques able to combine strongly sub-wavelength spatial resolution with highly sensitive amplitude and phase detection capability. The first technique exploits an interferometric optical setup based on a THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) and on a near-field probe nanodetector, operating at room temperature. By performing phase-sensitive imaging of THz intensity patterns we demonstrate the potential of our novel architecture for coherent imaging with sub-wavelength spatial resolution improved up to 17 ?m. The second technique is a detector-less s-SNOM system, exploiting a THz QCL as source and detector simultaneously. This approach enables amplitude- A nd phase-sensitive imaging by self-mixing interferometry with spatial resolution of 60-70 nm.

This article is part of the topical collection "Mid-infrared and THz Laser Sources and Applications" guest edited by Wei Ren, Paolo De Natale and Gerard Wysocki. Difference frequency generation is a flexible method for the generation of mid-infrared light. It allows downshifting a near-infrared optical signal to the mid-infrared region by means of a nonlinear process, enabling to take full advantage of the availability of optical communications components for the generation of the multi-tone signals that are characteristic of molecular dispersion spectroscopic methods. In this way, it is possible to avoid several issues associated with optical instruments in which directly modulated mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers are employed. In this paper, we take full advantage of this benefit to implement the first heterodyne phase sensitive dispersion spectroscopy gas sensor based on a difference frequency generation source. The performance of the instrument is validated by detecting with high sensitivity methane in the 3.4 mum mid-infrared band. The authors would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for supporting the project under the Grant TEC-2014-52147-R (MOSSI). The work by Borja Jerez has been performed in the frame of a FPU Program, #FPU014/06338, granted by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports.

Mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging has in the past decade emerged as a promising tool for medical diagnostics. In this work, nonlinear frequency upconversion based hyperspectral imaging in the 6 to 8 mu m spectral range is presented for the first time, using both broadband globar and narrowband quantum cascade laser illumination. AgGaS2 is used as the nonlinear medium for sum frequency generation using a 1064 nm mixing laser. Angular scanning of the nonlinear crystal provides broad spectral coverage at every spatial position in the image. This study demonstrates the retrieval of series of monochromatic images acquired by a silicon based CCD camera, using both broadband and narrowband illumination and a comparison is made between the two illumination sources for hyperspectral imaging. (C) 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

A parameter is proposed which classifies the laser operating characteristics according to the quasi-level terminology, i.e., as intermediate behavior between that of an ideal two- and three-level or three- and four-level laser scheme. Since the quasi-level parameter is purely based on a generic rate equation description of the laser, no inherent assumptions about gain medium properties or the pumping process are required. The validity of the quasi-level parameter is verified for various prototypical laser schemes. As a specific example of a nonideal laser, the operating behavior of an experimental quantum cascade laser is classified, which constitutes a quite generic laser type since the active region properties can be custom-engineered by quantum design.

An innovative quartz enhanced photoacoustic (QEPAS) gas sensing system operating in the THz spectral range and employing a custom quartz tuning fork (QTF) is described. The QTF dimensions are 3.3 cm x 0.4 cm x 0.8 cm, with the two prongs spaced by similar to 800 mu m. To test our sensor we used a quantum cascade laser as the light source and selected a methanol rotational absorption line at 131.054 cm(-1) (similar to 3.93 THz), with line-strength S = 4.28 x 10(-21) cm mol(-1). The sensor was operated at 10 Torr pressure on the first flexion QTF resonance frequency of 4245 Hz. The corresponding Q-factor was 74 760. Stepwise concentration measurements were performed to verify the linearity of the QEPAS signal as a function of the methanol concentration. The achieved sensitivity of the system is 7 parts per million in 4 seconds, corresponding to a QEPAS normalized noise-equivalent absorption of 2 x 10(-10) W cm(-1) Hz(-1/2), comparable with the best result of mid-IR QEPAS systems.

