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Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important economic crops in Yunnan Province (southwest China). However, under rain-fed agricultural conditions, the seeding emergence and yield suffer from seasonal spring drought. In mitigating this problem, field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2015 and 2016) to examine the effectiveness of cultivation patterns for rain-fed potato. Four experiments with different cultivation patterns were carried out: (1) no mulching on ridges and furrows (RFNM-CK), (2) ridge-furrow planting without plastic film mulching after flat planting (RFAF), (3) half mulching only on ridges (RFHM), (4) soil covering after plastic film mulching only on the ridges but not on furrows (RFSM). The temperature of topsoil (0.15 m) was similar among the cultivation patterns. The precipitation and soil conditions were the dominant ecofactors that limited the seedling emergence and yields. RFHM had the best effect on rain harvesting, then improved the topsoil moisture which contributed to good emergence rate and seedling emergence for 14–32 days earlier than CK (P

Background Cross-resistance, a phenomenon that a pathogen resists to one antimicrobial compound also resists to one or several other compounds, is one of major threats to human health and sustainable food production. It usually occurs among antimicrobial compounds sharing the mode of action. In this study, we determined the sensitivity profiles of Alternaria alternata, a fungal pathogen which can cause diseases in many crops to two fungicides (mancozeb and difenoconazole) with unrelated mode of action using a large number of isolates (234) collected from seven potato fields across China. Results We found that pathogens could also develop cross resistance to fungicides with different modes of action as indicated by a strong positive correlation between mancozeb and difenoconazole tolerances to A. alternata. We also found a positive association between mancozeb tolerance and aggressiveness of A. alternata, suggesting no fitness penalty of developing mancozeb resistance in the pathogen and hypothesize that mechanisms such as antimicrobial compound efflux and detoxification that limit intercellular accumulation of natural/synthetic chemicals in pathogens might account for the cross-resistance and the positive association between pathogen aggressiveness and mancozeb tolerance. Conclusions The detection of cross-resistance among different classes of fungicides suggests that the mode of action alone may not be an adequate sole criterion to determine what components to use in the mixture and/or rotation of fungicides in agricultural and medical sects. Similarly, the occurrence of a positive association between the pathogen’s aggressiveness and tolerance to mancozeb suggests that one unforeseen consequence of intensive application of site non-specific fungicides might be selection for enhanced aggressiveness in pathogen populations, thereby posing a greater threat to agricultural production and human health. In this case, the use of evolutionary principles in closely monitoring populations and the use of appropriate fungicide applications are important for effective use of the fungicides and durable infectious disease management.