Graphene is establishing itself as a new photonic material with huge potential in a variety of applications ranging from transparent electrodes in displays and photovoltaic modules to saturable absorber in mode-locked lasers. Its peculiar bandstructure and electron transport characteristics naturally suggest graphene could also form the basis for a new generation of high-performance devices operating in the terahertz (THz) range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The region between 300 GHz and 10 THz is in fact still characterized by a lack of efficient, compact, solid state photonic components capable of operating well at 300 K. Recent works have already shown very promising results in the development of high-speed modulators as well as of bolometer and plasma-wave detectors. Furthermore, several concepts have been proposed aiming at the realization of lasers and oscillators. This paper will review the latest achievements in graphene-based THz photonics and discuss future perspectives of this rapidly developing research field. Graphene is establishing itself as a new photonic material with huge potential in a variety of applications ranging from transparent electrodes in displays and photovoltaic modules to saturable absorber in mode-locked lasers. Its peculiar bandstructure and electron transport characteristics naturally suggest graphene could also form the basis for a new generation of high-performance devices operating in the terahertz (THz) range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The region between 300 GHz and 10 THz is in fact still characterized by a lack of efficient, compact, solid state photonic components capable of operating well at 300 K. Recent works have already shown very promising results in the development of high-speed modulators as well as of bolometer and plasma-wave detectors. Furthermore, several concepts have been proposed aiming at the realization of lasers and oscillators. This paper will review the latest achievements in graphene-based THz photonics and discuss future perspectives of this rapidly developing research field. © 2013 IEEE.

Current response and gain spectrum of a terahertz quantum cascade laser is analyzed at different temperatures by a nonequilibrium Green's functions approach. The simulations are compared to recent results of time domain spectroscopy. Being able to retrieve higher harmonics of the response function, nonlinear phenomena in quantum cascade lasers are studied theoretically. For different temperatures, gain is simulated under operating conditions and related to the intensity inside the cavity, showing the degradation of performance with temperature. Resolving the electron densities in energy shows the breakdown of inversion at high intensities.

We present a single mode multi-section quantum cascade laser source composed of three different sections: master oscillator, gain and phase section. Non-uniform pumping of the QCL's gain reveals that the various laser sections are strongly coupled. Simulations of the electronic and optical properties of the laser (based on the density matrix and scattering matrix formalisms, respectively) were performed and a good agreement with measurements is obtained. In particular, a pure modulation of the laser output power can be achieved. This capability of the device is applied in tunable-laser spectroscopy of Nsub2/subO where background-free quartz enhanced photo acoustic spectral scans with nearly perfect Voigt line shapes for the selected absorption line are obtained.

We investigated the multi-mode operation of long-cavity terahertz quantum-cascade lasers (l ≥ 7.5 mm). For QCLs based on an active region design with longitudinal optical (LO) phonon transitions, emission with 30–40 strong modes in a range of more than 270 GHz (9 cm-1) is observed. For certain operating conditions, we found evidence for stable frequency comb operation, which has been further proven by a self-mixing technique. In general, the multimode dynamics is characterized by a complex alternation of broad- and narrow-beat note regimes for these devices. In contrast, only a single narrow-beat note regime was observed for a different long-cavity device based on a bound-to-continuum active region, for which the emission comb spans only 33 GHz (1.1 cm-1). We further report a technique based on a tunable bandpass filter to confirm the presence of weak emission modes in the periphery of THz combs, which allowed for the unambiguous detection of modes within a dynamic range of 35 dB. We found that the 35-dB width of the comb can exceed the 20-dB width by a factor of two.

International audience; Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are unipolar semiconductor lasers offering access to wavelengths from the mid-infrared (IR) to the terahertz domain and promising impact on various applications such as free-space communications, high-resolution spectroscopy, LIDAR remote sensing or optical countermeasures. Unlike bipolar semiconductor lasers, stimulated emission in QCLs is obtained via electronic transitions between discrete energy states inside the conduction band. Recent technological progress has led to QCLs operating in pulsed or continuous wave mode, at room temperature in single- or multi-mode operation, with high powers up to a few watts for mid-IR devices. This spectacular development raises multiple interrogations on the stability of QCLs as little is known on their dynamical properties. Very recently, experiments based on optical spectrum measurements have unveiled the existence of five distinct feedback regimes without, however, identifying the complex dynamics dwelling within the QCL. In this article we provide the first experimental evidence of a route to chaos in a QCL emitting at mid-IR wavelength. When applying optical feedback with an increasing strength, the QCL dynamics bifurcate to periodic dynamics at the external cavity frequency and later to chaos without an undamping of relaxation oscillations, hence contrasting with the well-known scenarios occurring in interband laser diodes. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

A CaF 2 whispering gallery mode microresonator is used for frequency stabilization and linewidth narrowing of a mid-IR quantum cascade laser. Sub-Doppler recording of a CO 2 transition demonstrates the suitability of the system for high-resolution spectroscopy.